Fundamentals of Pediatric Surgery

Fundamentals of Pediatric Surgery

Edited by

Peter Mattei, MD, FAAP, FACSThe Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA

EditorPeter Mattei, MD, FAAP, FACSAssistant Professor of Surgery,University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine,Division of General, Thoracic and Fetal Surgery,The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia,Philadelphia, PA, USA

ISBN 978-1-4419-6642-1 e-ISBN 978-1-4419-6643-8DOI 10.1007/978-1-4419-6643-8Springer New York Dordrecht Heidelberg London

© Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2011All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden.The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights.While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of going to press, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein.

Printed on acid-free paper

Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)

To my wife, partner, and best friend, Kim, for her support and encouragement every day, and To Kim, Gina, Peter, Joey, and Michael, for the inspiration and hope for the future I derive from watching them grow, learn and dream.

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Fundamentals of Pediatric Surgery, like its predecessor Surgical Directives: Pediatric Surgery, provides practicing pediatric surgeons and adult general surgeons with authoritative discourses that were written by recognized experts and cover the fundamental principles of clinical pediatric surgery. The goal of the editor and the authors is simple: provide readers with a unique resource consisting of practical and clinically oriented chapters that reflect the real-world experience of expert pediatric surgeons. Given the pace of new advances in Pediatric Surgery, we felt the time was right for the book to be updated and improved. The result of these improvements and enhancements is Fundamentals of Pediatric Surgery.

Fundamentals of Pediatric Surgery is based on a simple but important philosophy: provide a practical and up-to-date resource for the practicing surgeon detailing the specific needs and special considerations surrounding the surgical care of children. We especially wanted to con-vey this information in an accessible and pleasing format. Written by an experienced surgeon or clinician, each chapter has been carefully edited to maintain continuity in style and format while preserving the unique voice of the experienced and knowledgeable contributing author. This new edition also includes highlighted textboxes that emphasize important points and critical concepts along with a list of suggested reading. Finally, every chapter is followed by the editor’s comments, which are intended to provide more in-depth analysis, a distinct opinion, or simply additional useful information.

In addition to serving as a useful reference for pediatric surgeons and general surgeons in clinical practice, Fundamentals of Pediatric Surgery is also specifically designed to be used by general surgical residents rotating in pediatric surgery and chief residents who have chosen to obtain further specialized training in a Pediatric Surgery fellowship program. The American Board of Surgery and the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) consider experience in the clinical aspects of pediatric surgery a necessary and important aspect of the education and training of the general surgeon and every General Surgery resident is expected to participate in a Pediatric Surgery rotation during their residency. These rotations are typically brief but can be quite hectic, with little time to read a comprehensive pediatric surgical textbook, especially when what one really needs is a practical guide to the everyday care of the pediatric surgical patient. The monographs provided by Fundamentals of Pediatric Surgery are concise and easy to read, filled with detailed and relevant information that can help you care for the patient in the clinic today or as a consultation on the Pediatrics service. The goal is not to describe every possible management strategy, but rather at least one reasonable and proven approach endorsed by an experienced surgeon in a context that includes a discus-sion of the underlying principles of care and essential issues to be considered when faced with a particular clinical entity.

The Pediatric Surgery fellow will find this book to be a rich and up-to-date source of perti-nent information related to the actual day-to-day care of the child with a surgical disease pro-cess. Furthermore, it will provide the foundation for what will undoubtedly prove to be an exciting and life-long education in the complexities of the surgical care of children. Finally, it

Preface

viii Preface

is intended to be a valuable resource and study guide for preparation for the written and oral American Board of Surgery certifying examinations in Pediatric Surgery.

It is our sincere hope that Fundamentals of Pediatric Surgery, designed with the more advanced practitioner in mind, will prove to be a useful and valuable complement to the many excellent pediatric surgical texts currently available.

