fundamentals of mechanical vibration
TRANSCRIPT
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Fundamentals of
Mechanical Vibration
Lecture - 1
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Purposely kept as blank
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What is Vibration?
1. In its simplest form, vibration can be considered to be the oscillation or
repetitive motion of an object around an equilibrium position.
2. The equilibrium position is the position the object will attain when the force
acting on it is zero.
Vibration is occasionally "desirable". For example the motion of a tuning fork, the
reed in a woodwind instrument or harmonica, or the cone of a loudspeaker is
desirable vibration, necessary for the correct functioning of the various devices.
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More often, vibration is undesirable, wasting energy and creating unwanted sound
noise.
For example, the vibrational motions of engines, electric motors, or any mechanical
device in operation are typically unwanted.
The main reasons of vibrations are
1. Unbalance centrifugal force in the system. This is caused because of non-uniform
material distribution in the rotating machine parts.
2. Elastic nature of the system.
3. External excitation applied on the system.
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Importance of vibration study in engineering
1. Due to faulty design and poor manufacture there is unbalance in the engines
which causes excessive and unpleasant stresses in the rotating system
because of vibration
2. The vibration causes rapid wear of machine parts such as bearings and gears.
3. Many building s, structures and bridges falls because of vibration.
4. Because of heavy vibration proper readings of instruments cannot be taken.
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Parts of vibrating system
1. Mass : Energy is stored by mass in the
form of K.E
2. Spring : Energy is stored by mass in theform of P.E
3. Damper: Dissipate the energy in the form
of heat
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Parts of vibrating system
Vibrating System
K Spring
x
M Mass
C Damper
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Basic Concepts of Vibration
All the bodies having mass and elasticity are capable of vibration .The mass is inherent of the body.
Elasticity causes relative motion among its parts.
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When body particles are displaced by the application of external force , the
internal forces in the form of elastic energy are presented in the body . These
forces try to bring the body to its original position. At equilibrium position, the
hole of the elastic energy is converted in to kinetic energy and body continues tomove in the opposite direction because of it. The whole of the kinetic energy is
again converted into elastic or strain energy due to which the body returns to the
equilibrium position. In this way vibratory motion is repeated.
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Types of vibration
Free vibration and forced vibration
When the motion is maintained by the restoring forces only, the
vibration is described asfree vibration. When a periodic force is
applied to the system, the motion is described asforced vibration.
Damped undampedvibration
When the frictional dissipation of energy is neglected, the motion
is said to be undamped. Actually, all vibrations are dampedto
some degree.
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Methods of reducing vibration
1. Removing external excitation if possible.
2. Use shock absorber.
3. Dynamic absorber.
4. Resting the system on proper vibration isolators.
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Methods of Vibration Analysis
Energy Method :Sum of the energies associated with the system is constant.
Rayleighs Method: This method is the extension of energy method. The method is
based on the principle that the total energy of a vibrating system is equal to the
maximum potential energy
Equilibrium Method : Algebraic sum of the forces and moments acting on the
system must be zero.
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The simplest vibratory system can be described by a single mass connected to a spring
(and possibly a dashpot). The mass is allowed to travel only along the spring elongation
direction. Such systems are called Single Degree-of-Freedom (SDOF) systems and are shown in
the following figure,
SDOF vibration can be analyzed by Newton's second law of motion, F= m*a. The analysis
can be easily visualized with the aid of a free body diagram,
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The resulting equation of motion is a
1. second order,
2. non-homogeneous,
3. ordinary differential equation.
with the initial conditions,The solution to the general SDOF equation of motion is shown inthe damped SDOF discussion.
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Continued.