FUNCTIONS OF MODAL VERBS

1. Expressing ability

a) Terry is twenty years old. He can drive a car.(present)b) When he was ten, he could /was able to ride a

bicycle. (past repeated action)c) Paula was able to climb to the top of the mountain.

(managed to do; past single action)

9. Asking for permission

a) Can I ask you a question, please? (informal)b) Could I ask you a question. Please? (more polite)c) May/ Might I ask you a question, please? (formal)

2. Expressing lack of ability

a) Sue can’t dance. (present)b) He couldn’t /wasn’t able to play chess when he was

younger. (past repeated action)c) She couldn’t/ wasn’t able to finish the book. (past

single action)

10. Giving/ Refusing permission

a) You can park your car here. (informal)b) You may park your car in this area. (formal- usually written)c)You can’t /mustn’t use this phone. (informal)d) You may not use this phone. (formal-usually written)

3. Expressing obligation /duty/ necessity

a) You must attend the meeting. (You are obliged to/ You have to/ You need to/ it is necessary)

b) I must attend the meeting. (I have decided)c) I have to attend the meeting. ( Someone else has

decided)d) We ought to /should respect the elderly. (less strong

than must)e) Need I buy her a present? (Is it necessary?)

11. Talking about permission

a) All students can/ are allowed to use the library. (regulation)b) I could/ was allowed to go out alone when I was 18. ( general permission)c) I was allowed to go out alone last night. (permission for one particular action)

4. Expressing absence of necessity

a) She doesn’t need to/ doesn’t have to/ needn’t do the shopping. I’ll do it later. (It isn’t necessary)

b) She didn’t need to/ didn’t have to do the shopping as I had already done it. (It wasn’t necessary for her to do it.)

c) She needn’t have done the shopping. (It wasn’t necessary for her to do the shopping, but she did).

12. Making requests

a) Can/ Will you explain this to me? (informal)b) Could /Would you explain this to me? ( more polite)c) Can I have some water? (informal)d) Could/ May I have some water? (formal)e) Might I have some water? (very formal)

5. Expressing prohibition

a) You mustn’t/ can’t be late for work. (It’s forbidden/ you aren’t allowed to/ it’s against the rules/law)

13. Making offersa) I’ll help you with your essay. (I’m willing to help you)b) Shall/ Can/ Could I carry this bag for you? (Would you like me to/ Do you want me to do it?)

6. Expressing certainty

a) He must be at home. (positive; I’m sure he is)b) He can’t be sleeping. (negative; I’m sure he isn’t.)

14. Giving advice

a) You ought to/ should study harder. (I advise you to)b) You must study harder. (I strongly advise you to)

7. Expressing probability

a) He ought to/should be in now. (He is probably in.)

15. Expressing criticisma) You ought to/ should have been more careful. (It would have been better if you had been more careful)

8. Expressing possibility

a) It can get very hot in July. (it is theoretically possible)b) We could/ may/ might be a little late. (it is possible)c) He could/ might have been injured. (but he wasn’t)

16. Making suggestionsa) Shall we visit Grandma Why don’t we…?

this weekend? How about…?

b)We can/could go to a What about…?

concert tonight. Let’s…

c)Where shall we go? (What is your suggestion?)

Modals Test 1 Choose the correct word.

1) A: I found a briefcase on the train. B: You ought to /can take it to the police station as soon as possible.2) A: Did you get some money from the bank? B: No, I didn’t need to / needn’t. I had enough in my wallet.3) A: Sorry I’m late again. B: You should/ might wear a watch.4) A: Couldn’t / May I speak to Clair, please? B: Just a moment, please. I’ll call her.5) A: We could / must go out for a meal this evening, if you like. B: Oh, yes. That would be nice.6) A: I wonder if Pete and Jim have got lost. B: They can’t/mustn’t have got lost because I gave them a map.7) A: Could/ Would I use your telephone, please? B: Yes, of course.8) A: Was the exam very difficult? B: Yes, but I can/ was able to answer all the questions.9) A: We mustn’t/ needn’t go shopping this week. We’ve got plenty of food. B: Alright. We’ll go next week instead.10) A: Should/ May I sit down, please? B: Yes, of course. Make yourself at home.

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Modals Test 2 Choose the correct word.