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Peter Mattei, MD, FAAP, FACSNovember 2010

ix

This book is the result of a team effort that includes the support and encouragement of my Surgeon-in-Chief, N. Scott Adzick, the help and accommodations of my partners in the Division of General, Thoracic and Fetal Surgery, and the time and expertise of our administra-tive assistants. I was inspired to produce this book by my many excellent teachers and men-tors when I was a resident and pediatric surgery fellow, and over the years I have been motivated to forge ahead by the experience of being a teacher and mentor to the many excellent pediatric surgery fellows and general surgery residents I have had the privilege to help train over the years. I must also acknowledge the hard work and dedication of the pediatric surgeons and other experts in the field who have contributed chapters for this text and, more importantly, their continued devotion to a career of working with children who need our help and who ultimately make it all worthwhile.

Acknowledgments

xi

Part I Perioperative Care

1 Preoperative Assessment and Preparation ......................................................... 3Ari Y. Weintraub and Lynne G. Maxwell

2 Prenatal Diagnosis and Genetic Counseling ....................................................... 17R. Douglas Wilson

3 Epidural and Regional Anesthesia ...................................................................... 23Arjunan Ganesh and John B. Rose

4 Enteral Nutrition ................................................................................................... 27L. Grier Arthur and Shaheen J. Timmapuri

5 Parenteral Nutrition ............................................................................................. 33Aaron P. Garrison and Michael A. Helmrath

6 Fast-Track Protocols ............................................................................................. 37Peter Mattei

7 Quality Improvement, Education, and Outcomes Research in Pediatric Surgery .............................................................................................. 41Steven Teich and Marc P. Michalsky

Part II Critical Care

8 Shock ...................................................................................................................... 49John J. McCloskey

9 Electrolyte Disorders ............................................................................................ 57Patrick J. Javid

10 Vascular Access ..................................................................................................... 65Stephen G. Murphy

11 Acute Kidney Injury ............................................................................................. 73Peter A. Meaney and Kevin E.C. Meyers

12 Respiratory Failure and Mechanical Ventilation ............................................... 83Todd J. Kilbaugh

13 Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation ............................................................ 91Edmund Y. Yang

Contents

xii Contents

Part III Trauma

14 Pediatric Trauma Resuscitation .......................................................................... 103Thane Blinman

15 Head Trauma ......................................................................................................... 111Gregory G. Heuer and Phillip B. Storm

16 Neck Injuries ......................................................................................................... 117Peter T. Masiakos and George C. Velmahos

17 Burns ...................................................................................................................... 123Gail E. Besner

18 Abdominal Trauma ............................................................................................... 135Michael L. Nance

19 Thoracic Trauma................................................................................................... 145Martin S. Keller

20 Spine Trauma ........................................................................................................ 151Robert W. Letton

21 Vascular Injury ..................................................................................................... 157Barbara A. Gaines

22 Pediatric Hand Injuries ........................................................................................ 161Roger Cornwall

23 Child Abuse ........................................................................................................... 169Richard A. Falcone, Jr. and Kathi Makoroff

Part IV Head and Neck

24 The Critical Airway .............................................................................................. 177Karen B. Zur

25 Bronchoscopy ........................................................................................................ 185Ian N. Jacobs

26 Cystic Neck Masses ............................................................................................... 195Oluyinka O. Olutoye

27 Disorders of the Thyroid and Parathyroid ......................................................... 203William T. Adamson

28 Cervical Lymphadenopathy ................................................................................. 213Rajeev Prasad and L. Grier Arthur

Part V Esophagus

29 Esophageal Atresia and Tracheo-Esophageal Fistula ........................................ 223Jean-Martin Laberge

30 Long-Gap Esophageal Atresia ............................................................................. 233Pietro Bagolan and Francesco Morini

xiiiContents

31 Esophageal Replacement ...................................................................................... 247Lewis Spitz

32 Esophageal Injuries .............................................................................................. 253Kristin N. Fiorino and Petar Mamula

