fundamental gas
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Fundamental of GasA knowledge about gasTRANSCRIPT
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FUNDAMENTALOF GAS
Agenda• Fundamental of Energy
• Gas Introduction and the Sources
• Gas and The Processing Technology
• Gas Products and the Implementation
• Gas Business Prospect
• Transportation and Distribution of LNG
• Risk assessment of LNG Terminal
• Future concept of Energy Distribution
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FUNDAMENTAL OF ENERGY
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ENERGY
ENERGYENERGY
Conventional- Petroleum- Natural Gas- Coal- Nuclear
Unconventional (exsamples)- Oil Shale- Natural Gas hydrates in marine sediment
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Non – Renewable Energy Source
Petroleum Natural Gas Coal Oil Shale Tar Sands
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Types of Fossil Fuels
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Renewables Energy Technologies
The Five main forms of energy are:- Heat
- Chemical- Electromagnetic- Nuclear- Mechanical
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Forms of Energy
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Energy Conversion
Energy can be changed from one to another Changes in the form of energy are called energy conversion All forms of energy can be converted into other forms
- The sun’s energy through solar cells can be converted directly into electricity- Green plants convert the sun’s energy (electromagnetic) into starches and sugars ( chemical energy)
Other Energy Conversion - In a electric motor, electromagnetic energy is converted to mechanical energy- The mechanical energy of a waterfall is converted to electrical energy in a generator
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GAS INTRODUCTION& SOURCES
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What is Natural Gas
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Natural Gas is Hydrocarbon
PARAFIN => ( CnH2n+2)
Methane
OLEFIN (Ethylene Series) = > ( CnH2n)
Ethyelene
DIOLEFIN => ( CnH2n-2)
Butadiene
ACETYLENIC => ( CnH2n-2)Acytilene
AROMATIC => ( CnH2n-6)
Benzene
NAPHTHENE => ( CnH2n)
Cyclo-Hexane
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Sources of Gas
Conventional Natural Gas- Free Natural Gas (Non Associated)- Oil Associated Gas
Non – Conventional Natural Gas- Tight Gas- Coal bed methane (CBM)- Aquifier Gas- Gas hydrates
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Natural Gas Resources
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Associated and Non-Associated Gas
Reservoir with Oil Option 1 : Fully dissolved gasses Option 2 : Gas cap More gas than can be dissolved Pressure (vapor pressure), temperature, quantities of
gas
Reservoir without Oil
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Natural Gas Terminology
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Typical Composition from Wells
Constituent Typical of Gas Chemical Structure
Heating Value(BTU/scf)
Heating Value(BTU/scf)
Methane 40 – 95 (% mole) CH4 1010 23571
Ethane 2 – 12 (% mole) C2H6 1769.6 22181
Propane 1 – 6 (% mole) C3H8 2516.1 21489
Butane 0.2-2.5 (% mole) C4H10 3251.9 - 3262.3 21079 – 21136
Pentane 0.2 – 1 (% mole) C5H12 4000.9 – 4008.9 20891 - 20923
Hexane plus 0.2 - 1 (% mole) C6H14 (+) 4755.9 20783
Carbon Dioxide 0.5 – 80 (% mole) CO2 0 0
Nitrogen 0.1-5 N2 0 0
Hydrogen Sulphur 0 – 12000 (ppm) H2S 637.1 6897.4
Water Saturated H2O 0 0
Other Sulphur 0 -3000 (ppm) S, RSH 637.1 6897.4
Mercuri 0-0.1 ( gr/ nM3) Hg 0 0
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Natural Gas Terminology
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Industrial Natural Gas Usage
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Role of Natural Gas
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GAS PROCESSING & HANDLING
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Natural Gas Terminology
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Natural Gas Transportation System
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Gas Processing & Handling Options
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Gas Handling Options
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Gas Transport and Gas Conversion
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Gas to Chemicals Processing Routes
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Key Parameter for Selection of Handling Method
Gas Transportation & Handling
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PARAMETER Unit GAS PIPELINE LPG CNG LNG
TEMPERATURE oC Ambient Ambient ambient -160
PRESSURE Barg 20 - 70 4- 16 200 - 250 0.25 - 2
DENSITY kg/m3 17 - 66 500-550 200 - 247 435-460
PHASE - Gas Liquid Gas Liquid
HEATING VALUE BTU/scf 950 -1200 2800-3000 950 -1200 1000 - 1200
General Properties
Gas Transportation & Handling
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Nomenclature
MMSCFD (Million metric Standard Cubic Feet per Day)Is a unit of gas flow rate measured at the standard state at P = 14.7 psi and T 60 degrees F
SCMH : STANDARD CUBIC METER PER HOURS
GHV : Gross Heating ValueEnergy value resulting from the combustion of a fuel (gas, diesel, premium, etc.) unity of volume or mass
MMBTU : MILLION METRIC BRITISH THERMAL UNITUnit of Energy / Heat Value
LSD : LITER SETARA DIESELEquivalent value between CNG with diesel, which is obtained from the comparison of the value of each fuel fuel
1 Kilo Joule = 0.95 BTU1 Kcal = 3.97 BTU1 Kilo Joule = 0.24 Kcal
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Nomenclature (2) UNIT OF PARAMETER
MASS : kg. lb (pound), Ton, VOLUME : m3, ft3, Liter, Barrel, GallonDENSITY : kg/m3, lb/ft3, Ton/m3
1 m3 : 35.31 ft3
1 kg : 2.2 lb1 barrel : 0.16 m31 Gallon(US) : 3.79 liter
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LNG
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What is Liquefied Natural Gas
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LNG enables long distance shipping
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Typical LNG Component
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Why do we Liquefy Natural Gas
A Cryogenic liquid is the liquid form of any element or compound that liquefied at a temperature below -100 oF (-73 oC ) and atmospheric pressure.