1) A: When will/ shall I visit you next? B: You can/ must call in tomorrow, if you like.2) A: Helen should be here by now. B: She ought to / could have missed the train.3) A: Could I sleep at my friend’s house tonight? B: Yes, of course you could/ can.4) A: I could/ was allowed to go to the disco last night. B: Was it good fun?5) A: Can / Might I have a biscuit please, Mum? B: Of course. Help yourself.6) A: Excuse me, sir. May I / Am I allowed to leave the room? B: Yes, but don’t be too long.7) A: Must / Might I borrow these files for a moment, sir? B: Certainly. Take whatever you need.8) A: Might I use your pen? B: Of course you may/ might.9) A: May I / Am I allowed to park in the company car park? B: Of course you are!10) A: Is Jason at work today? B: He can’t / may not be. His car isn’t in the car park.

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Modals Test 3. Choose the correct word.

1) ………I borrow your pen? Mine doesn’t work. (Needn’t/ Can/ Ought)2) I ……...go to the bank. I haven’t got any money. (must/ mustn’t/ may)3) Liz ……..spell her name before she was three. (might/ could/ must)4) ……..you help me with the shopping , please? (Must/ Shall/ Will)5) You……go to the post office. I’ll go later. (needn’t/ might/ must)6) You……..to study hard for your exams. (need/ can’t/ shall)7) You……..to be at work by 9 o’clock. (must/ should/ are)8) No reporters ……..approach the scene of the accident. (might have/ were allowed to / needn’t)9) We…….phone Mary. It’s her birthday today. (needn’t/ ought to/ are able to)10) What time…….I pick you up from work? (mustn’t /will/ shall)

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Modals Test 4. Choose the correct word.

1) A: You……pay the bills today. B: I know. I promise I won’t forget. ( would/ shall/ must)2) A: ……….we go to the beach tomorrow? B: Yes. That’s a great idea. (Shall/ Mustn’t /Would)3) A: I’m going to the cinema. Do you want to come with me? B: No, thank you. I…do my homework.(could/ would/

have to)4) A: You……..put that shirt in the washing machine. B: I know. It has to be dry-cleaned. (must/ mustn’t/couldn’t)5) A: Was your suitcase very heavy? B: Yes, but I……carry it by myself. (was able to/ can’t/ ought)6) A:……..you drive? B: Yes, but I haven’t got my own car. (Might/ Should/ Can)7) A: I……..ride a bicycle until I was eight. B: Neither could I. (couldn’t/ could/ can’t)8) A: ……..you open the door for me, please? B: Yes, certainly. ( Shall/ Must/ Would)9) A: Ben had a hard time trying to find the leak in the pipe. B: But he ……..stop it, wasn’t he? ( was allowed to/ was

able to/ could)10) A: I saw Tina in town last night. B: You ……..have seen her. She’s on holiday in Spain. (would/ could/ can’t)

Modals Test 5.

I. Match the items in column A to their synonyms in column B

A1) You mustn’t……….2) You can’t be……….3) You needn’t……….4) They ought to………5) She didn’t need to…….6) You should……..7) May I……..?8) We needn’t have…….9) He was able to……..10) Shall we……….?11) You must….12) They must be………

Ba) You are supposed to………b) It wasn’t necessary for us to………(but we did)c) Let’s……d) He managed to……..e) They had better……..f) It is forbidden……..g) I’m sure they are……….h) Do you mind if I……………?i) You are to……j) It isn’t necessary for you to………k) I’m certain you aren’t………l) It wasn’t necessary for her to……..

II. Correct the mistakes.

13) ‘Could you help me lift this box?’ – ‘Of course I could’.14) I could go to Emma’s party last Saturday.15) Need I to book a table in advance?16) May these flowers be from your fiancé?17) Although she was exhausted, she could finish the race.18) You should to brush your teeth twice a day.19) I must have my car repaired last month.20) The bus can be late today because there is a lot of traffic,

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Modals Test 6.

I. Complete the sentences, using modals.

1) You ………go to the cinema. (giving permission)2) You ………..have any sweets. (refusing permission)3) ……………..we go for a walk? (making a suggestion)4) ………..I stay at Paul’s house tonight, please? ( asking for permission)5) You………..have worked harder. (expressing criticism)6) You ……….talk in the library. (expressing prohibition)7) Sally…………invite us to her party. (expressing possibility)8) They……….be lost. (expressing a positive logical assumption)9) You……….do your homework before you go out. (expressing obligation)10) She ……….be older than me. (expressing a negative logical assumption)11) Steve …………walk . He’s broken his leg. (expressing lack of ability)12) ………….I paint the fence for you? (making an offer)

II. Cross out the unnecessary word.

13) Paul was been able to change the flat tyre by himself.14) She needn’t to have bought such an expensive dress.15) The Prime Minister is to will give a speech at the conference tomorrow.16) Jenny is likely that to look for another job.17) That can’t to have been Paul. He’s on holiday in Jamaica.18) Would you mind if my staying here for a couple of days?19) They might have been forgotten about our meeting.20) Jack has had to see the General Manager yesterday.