33 Foregut Duplications ............................................................................................. 267Pablo Laje

34 Achalasia ................................................................................................................ 273J. Duncan Phillips

Part VI Thorax and Mediastinum

35 Patent Ductus Arteriosus ..................................................................................... 283Stephanie Fuller and Peter J. Gruber

36 Vascular Compression Syndromes ...................................................................... 289Mark L. Wulkan

37 Congenital Lung Lesions ...................................................................................... 293Bill Chiu and Alan W. Flake

38 Thoracoscopic Biopsy and Lobectomy of the Lung ........................................... 299Sanjeev Dutta and Craig T. Albanese

39 Diseases of the Pleural Space ............................................................................... 305Keith A. Kuenzler

40 Pectus Deformities ................................................................................................. 313M. Ann Kuhn and Donald Nuss

41 Mediastinal Masses ............................................................................................... 323Richard D. Glick

Part VII Stomach and Small Intestine

42 Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease ........................................................................ 333Thane Blinman

43 Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis ............................................................................. 341Marjorie J. Arca and Jill S. Whitehouse

44 Surgical Enteral Access ........................................................................................ 347Tim Weiner and Melissa K. Dedmond

45 Duodenal Atresia ................................................................................................... 353Keith A. Kuenzler and Steven S. Rothenberg

46 Intestinal Atresias ................................................................................................. 359Peter F. Nichol and Ari Reichstein

47 Abdominal Cysts and Duplications ..................................................................... 365Patricia A. Lange

xiv Contents

48 Anomalies of Intestinal Rotation ......................................................................... 373François I. Luks

49 Necrotizing Enterocolitis ...................................................................................... 381Cynthia A. Gingalewski

50 Short Bowel Syndrome ......................................................................................... 387Thomas Jaksic, Brian A. Jones, Melissa A. Hull, and Shimae C. Fitzgibbons

51 Meconium Ileus ..................................................................................................... 395Peter Mattei

52 Intussusception ...................................................................................................... 401John H.T. Waldhausen

53 Meckel’s Diverticulum .......................................................................................... 409Melvin S. Dassinger, III

54 Bariatric Surgery .................................................................................................. 415Joy L. Collins

55 Chronic Abdominal Pain ...................................................................................... 425Frazier W. Frantz

56 Crohn’s Disease ..................................................................................................... 437Peter Mattei

57 Ileostomy and Colostomy ..................................................................................... 443Oliver S. Soldes

Part VIII Colon, Rectum, and Anus

58 Constipation........................................................................................................... 453Linda Nicolette

59 Perianal Disease..................................................................................................... 461Cynthia D. Downard

60 Pilonidal Cyst Disease ........................................................................................... 467Daniel P. Doody

61 Hirschsprung Disease ........................................................................................... 475Jacob C. Langer

62 Appendicitis ........................................................................................................... 485Shawn D. Safford

63 Ulcerative Colitis and Familial Polyposis ........................................................... 491Stephen E. Dolgin

64 Anorectal Malformations ..................................................................................... 499Marc A. Levitt and Alberto Peña

xvContents

Part IX Abdominal Wall, Peritoneum, and Diaphragm

65 Gastroschisis .......................................................................................................... 515Aimen F. Shaaban

66 Omphalocele .......................................................................................................... 523Kenneth W. Liechty

67 Eventration of the Diaphragm ............................................................................. 531Samuel Z. Soffer

68 Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia ...................................................................... 535Peter Mattei

69 Uncommon Hernias .............................................................................................. 543Shaheen J. Timmapuri and Rajeev Prasad

70 Umbilical Disorders and Anomalies .................................................................... 547Adam J. Kaye and Daniel J. Ostlie

71 Peritoneal Dialysis ................................................................................................. 553Danny Little and Monford D. Custer

Part X Liver, Biliary Tree, Pancreas, and Spleen

72 Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia .............................................................................. 561Clyde J. Wright and Michael A. Posencheg

