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FUNCTIONS AND FAST DIAGRAMS LEARN TO THINK “FUNCTIONESE” Ginger R. Adams, CVS®-Life, IAF-CPF®, FSAVE Principal, Advantage Facilitation Services
About the Presenter • In VE/VA, and SAVE member, for 30+ years • CVS® since 1990 • President of SAVE International 1994-1996 • Sole Proprietor WBE since 1995 • Certified Professional Facilitator (IAF-CPF®) since 1996 • Facilitated more than 200 VA/VE studies • Facilitated consensus-building, communications
improvement, and dispute resolution workshops, design and planning charrettes, strategic planning sessions
VE Study JOB PLAN Phases • INFORMATION PHASE • FUNCTION ANALYSIS PHASE • CREATIVE PHASE • EVALUATION PHASE • DEVELOPMENT PHASE • PRESENTATION PHASE
Origin of Value Analysis • LAWRENCE DELOS MILES (l904-1985)
• 1938 • “DOESN’T ANYONE IN G.E. CARE WHAT THINGS COST?”
• 1941 – 1945 • CRITICAL MATERIALS WERE DIFFICULT, IF NOT IMPOSSIBLE, TO
OBTAIN; MANY MANUFACTURERS FORCED TO USE SUBSTITUTE MATERIALS AND DESIGNS
• GENERAL ELECTRIC FOUND THAT MANY OF THE SUBSTITUTE MATERIALS WERE PROVIDING EQUAL OR BETTER PERFORMANCE AT LESS COST; BEGINNING OF EFFORT TO IMPROVE EFFICIENCY BY INTENTION
• “IF I CAN’T GET THE PRODUCT, I’VE GOT TO GET THE FUNCTION.”
Development of Value Analysis • 1954 – U.S. NAVY IMPLEMENTS A VE PROGRAM • 1959 – SOCIETY OF AMERICAN VALUE ENGINEERS (SAVE)
FOUNDED • 1960 – FIRST SAVE TECHNICAL CONFERENCE • 1961 – MILES’ TECHNIQUES OF VALUE ANALYSIS AND
ENGINEERING PUBLISHED; DOD IMPLEMENTS VALUE ENGINEERING
• 1965 – PUBLICATION OF CHARLES BYTHEWAY’S PAPER “FUNCTION ANALYSIS SYSTEM TECHNIQUE (FAST)”
Function Analysis
Enhancement
VA/VE Terms • FUNCTION – THE ORIGINAL INTENT OR PURPOSE
THAT A PRODUCT, SERVICE, OR PROCESS IS EXPECTED TO PERFORM
• FUNCTION (BASIC) – THE SPECIFIC PURPOSE(S) FOR WHICH A PRODUCT, FACILITY, OR SERVICE EXISTS AND CONVEYS A SENSE OF “NEED”
• FUNCTION (SECONDARY) – A FUNCTION THAT SUPPORTS THE BASIC FUNCTION AND RESULTS FROM THE SPECIFIC DESIGN APPROACH TO ACHIEVE THE BASIC FUNCTION
Why Define Functions? • TO DEVELOP TEAM CONSENSUS
REGARDING THE NATURE OF THE PROBLEM/OPPORTUNITY UNDER STUDY
• SEPARATE OURSELVES FROM THINKING ABOUT “WHAT” OR “WHO” IN LIEU OF “HOW/WHY”
• TO SET ASIDE EXISTING PARADIGMS TO FACILITATE CREATIVITY
• TO “DEPERSONALIZE” THE CONVERSATION
How To Define Functions • TWO WORDS • ACTIVE VERB AND MEASURABLE NOUN
• AVOID THE WEAK VERB “PROVIDE” • AVOID USING THE NAME OF THE HARDWARE ITEM OR
COMPONENT
• ENCOURAGE DIVERGENT THINKING • INITIALLY, STAY AT THE HIGHEST POSSIBLE LEVEL OF
ABSTRACTION • DON’T MIX LEVELS OF ABSTRACTION • DISTINGUISH FUNCTIONS FROM ACTIVITIES
Are These Functions . . . Or Activities? • LIFT CAR • HOLD CAR • LOWER CAR • TURN LUG NUTS • HOLD STEM
FAST • FUNCTION ANALYSIS SYSTEM TECHNIQUE – A LOGIC
DIAGRAM RELATING THE FUNCTIONS OF THE OBJECT OF THE VE STUDY
• REASONS TO DEVELOP A FAST DIAGRAM: • Clarifies project scope and “purpose and need” • Helps group reach consensus on project scope so everyone agrees
on meaning of terminology • Helps identify functions that are needed vs. wanted, and those that
are unwanted • Improves communication!
Candle Lighter Function Identification WHY? FUNCTION HOW?
IGNITE FUEL PRODUCE SPARK RUB MATERIALS
RUB MATERIALS APPLY FORCE GRIP LIGHTER
IGNITE WICK PRODUCE LIGHT IGNITE FUEL
PRODUCE SPARK RUB MATERIALS APPLY FORCE
PRODUCE HEAT IGNITE FUEL PRODUCE SPARK
FUNCTION EXERCISE • THIS IS A
PHOTOGRAPH OF THE BANFF/LAKE LOUISE REGION OF ALBERTA, CANADA
• NICE PLACE TO VACATION
• GENERATE THE FUNCTIONS OF SUCH A VACATION
Vacation FAST
RELIEVE STRESS HAVE FUN PLAN
VACATION
DELEGATE RESPONSIBILITIES
IGNORE PROBLEMS
ESCAPE REALITY
REMOVE PROVOCATION
RESOLVE PROBLEMS
HOW? WHY?
ENJOY NATURE
SHARE EXPERIENCE
EXPLORE UNKNOW
N
Basic Function
Wedding Ceremony FAST
UNITE SOULS
DEMONSTRATE COMMITMENT
SHARE LIFE
PROPOSE MARRIAGE
INVITE COMPANIONSHIP
COMMUNICATE NEEDS
HOW? WHY?
EXPRESS LOVE
DEMONSTRATE LOVE
FULFILL NEEDS
Basic Function
Why Think in Functions? • Clarifies intent/purpose • Helps to achieve consensus • Broadens individual/group viewpoint(s) • Aids decision-making • Can help to save money! • De-personalizes the conversation • Minimizes emotion
Why Think in Functions? • LAWRENCE DELOS MILES (l904-1985)
• “IF I CAN’T GET THE PRODUCT, I’VE GOT TO GET THE FUNCTION.”
“In the search for, and selection of, alternatives, attention must be constantly focused on function and not on a material,
part, or device as such.” “Techniques of Value Analysis and Engineering” Lawrence D. Miles, 1961, McGraw-Hill, NY