Modals of Speculation ( Модальные глаголы для выражения предположений)

Глагол (перевод) синоним настоящее прошедшее будущее MUST (уверенность)Должно бытьОчевидноВероятноНаверноеЯ уверен, что...

ObviouslyDefinitelyEvidently/ LikelyProbablyI'm sure./ I'm certain

Must writeMust be sleepingMust be punished

Must have lostMust have been dreamingMust have been brought

Is /are likely to…Unlikely to…* He is likely to buy a car.(Он вероятно купит машину)

MAY (сомнение)ВозможноМожет бытьMIGHT COULD(сильное сомнение)Я сомневаюсь…Вряд ли возможно…Почти невозможно…

It's possiblePerhapsMay beUncertainI strongly doubt itHardly possible

May liveMay be readingMay be askedCould knowMight/ could like

May have writtenMay have been speakingCould have been broken

= present* She may come soon (возможно, она скоро придёт)

CAN'T COULDN'T(Уверенность , что не…)Не может быть, что…Я не верю, что…

I can't believeIt's impossibleI'm sure that not...I don't believe that…It can't be that…

Can't believeCan't be workingCan't be listeningCouldn't be shown

Can't have lostCan't have been looking forCouldn't have been reading

= present* He can't forget about it. (Не может быть, что он забудет об этом)

CAN…..?COULD….?Неужели…….?Разве…?

Do you believe that…?Is it possible that…?

Could I love…?Could I be laughing?

Can I have believed…?Could I have been drinking…..?

= present* Could he tell her? (неужели он ей расскажет?)

Speculation (Discussing a photo)

people doing…/learning/ making/ going/ reading/ working/ playing… people living in different places people looking happy. They seem to be talking to each other people on holiday people doing responsible jobs

it could be……./might be……./ can't be……/ must be….. it might have been…… this might not help in the situation…… this could cause problems / this would be good for……

3. It's hard to say, but I think….. It seems to me that……. It looks like a …… It looks as if it's ………

4. I get the impression that….. I would imagine ……. I would guess……….

Test 3. Modals 8th form.

I. Fill in may/might, must or can’t.

1) Kelly’s hair looks fantastic. She ……have dyed it.2) Dave ……….be at home. He’s still on holiday.3) I saw James leave the burning building. He …….be the person who started the fire.4) Jill ……….have invited Fiona to her party. They don’t speak to one another.

1. This photo shows These photos show

2. I think…. Probably / Perhaps…

II. Write the appropriate form of the infinitive.

5) She can’t ………..(take) an aspirin. She still has a headache.6) She must …………..(arrive) at the office by now.7) They can’t …….in a flat. They own a house.8) She must ……….(be) very successful. She’s on the corner of three magazines this month.9) He looks sad. He must………(have) some bad news.

III. Complete each sentence with two to five words , including the word in bold.

10) I’m sure he didn’t steal the money. He………..the money. (stolen)8) I’m certain they’ve arrived by now. They …….by now. ( must)9) Perhaps she was having a shower when you rang her. She ………..a shower when you rang her. ( been)13) I’m sure they are still at home. They ………..at home. (be)14) Sarah lent Simon some money. Sarah …………Simon some money. (might)

15) It will rain tonight. It……..tonight. (may)

IV. Complete the sentences using must, have to, may/ might, could or can’t.

16) Perhaps Tom will work late tonight. Tom……..work late tonight. 17) It’s possible that Mary is trying to call us. Mary…….to call us. 18) The students are obliged to finish the test in one hour. The students ………..to finish the test in one hour. 19) It’s possible that Mum is working in the garden. Mum………working in the garden. 20) I’m sure Rachel is hungry. Rachel……..hungry. V. Choose the correct item.