73 Biliary Atresia ....................................................................................................... 567Peter C. Minneci and Alan W. Flake

74 Surgical Therapy of Disorders of Intrahepatic Cholestasis .............................. 575Peter Mattei

75 Cholecystitis ........................................................................................................... 579Andrè Hebra and Aaron Lesher

76 Choledochal Cysts ................................................................................................. 587Greg M. Tiao

77 Hepatic Resection .................................................................................................. 593Heung Bae Kim

78 Portal Hypertension .............................................................................................. 599Jaimie D. Nathan, Kathleen M. Campbell, Greg M. Tiao, Maria H. Alonso, and Frederick C. Ryckman

79 Congenital Hyperinsulinism ................................................................................ 611N. Scott Adzick

80 Disorders of the Pancreas ..................................................................................... 617Marshall Z. Schwartz and Michael S. Katz

81 Disorders of the Spleen ......................................................................................... 625Melissa E. Danko and Henry E. Rice

xvi Contents

Part XI Genitourinary

82 Vesicoureteral Reflux ............................................................................................ 635Pasquale Casale

83 Renal Abnormalities ............................................................................................. 641Pierluigi Lelli-Chiesa and Gabriele Lisi

84 Penile Anomalies and Circumcision .................................................................... 651Douglas A. Canning

85 Inguinal Hernia and Hydrocele ........................................................................... 663André Hebra and Joshua B. Glenn

86 Undescended Testis ............................................................................................... 673Pasquale Casale and Sarah M. Lambert

87 The Diagnosis and Management of Scrotal Pain ............................................... 679Stephen A. Zderic

88 Cloacal Exstrophy ................................................................................................. 685Michael C. Carr

89 Disorders of Sex Development ............................................................................. 693Thomas F. Kolon

90 Vagina: Diseases and Treatment .......................................................................... 701Edward J. Doolin

Part XII Surgical Oncology

91 Neuroblastoma ...................................................................................................... 709Natasha E. Kelly and Michael P. La Quaglia

92 Wilms Tumor ......................................................................................................... 715Peter F. Ehrlich

93 Adrenal Tumors .................................................................................................... 725Daniel von Allmen

94 Rhabdomyosarcoma ............................................................................................. 729Ravi S. Radhakrishnan and Richard J. Andrassy

95 Sacrococcygeal Teratoma ..................................................................................... 735Helene Flageole

96 Ovarian Tumors .................................................................................................... 741Kirk W. Reichard

97 Pediatric Testicular Tumors ................................................................................. 749Ismael Zamilpa and Martin A. Koyle

98 Soft Tissue Tumors ................................................................................................ 755Roman M. Sydorak and Harry Applebaum

xviiContents

99 Liver Tumors ......................................................................................................... 761Rebecka L. Meyers

100 Musculoskeletal Surgical Oncology ..................................................................... 773Jenny M. Frances and John P. Dormans

Part XIII Skin and Soft Tissues

101 Subcutaneous Endoscopy ..................................................................................... 785Sanjeev Dutta

102 Benign Skin Lesions .............................................................................................. 795Michael D. Rollins and Sheryll L. Vanderhooft

103 Atypical Nevi and Malignant Melanoma ............................................................ 805Kenneth W. Gow

104 Necrotizing Soft Tissue Infections ....................................................................... 815Eric R. Scaife

105 Hemangiomas and Vascular Malformations ...................................................... 819David W. Low

106 Disorders of the Breast ......................................................................................... 829Mary L. Brandt

Part XIV Transplantation

107 Kidney Transplantation ........................................................................................ 839Peter L. Abt and H. Jorge Baluarte

108 Liver Transplantation ........................................................................................... 847Maria H. Alonso

109 Intestinal Transplantation .................................................................................... 857Thomas M. Fishbein

Part XV Miscellaneous

110 Gastrointestinal Bleeding ..................................................................................... 865Katherine J. Deans