Liquid Hydrogen, Oxygen, Helium, Nitrogen and LNG are common cryogenic liquids.
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What is Cryogenic Liquid
LNG Colorless Liquid Boiling Liquid In LNG, ordinary material will became so
brittle and break like gas
LNG requires special low temperature material for storage
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LNG is look this
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Approximate LNG Conversion Factors
1 MMSCF (LNG) = 19 – 20 Ton
1 m3 (LNG) = 0.437 – 0.470 Ton
1 MMSCF = 40 – 46 m3
1 m3 = 0.021 - 0.025 MMSCFD
1 MMSCF = 1000 – 1160 MMBTU
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LNG Heat Value Comparison to Other Fuel
FUEL CONSUMPTION LNG (MMBTU)(*) LNG (MMSCF)(*)
1 TON (LPG) 43.65 +/- 0.0397
1 KL (DIESEL) 36.72 +/- 0.0334
1 KL (MFO) 39.29 +/- 0.0357
1 KL (KEROSEN) 33.27 +/- 0.0302
1 KL (GASOLINE) 30.55 +/- 0.0278
(*) Combustion Efficiency Ignored
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Full Conbustion Carbon Coefficients
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LNG is Safer Than Other Hydrocarbons
LNG has less fire hazard than other hydrocarbon LNG leaks will be easily detected due to visible
moisture cloud LNG leaks immediately vaporize LNG pool open fire will not cause any explosion LNG flame speed travel slower than people
walking
Low temperature hazard Frost byte Cause structural material brittle and fall
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LNG Process
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Characteristic of LNG Transportation
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Characteristic of LNG Transportation (2)
Integral part of LNG chain Ships dedicated to the Project No Substitute Tonnage Absolute Safety and Reliability Long-term Contract (20-25 years) Competitive Cost
Ship-owners/Manager’s Responsibility is Enormous
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GAS BUSINESS
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Oil and Gas Business Concept
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Typical Oil and Gas Contract Term
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Indonesia’s Energy Policy
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Law OF Energy
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Law OF Energy
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Law OF Energy
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Law OF Energy
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Law OF Energy
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Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)
LNG is transported over long distances e.g., 2500 miles and more
LNG Technology Capital intensive Onshore and transportation needs Good demand market is essential Steady and large supply of reserves
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The LNG Business
LNG the “Commodity”
“The Transportation & Handling”
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Global LNG Market = Global Gas Market
LNG is able to move beyond inter-regionally As the number of export and import liquefaction plats rises,
it quite possible that a global LNG market will be created The ultimately points to the development of one or more
price benchmarks, almost certainly Henry Hub price in the US and possibly the Zeebrugge spot price in Europe
This will allow natural gas to become and truly global commodity
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LNG “Project Business Model” Structure
• Business structure– Export project (JV of IOCS, NOC & maybe buyers) is the LNG seller– Buyers are monopoly franchised utilities (integrated utilities, ex: Japan)
or merchant gas transportation companies (ex: Korea, Taiwan, Europe)– Trades and facility/shipping services are bilaterally commited
• Commercial structure– Facilities and shipping (optimized and dedicated)– Quality risk – buyer assumes with high take-or-pay commitment– Price risk – seller – Oil – indexed pricing (because no gas market) needs
endorsement by buyers regulatory and political structure– Neither side has incentive to defect with energy market value movements
– restrictions” limit arbitrage
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• Purpose– Supply project: to ass ure credit-worthy revenue stream– Demand project: to assure reliable non-oppoutunistic supply
• Limits flexibility to preclude “defection”• Costly to buyers
– Rigid delivery (can’t manage volume mismatch through merchant activity)
• Costly to sellers– “destination restrictions” limit arbitrage
LNG “Project Business Model” Properties
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LNG Costs Becoming Even More Competitive
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