Fundamentals of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 2nd editionby S.L. Stockham and M.A. Scott. © 2008

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Fundamentals of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 2nd editionby S.L. Stockham and M.A. Scott. © 2008

Fig. 8.1. Glomerular filtration barrier

Fundamentals of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 2nd editionby S.L. Stockham and M.A. Scott. © 2008

Fig. 8.2. Major physiologic processes of renal tubules that pertain to solutes and H2O

Fundamentals of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 2nd editionby S.L. Stockham and M.A. Scott. © 2008

Fig 8.3. Osmolality changes in a healthy mammal’s nephron

Fundamentals of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 2nd editionby S.L. Stockham and M.A. Scott. © 2008

Fig. 8.4. Graphical representation of the effects of chronic renal disease and progressivedysfunction on an animal’s urine volume and serum concentrations of UN or Crt

Fundamentals of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 2nd editionby S.L. Stockham and M.A. Scott. © 2008

Fig. 8.5. Physiologic processes or concepts concerning urea and Crt

Fundamentals of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 2nd editionby S.L. Stockham and M.A. Scott. © 2008

Fig. 8.6. Illustration of scales in a Leica TS400 hand-held refractometer

Fundamentals of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 2nd editionby S.L. Stockham and M.A. Scott. © 2008

Fig. 8.7. Illustration of scales in a Leica VET 360 hand-held veterinary refractometer

Fundamentals of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 2nd editionby S.L. Stockham and M.A. Scott. © 2008

Fig. 8.8. Comparison of osmolality and USGref values in canine urine samples with USGref 1.025 (n = 185)

Fundamentals of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 2nd editionby S.L. Stockham and M.A. Scott. © 2008

Fig. 8.9. Four major types of proteinuria

Fundamentals of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 2nd editionby S.L. Stockham and M.A. Scott. © 2008

Fig. 8.10. Protein-losing nephropathy and renal failure