111 Fetal Surgery ......................................................................................................... 871Foong-Yen Lim and Timothy M. Crombleholme

112 Disorders of the Abdominal Aorta and Major Branches .................................. 881Omaida C. Velazquez

113 Ventricular Shunts for Hydrocephalus ............................................................... 887Gregory G. Heuer and Phillip B. Storm

114 Conjoined Twins .................................................................................................... 893Gary E. Hartman

Index ................................................................................................................................. 901

xix

Peter L. Abt, MD Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA

William T. Adamson, MD Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, North Carolina Children’s Hospital, Chapel Hill, NC, USA

N. Scott Adzick, MD Department of Surgery, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA

Craig T. Albanese, MD, MBA Department of Surgery, Stanford University, Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital, Stanford, CA, USA

Maria H. Alonso, MD Division of Pediatric and Thoracic Surgery, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA

Richard J. Andrassy, MD Department of Surgery, Memorial Hermann Hospital, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA

Harry Applebaum, MD Division of Pediatric Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Kaiser Permanente Los Angeles Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA

Marjorie J. Arca, MD Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA

L. Grier Arthur, MD Division of Pediatric General, Drexel University, Thoracic and Minimally Invasive Surgery, St. Christopher’s Hospital for Children, Philadelphia, PA, USA

Pietro Bagolan, MD Department of Medical and Surgical Neonatalology, Bambino GESU Children’s Hospital, Piazza S. Onofrio, 4, Roma 00165, Italia

H. Jorge Baluarte, MD Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA

Gail E. Besner, MD Department of Surgery, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA

Contributors

xx Contributors

Thane Blinman, MD General, Thoracic and Fetal Surgery, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, 34th and Civic Center Blvd., 5 Wood, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA

Mary L. Brandt, MD Department of Pediatric Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, USA

Kathleen M. Campbell, MD Department of Gastroenterology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati, OH, USA

Douglas A. Canning, MD Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA

Michael C. Carr, MD Division of Urology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA

Pasquale Casale, MD Department of Urology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA

Bill Chiu, MD Department of Surgery, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA

Joy L. Collins, MD Department of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA

Roger Cornwall, MD Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA

Timothy M. Crombleholme, MD Department of Pediatric Surgery, Cincinnati Children’s Foundation, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA

Monford D. Custer, MD Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children’s Hospital at Scott and White, Temple, TX, USA

Melissa E. Danko, MD Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA

Melvin S. Dassinger, III, MD Division of Pediatric Surgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Arkansas Children’s Hospital, Little Rock, AR, USA

Katherine J. Deans, MD, MHSc Department of Surgery, Division of General Thoracic and Fetal Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA

Melissa K. Dedmond, PA-C Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of North Carolina, UNC Hospitals, Chapel Hill, NC, USA

xxiContributors

Stephen E. Dolgin, MD Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Schneider Children’s Hospital, 269-01 76 Ave 1, New Hyde Park, NY 11040, USA

Daniel P. Doody, MD Department of Pediatric Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

Edward J. Doolin, MD, BS Chemistry Department of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA

John P. Dormans, MD Department of Orthopedics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA

Cynthia D. Downard, MD, MMSc Department of Surgery, University of Louisville, Kosair Children’s Hospital, Louisville, KY, USA

Sanjeev Dutta, MD, MA Department of Surgery, Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital, Stanford University, 780 Welch Road, Svite 206, Stanford, CA 94305, USA

Peter F. Ehrlich, MD, MSc Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Michigan, CS Mott Children’s Hospital, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

Richard A. Falcone, Jr., MD, MPH Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA

Kristin N. Fiorino, MD Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA

Thomas M. Fishbein, MD Georgetown University Hospital, Transplant Institute, Washington, DC, USA

Shimae C. Fitzgibbons, MD Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Children’s Hospital Boston, Boston, MA, USA