21) Dan can’t be a teacher. A) I’m sure Dan isn’t a teacher. B) I think Dan isn’t a teacher. 22) If it is hot tomorrow, we might go to the beach. A) We’ll definitely go to the beach tomorrow. B) It is possible that we will go to the beach tomorrow. 23) It’s very late. The children ………be sleeping. A) must B) can’t 24) The north of England ……..get very cold during the winter. A) may B) can 25) John isn’t at home. He……….be at the gym. A) might B) can’t VI. Translate into English.

26) Меня , возможно, здесь завтра не будет. 27) Майк, возможно, не получил моё письмо. 28) Не может быть, чтобы Пит сказал ей об этом. 29) Не может быть, что её 70 лет. 30) Она должно быть уехала в отпуск. ( я уверена)

Test 4. Modals 8th form.

I. Fill in may/might, must or can’t.

1) They ………..have left together as I saw them get into the same car.2) It ………..rain this afternoon as it’s very cloudy.3) I went to Sam’s house but nobody was there. He ……….have gone to the office.4) Look! The door’s unlocked. Susan ………have forgotten to lock it.

II. Write the appropriate form of the infinitive.

5) Lilly can’t ………(finish) her homework. She only started it ten minutes ago.

6) The house could ………(burn down) if the fire brigade hadn’t arrived on time.7) He must………(hurt) his leg. He’s limping.8) Lynn can’t ……..(be) at home. She’s gone shopping.9) Julie wasn’t at home this morning. She might ………(go) to the dentist’s.

III. Complete each sentence with two to five words , including the word in bold.

10) It’s possible that he forgot to reserve a table. He ……… a table. ( could)11) I’m sure she didn’t know about the surprise party. She………the surprise party. ( have)12) Perhaps he will call you from the airport. He ………….the airport. ( might)13) I’m certain she didn’t go to work last Saturday. She ………..work last Saturday. ( gone) 14) Pete is in the Sports Centre. Pete ………..in the Sports centre. ( could)15) Sally wrote to the bank. Sally ……..to the bank. ( might)

IV. Complete the sentences using must, have to, may/ might, could or can’t.

16)Perhaps Dad will take us out to dinner. Dad………take us out to dinner. 17) I’m sure Lucy hasn’t reached the station yet. Lucy…….reached the station yet. 18) It is necessary for Grandma to take her medication every morning. Grandma …….. to take her medication every morning.

19) It’s likely that they have gone to the supermarket . They ……….to the supermarket.20) I’m certain Bob didn’t leave the party early. Bob……………the party early.

V. Choose the correct item.

21) Alison has to work on Saturday. Her boss told her so. A) Alison wants to work on Saturday. B) Alison’s boss wants her to work on Saturday.22) That ………be Eve on the phone. She doesn’t know our new number. A) mustn’t B) can’t23) Why are Bob and Mag late? – Well, they ………missed the 5 o’clock bus. A) could have been B) might have24) Diana must ……..the stage props all night. She looks extremely tired. A) be preparing B) have been preparing

25) Susan has a broken leg. She……..gone skiing. A) may have B) can’t have

VI. Translate into English.

26) Не может быть, чтобы она пошла туда.27) Пит , возможно, уже прочитал твою книгу.28) Не может быть, что ей всего 17 лет.29) Аня , возможно, не заметила меня.30) Он, должно быть , сейчас спит. ( я уверен)

Key Test 3 Modals1) must 2)can’t 3)must 4)can’t 5)have taken 6) have arrived 7) live 8) be 9) have had 10) can’t have stolen 11) must have arrived 12) may/might/could have been having 13) must still be 14) might have lent 15) may rain 16) may/might 17) may/ might/ could be trying 18) must/have 19) may/might /could be20) must be 21) a 22) b 23)a 24)b 25) a 26) I might not be here tomorrow 27) Mike may not have received my letter 28) Pete can’t have told her about it. 29) She can’t be 70 .30) She must have gone on holiday. Key Test 4 Modals1) must 2) may/might 3) may/might 4) must 5) have finished 6) have burned/burned 7) have hurt 8) be 9) have gone10) could have forgotten to reserve 11) can’t have known about 12) might call you from 13) can’t have gone to 14) could be 15) might have written 16) may/might/could 17) can’t have 18) must/has 19) may/might/could have gone20) can’t/ couldn’t have left 21) b 22)b 23)b 24) b 25)b 26) She can’t have gone there 27) Pete may/could have read your book 28) She can’t be only 17. 29) Ann may not have noticed you. 30) He must have been sleeping------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------