fundamentals of database ppt ch04
TRANSCRIPT
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Database Systems: Design, Implementation, and
ManagementNinth Edition
Chapter 4Entity Relationship (ER) Modeling
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Database Systems, 9th Edition 2
Objectives
• In this chapter, students will learn:– The main characteristics of entity relationship
components
– How relationships between entities are defined, refined, and incorporated into the database design process
– How ERD components affect database design and implementation
– That real-world database design often requires the reconciliation of conflicting goals
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Database Systems, 9th Edition 3
The Entity Relationship Model (ERM)
• ER model forms the basis of an ER diagram• ERD represents conceptual database as
viewed by end user• ERDs depict database’s main components:
– Entities
– Attributes
– Relationships
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Database Systems, 9th Edition 4
Entities
• Refers to entity set and not to single entity occurrence
• Corresponds to table and not to row in relational environment
• In Chen and Crow’s Foot models, entity is represented by rectangle with entity’s name
• Entity name, a noun, written in capital letters
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Database Systems, 9th Edition 5
Attributes
• Characteristics of entities• Chen notation: attributes represented by ovals
connected to entity rectangle with a line– Each oval contains the name of attribute it
represents
• Crow’s Foot notation: attributes written in attribute box below entity rectangle
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Database Systems, 9th Edition 6
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Database Systems, 9th Edition 7
Attributes (cont’d.)
• Required attribute: must have a value• Optional attribute: may be left empty• Domain: set of possible values for an attribute
– Attributes may share a domain
• Identifiers: one or more attributes that uniquely identify each entity instance
• Composite identifier: primary key composed of more than one attribute
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Database Systems, 9th Edition 8
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Database Systems, 9th Edition 9
Attributes (cont’d.)
• Composite attribute can be subdivided• Simple attribute cannot be subdivided• Single-value attribute can have only a single
value• Multivalued attributes can have many values
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Database Systems, 9th Edition 10
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Attributes (cont’d.)
• M:N relationships and multivalued attributes should not be implemented
– Create several new attributes for each of the original multivalued attributes’ components
– Create new entity composed of original multivalued attributes’ components
• Derived attribute: value may be calculated from other attributes– Need not be physically stored within database
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Relationships
• Association between entities• Participants are entities that participate in a
relationship• Relationships between entities always operate
in both directions• Relationship can be classified as 1:M• Relationship classification is difficult to establish
if only one side of the relationship is known
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Database Systems, 9th Edition 14
Connectivity and Cardinality
• Connectivity – Describes the relationship classification
• Cardinality – Expresses minimum and maximum number of
entity occurrences associated with one occurrence of related entity
• Established by very concise statements known as business rules
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Existence Dependence
• Existence dependence– Entity exists in database only when it is
associated with another related entity occurrence
• Existence independence– Entity can exist apart from one or more related
entities– Sometimes such an entity is referred to as a
strong or regular entity
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Relationship Strength
• Weak (non-identifying) relationships– Exists if PK of related entity does not contain PK
component of parent entity
• Strong (identifying) relationships– Exists when PK of related entity contains PK
component of parent entity
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Weak Entities
• Weak entity meets two conditions– Existence-dependent
– Primary key partially or totally derived from parent entity in relationship
• Database designer determines whether an entity is weak based on business rules
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Relationship Participation
• Optional participation– One entity occurrence does not require
corresponding entity occurrence in particular relationship
• Mandatory participation– One entity occurrence requires corresponding
entity occurrence in particular relationship
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Relationship Degree
• Indicates number of entities or participants associated with a relationship
• Unary relationship– Association is maintained within single entity
• Binary relationship – Two entities are associated
• Ternary relationship – Three entities are associated
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Recursive Relationships
• Relationship can exist between occurrences of the same entity set– Naturally found within unary relationship
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Associative (Composite) Entities
• Also known as bridge entities• Used to implement M:N relationships• Composed of primary keys of each of the
entities to be connected• May also contain additional attributes that play
no role in connective process
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Developing an ER Diagram
• Database design is an iterative process– Create detailed narrative of organization’s
description of operations– Identify business rules based on description of
operations– Identify main entities and relationships from
business rules– Develop initial ERD– Identify attributes and primary keys that
adequately describe entities– Revise and review ERD
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Database Design Challenges: Conflicting Goals
• Database designers must make design compromises– Conflicting goals: design standards, processing
speed, information requirements• Important to meet logical requirements and
design conventions• Design is of little value unless it delivers all
specified query and reporting requirements• Some design and implementation problems do
not yield “clean” solutions
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Summary
• Entity relationship (ER) model – Uses ERD to represent conceptual database as
viewed by end user
– ERM’s main components:• Entities• Relationships• Attributes
– Includes connectivity and cardinality notations
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Summary (cont’d.)
• Connectivities and cardinalities are based on business rules
• M:N relationship is valid at conceptual level– Must be mapped to a set of 1:M relationships
• ERDs may be based on many different ERMs• UML class diagrams are used to represent the
static data structures in a data model• Database designers are often forced to make
design compromises