Helene Flageole, MD, MSc, FRCSC, FACS Department of Surgery, McMaster Children’s Hospital, 1200 Main Street, Hamilton, ON # L8N325, Canada

Alan W. Flake, MD Department of Surgery, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA

Jenny M. Frances, MD, MPH Department of Orthopedic Surgery, New York University Hospital for Joint Diseases, New York, NY, USA

Frazier W. Frantz, MD Department of Pediatric Surgery, East Virginia Medical School, Children’s Hospital of The King’s Daughters, Norfolk, VA, USA

Stephanie Fuller, MD Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, 34th Street & Civic Center Boulevard, Ste. A2NWAD, Philadelphia, PA 19103, USA

xxii Contributors

Barbara A. Gaines, MD Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

Arjunan Ganesh, MBBS Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pennsylvania, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA

Aaron P. Garrison, MD Department of General Surgery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA

Cynthia A. Gingalewski, MD Department of General Surgery, George Washington University, Children’s National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA

Joshua B. Glenn, MD Department of Pediatric Surgery, Vanderbilt University Children’s Hospital, TN, USA

Richard D. Glick, MD Department of Pediatric Surgery, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Schneider Children’s Hospital, New Hyde Park, NY, USA

Kenneth W. Gow, MD, MSc, FRCSC, FAAP, FACS Department of Surgery, Children’s Hospital and Regional Medical Center, University of Washington, 4800 Sand Point Way NE, MIS W-7729, PO Box 5371, Seattle, WA 98105, USA

Peter J. Gruber, MD, PhD Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA

Gary E. Hartman, MD, MBA Department of Pediatric Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital, Stanford, CA, USA

Andrè Hebra, MD Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Children’s Hospital, 96 Jonathan Lucas Street, Charleston, SC 29425, USA

Michael A. Helmrath, MD Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA

Gregory G. Heuer, MD, PhD Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, 877 N. 30th St. Philadelphia, PA 19130, USA

Melissa A. Hull, MD Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Children’s Hospital Boston, Boston, MA, USA

Ian N. Jacobs, MD Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA

Thomas Jaksic, MD, PhD Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children’s Hospital Boston, Boston, MA, USA

xxiiiContributors

Brian A. Jones, MD Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Children’s Hospital Boston, Boston, MA, USA

Patrick J. Javid, MD Department of Surgery, Seattle Children’s Hospital, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA

Michael S. Katz, MD Department of Pediatric Surgery, St. Christopher’s Hospital for Children, Philadelphia, PA, USA

Adam J. Kaye, MD Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children’s Mercy Hospital, 2401 Gillham Road, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA

Martin S. Keller, MD Department of Pediatric Surgery, Washington University, St. Louis Children’s Hospital, St. Louis, MO, USA

Natasha E. Kelly, MD Department of Pediatric Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA

Todd J. Kilbaugh, MD Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA

Heung Bae Kim, MD Department of Surgery, Pediatric Transplant Center, Harvard Medical Center, Children’s Hospital Boston, Boston, MA, USA

Thomas F. Kolon, MD Department of Pediatric Urology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA

Martin A. Koyle, MD, FACS, FAAP Department of Pediatric Urology, University of Washington, Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, WA, USA

Keith A. Kuenzler, MD Minimally Invasive Pediatric Surgery, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA

M. Ann Kuhn, MD Department of Pediatric Surgery, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Children’s Hospital of the King’s Daughters, Norfolk, VA, USA

Michael P. La Quaglia, MD Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell University Medical School, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA

Jean-Martin Laberge, MD, FRCSC, FACS Department of Pediatric General Surgery, McGill University, Montreal Children’s Hospital of the McGill Health Care Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada

Pablo Laje, MD Department of General Pediatric and Thoracic Surgery, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Aapt K-1103, Philadelphia, PA 19144, USA

xxiv Contributors

Sarah M. Lambert, MD Department of Urology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA

Patricia A. Lange, MD Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, UNC Hospitals, Chapel Hill, NC, USA

