functional human physiology for the exercise and sport sciences the cell: structure and function
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Functional Human Physiology for the Exercise and Sport Sciences The Cell: Structure and Function. Jennifer L. Doherty, MS, ATC Department of Health, Physical Education, and Recreation Florida International University. Introduction to The Cell. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Functional Human Physiologyfor the Exercise and Sport Sciences
The Cell: Structure and Function
Jennifer L. Doherty, MS, ATCDepartment of Health, Physical Education, and RecreationFlorida International University
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Introduction to The Cell
The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of the body.
It is an independent unit. It is able to carry on all of the functions
necessary to keep it alive and to reproduce itself.
No other unit of the body, short of the total organism, is capable of this.
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Biomolecules
Major Chemical Constituents of Body Cells Inorganic Substances
1) Water Contributes to body functions in the following ways:
As a solvent and chemical reactant As a medium As a lubricant Hydraulic shock absorber Chemical reactant Absorbs and releases heat
2) Oxygen3) Carbon Dioxide4) Inorganic Salts/Electrolytes
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Organic Substances
Carbon Major classes of organic substances
Carbohydrates (CHO)1) Example
Glucose C6H12O6
2) Classified according to size, complexity, and solubility in water. Monosaccharides
Glucose, Fructose, Galactose Disaccharides
Sucrose Lactose
Polysaccharides Glycogen Starch Cellulose
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Lipids Non-polar Not water soluble Four main classes of lipids
1) Triglycerides or Neutral Fats Contain one glycerol ”backbone” and three fatty acid “chains” Saturated fatty acids
Carbons linked with single bonds Hydrogen atoms on every carbon Cause heart disease and stroke
Unsaturated fatty acids Carbons linked with double bonds Fewer hydrogen atoms
Polyunsaturated More than one double bond
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2) Phospholipids Phosphate base
Hydrophilic Fatty acid tail
Hydrophobic Form a lipid bilayer in water
3) Steroids Most common is cholesterol Sex hormones
Testosterone, estradiol, cortisol4) Eicosanoids
Function in intercellular communication Prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrines
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Proteins
Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur
Amino acids1) Building blocks of proteins2) Joined by peptide bonds in condensation reactions
(release water) Peptides
1) Dipeptide2) Polypeptide3) Protein
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Protein Structure Proteins exhibit four levels of structural
organization1) Primary
Amino acid sequence2) Secondary
Folding or twisting Alpha (α) helix structure (twisted) Beta (β) pleated-sheet (folded)
3) Tertiary Bonding of folded or twisted segments
4) Quaternary Three-dimensional shape
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Fibrous or Structural proteins Collagen Tropomyosin Myoglobin
Globular or Functional proteins Chemical messengers Receptors Carriers Enzymes
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Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids
Nucleotides Consist of:
1) A phosphate group2) A 5-carbon sugar (ribose or deoxyribose)3) Nitrogen containing bases
Pyrimidines – contain a single ring Cytosine (C) Thymine (T) Uracil (U)
Purines – contain two rings Adenine (A) Guanine (G)
Examples1) Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)2) Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)3) Cyclic AMP
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Nucleic Acids Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) Law of complementary base pairing
1) The RNA nitrogenous bases are paired with the nitrogenous bases on DNA to produce new RNA.
2) RNA is the genetic messenger necessary for protein synthesis Transcription Translation
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Cell Structure
The major components of the cell are… The cytosol or cytoplasm, The cell or plasma membrane, and The organelles.
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Plasma Membrane
Structure of the Plasma Membrane1) Membrane structure is a phospholipid bilayer
Water soluble, or hydrophilic, phosphate heads form the outer surfaces of the membrane
2) The water insoluble, or hydrophobic, tails form the interior Prevents water soluble molecules from passing directly
through the membrane. Water and dissolved substances move though easily
because of small molecular size.3) Fluid mosaic model
Molecules move and change with many different components associated with it.
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Membrane Proteins1) Function as receptors, transporters, and enzymes. 2) Integral or intrinsic proteins
Firmly inserted or embedded in the lipid bilayer. Most pass completely through the bilayer and have
surfaces extending through to both sides of the membrane. Membrane Receptors
Extend outward from the surface while communicating with the cell’s interior.
Specialized to combine with specific molecules such as hormones.
3) Transmembrane proteins Channels, carriers, and pores
Water soluble (or lipid insoluble) materials pass in and out of the cell.
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1) Peripheral or extrinsic proteins Not embedded but are attached to the membrane surface. Globular proteins that function as enzymes
Promote specific chemical reactions within the cell Cholesterol inserted in the phospholipid bilayer serves to
stabilize the membrane and help make it less permeable to water soluble molecules.
Membrane Carbohydrates1) Bound to the plasma membrane in the form of glycolipids or
glycoproteins Glycocalyx
Found on the outer surface of the plasma membrane Acts as a protective layer Holds cells together Functions in cell recognition by labeling the cell so it can be
recognized as part of the body or as a foreign particle. This is important in immunity.
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Cytosol
Fluid that bathes the organelles Site of chemical reactions Storage site for molecules Structures with the cytosol are called
inclusions Function to store energy in the form of glycogen
or triglycerides
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Membranous Organelles
Endoplasmic Reticulum Rough Smooth
Golgi Apparatus Mitochondria Lysosomes Peroxisomes
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Nonmembranous Organelles
Ribosomes Vaults Centrioles Cytoskeleton
Microfilaments Intermediate filaments Microtubules