Jacob C. Langer, MD, FRCSC Hospital for Sick Children, Division of Thoracic and General Surgery, University of Toronto, 1526–555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5GF 1X8, Canada

Pierluigi Lelli-Chiesa, MD Department of Pediatric Surgery, Gabriele d’Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Santo Spirito Hospital, Pescara, Italy

Aaron Lesher, MD Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston SC, USA

Robert W. Letton, Jr., MD Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center, Children’s Hospital of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, OK, USA

Marc A. Levitt, MD Colorectal Center for Children, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Pediatric Surgery, 3333 Burnet Avenue, ML 2023, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA

Kenneth W. Liechty, MD Departments of General Thoracic and Fetal Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA

Foong-Yen Lim, MD Department of Pediatric Surgery, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, MLC 11025, Cincinnati, OH 45229–3090, USA

Gabriele Lisi, MD, PhD Department of Pediatric Surgery, Gabriele d’Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Santo Spirito Hospital, Pescara, Italy

Danny Little, MD Division of Pediatric Surgery, Scott and White Hospital, 615 West Garfield Avenue, Temple, TX, USA and Department of Surgery, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Temple, TX, USA

David W. Low, MD Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA

François I. Luks, MD, PhD Warren Halpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA, Division of Pediatric Surgery, Hasbro Children’s Hospital, 2, Dudley Street, Suite 180, Providence, RI 02905, USA

Kathi Makoroff, MD Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati OH, USA

Petar Mamula, MD Department of Endoscopy, University of Pennsylvania, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia PA, USA

Peter T. Masiakos, MS, MD, FACS, FAAP Department Pediatric Surgery, Pediatric Trauma Unit, 55 Fruit Street, Warren 1155, Boston, MA 02114, USA

xxvContributors

Peter Mattei, MD, FAAP, FACS Assistant Professor of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Division of General, Thoracic and Fetal Surgery, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA

Lynne G. Maxwell, MD Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pennsylvania, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA

John J. McCloskey, MD Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA

Peter A. Meaney, MD, MPH Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA

Kevin E.C. Meyers, MB BCh Department of Pediatrics and Nephrology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA

Rebecka L. Meyers, MD Primary Children’s Medical Center, 100 North Medical Drive, Svite 2600, Salt Lake City, UT 84113, USA

Marc P. Michalsky, MD Department of Pediatric Surgery, Ohio State University, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus. OH, USA

Peter C. Minneci, MD Department of Surgery, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, 34th Street & Civic Center Boulevard, Wood 5, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA

Francesco Morini, MD Department of Medical and Surgical Neonatology, Bambino Gesu Children’s Hospital – Research Institute, Rome, Italy

Stephen G. Murphy, MD Department of Surgery, DuPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE, USA

Michael L. Nance, MD Department of Surgery, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA

Jaimie D. Nathan, MD Division of Transplantation, Division of Pediatric and Thoracic Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children’s Hospitals Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA

Peter F. Nichol, MD, PhD Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA

Linda Nicolette, MD Department of Pediatric Surgery, Presbyterian Hospital, Albuquerque, NM, USA

Donald Nuss, MB, ChB Department of Surgery, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Children’s Hospital of The King’s Daughters, Norfolk, VA, USA

xxvi Contributors

Oluyinka O. Olutoye, MD, PhD Division of Pediatric Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, USA

Daniel J. Ostlie, MD Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Missouri Kansas City, Children’s Mercy Hospital and Clinics, Kansas City, MO, USA

Alberto Peña, MD University of Cincinnati, Children’s Hospital of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA

J. Duncan Phillips, MD Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina Children’s Hospital, Chapel Hill, NC, USA

Michael A. Posencheg, MD Department of Neonatology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA

Rajeev Prasad, MD, FACS, FAAP Department of Pediatric General Surgery, Drexel University College of Medicine, St. Christopher’s Hospital for Children, Philadelphia, PA, USA

Ravi S. Radhakrishnan, MD, MBA Department of Surgery, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Memorial Hermann Hospital, 6431 Fannin Street, MSB 4200, Houston, TX 77030, USA

Kirk W. Reichard, MD Thomas Jefferson School of Medicine, Alfred I. DuPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE, USA

Ari Reichstein, MD Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA

Henry E. Rice, MD Division of Pediatric Surgery, Duke University, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA

Michael D. Rollins, MD Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, Primary Children’s Medical Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, 100 North Mario Capecchi Drive, Suite 2600, Salt Lake City, UT 84113–1100, USA

John B. Rose, MD Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pennsylvania, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA

Steven S. Rothenberg, MD Columbia University, Rocky Mountain Hospital for Children, Denver, CO, USA

Frederick C. Ryckman, MD Division of Pediatric and Thoracic Surgery, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA

Shawn D. Safford, MD Department of Surgery, National Naval Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA

Eric R. Scaife, MD Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Utah, 100 N. Mario Capecchi Drive, Street 2600, Salt Lake City, UT 84113–1103, USA

xxviiContributors

Marshall Z. Schwartz, MD Department of Surgery, Drexel University College of Medicine, St. Christopher’s Hospital for Children, Philadelphia, PA, USA

Aimen F. Shaaban, MD Department of Surgery, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA

Samuel Z. Soffer, MD Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Division of Pediatric Surgery, Schneider Children’s Hospital, 269–01 76th Avenue, New Hyde Park, NY 11598, USA

Oliver S. Soldes, MD Department of Pediatric Surgery, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA

Lewis Spitz, MB ChB, PhD, MD (Hon), FRCS, FRCPCH, FAAP (Hon), FCS(SA) (Hon) Department of Paediatric Surgery, Institute of Child Health, University College, London, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK

Phillip B. Storm, MD Department of Neurosurgery, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia PA, USA

Roman M. Sydorak, MD, MPH Department of Pediatric Surgery, Kaiser Permanente Los Angeles Medical Center, 4760 Sunset Boulevard, 3rd Floor, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA

Steven Teich, MD Department of Pediatric Surgery, Ohio State University, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA

Greg M. Tiao, MD Department of Pediatric and Thoracic Surgery, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA

Shaheen J. Timmapuri, MD Department of Pediatric Surgery, Drexel University, St. Christopher’s Hospital for Children, Philadelphia, PA, USA

Sheryll L. Vanderhooft, MD Department of Pediatric Dermatology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Primary Children’s Medical Center, Salt Lake City UT, USA

Omaida C. Velazquez, MD, FACS Jackson Memorial Medical Center, University of Miami Hospital 1611 NW 12th Avenue, Holtz Building, Room 3016 (R-310), Miami, FL 33136, USA

George C. Velmahos, MD, PhD, MSEd Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston MA, USA

Daniel von Allmen, MD Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of North Carolina, North Carolina Medical Hospital, Chapel Hill, NC, USA

John H.T. Waldhausen, MD Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Children’s Hospital and Regional Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA

xxviii Contributors

Tim Weiner, MD Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina, UNC Hospitals, Chapel Hill, NC, USA

Ari Y. Weintraub, MD Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pennsylvania, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA

Jill S. Whitehouse, MD Department of Pediatric Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA

R. Douglas Wilson, MD, MSc Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Calgary and Calgary Health Region, Foothills Medical Center, Calgary, AB, Canada

Clyde J. Wright, MD Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, 34th Street and Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA

Mark L. Wulkan, MD Department of Surgery, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta at Egleston, Emory Children’s Center, Atlanta, GA, USA

Edmund Y. Yang, MD, PhD Department of Pediatric General Surgery, Vanderbilt Children’s Hospital, Nashville, TN, USA

Ismael Zamilpa, MD Department of Pediatric Urology, University of Washington, Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, WA, USA

Stephen A. Zderic, MD Department of Pediatric Urology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA

Karen B. Zur, MD Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA