functional groups. an atom or group of atoms on a molecule that always reacts in the same manner
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Functional Groups. An atom or group of atoms on a molecule that always reacts in the same manner](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/5697c01c1a28abf838ccfc41/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Functional Groups
![Page 2: Functional Groups. An atom or group of atoms on a molecule that always reacts in the same manner](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/5697c01c1a28abf838ccfc41/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Functional Groups• An atom or group of atoms on a
molecule that always reacts in the same manner.
![Page 3: Functional Groups. An atom or group of atoms on a molecule that always reacts in the same manner](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/5697c01c1a28abf838ccfc41/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
The functional groups we will study
• Halocarbons
• Alcohols
• Ethers
• Aldehydes
• Ketones
• Amines
• Carboxylic acids
• Esters
• Amides
![Page 4: Functional Groups. An atom or group of atoms on a molecule that always reacts in the same manner](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/5697c01c1a28abf838ccfc41/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Halocarbons•General form:
R XR is any chain or ring attached to the halogen
X is one of the halogens: Cl, F, Br, or I
![Page 5: Functional Groups. An atom or group of atoms on a molecule that always reacts in the same manner](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/5697c01c1a28abf838ccfc41/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Halocarbons•Alkyl halide
•Halogen(s) attached to any aliphatic compound.
CH2
Cl
CH CH3
Cl1,2-dichloropropane
![Page 6: Functional Groups. An atom or group of atoms on a molecule that always reacts in the same manner](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/5697c01c1a28abf838ccfc41/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Halocarbons•Aryl halide
•A halogen attached to any aromatic compound.
1,3-dichlorobenzene(m-dichlorobenzene)
Cl
Cl
![Page 7: Functional Groups. An atom or group of atoms on a molecule that always reacts in the same manner](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/5697c01c1a28abf838ccfc41/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Alcohols•General form:
R is any chain or ring attached to the hydroxyl group
O-H is a hydroxyl group
R O H
![Page 8: Functional Groups. An atom or group of atoms on a molecule that always reacts in the same manner](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/5697c01c1a28abf838ccfc41/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Naming alcohols
1. Count the carbon atoms.
2. The name used is the same as for alkanes.
3. Remove the –e ending and add –ol.
4. If necessary, identify the carbon atom to which the hydroxyl is attached.
CH3 O H 1 carbon: methane 1 carbon alcohol:
methanol
![Page 9: Functional Groups. An atom or group of atoms on a molecule that always reacts in the same manner](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/5697c01c1a28abf838ccfc41/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
You try it!•Name this alcohol:
CH2 O HCH2
CH2CH2
CH3
1-Pentanol
![Page 10: Functional Groups. An atom or group of atoms on a molecule that always reacts in the same manner](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/5697c01c1a28abf838ccfc41/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
You try it!•Name this alcohol:
3-Pentanol
CH3 CH2
CH CH2
CH3OH
![Page 11: Functional Groups. An atom or group of atoms on a molecule that always reacts in the same manner](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/5697c01c1a28abf838ccfc41/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Ethers•General Form:
R O R1
Note the central oxygen atom
![Page 12: Functional Groups. An atom or group of atoms on a molecule that always reacts in the same manner](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/5697c01c1a28abf838ccfc41/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Naming EthersCount the carbon atoms separately
on either side of the oxygen.Use the branch name for each side,
listed alphabetically.Add the word “ether” to complete the
name.
![Page 13: Functional Groups. An atom or group of atoms on a molecule that always reacts in the same manner](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/5697c01c1a28abf838ccfc41/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Naming Ethers1 carbon on left:2 carbons on right:
CH3 O CH2 CH3
methyl ethyl
oxygen atom in between
ethylmethyl ether
![Page 14: Functional Groups. An atom or group of atoms on a molecule that always reacts in the same manner](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/5697c01c1a28abf838ccfc41/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
You try it!•Name this ether:
ethylpropyl ether
CH2 O CH2 CH2CH3
CH3
![Page 15: Functional Groups. An atom or group of atoms on a molecule that always reacts in the same manner](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/5697c01c1a28abf838ccfc41/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Aldehydes•General form:•Contains a carbonyl group with one hydrogen
C
O
R H
carbonyl group hydrogen
![Page 16: Functional Groups. An atom or group of atoms on a molecule that always reacts in the same manner](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/5697c01c1a28abf838ccfc41/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Naming AldehydesCount the carbon atoms.Use the same name as you would for
an alkane with the same number of carbons.
Remove the –e at the end and replace it with –al.
![Page 17: Functional Groups. An atom or group of atoms on a molecule that always reacts in the same manner](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/5697c01c1a28abf838ccfc41/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
ethanal
C
O
CH3H
carbonyl group
2 carbons
hydrogen attached to carbonyl
Ethane – e + -al =
![Page 18: Functional Groups. An atom or group of atoms on a molecule that always reacts in the same manner](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/5697c01c1a28abf838ccfc41/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
C
O
CH2
CH2 CH3
H
Name this aldehyde
You try it!
butanal
![Page 19: Functional Groups. An atom or group of atoms on a molecule that always reacts in the same manner](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/5697c01c1a28abf838ccfc41/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Ketones•General form:
C
O
R1R
carbonyl group
Chains or rings attached to either side of the carbonyl
![Page 20: Functional Groups. An atom or group of atoms on a molecule that always reacts in the same manner](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/5697c01c1a28abf838ccfc41/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Naming ketonesCount the carbon atoms.Use the name of the alkane with the
same number of carbons.Number the carbon atoms so that
you identify the carbon to which the carbonyl is attached.
Remove the –e and add –one.
![Page 21: Functional Groups. An atom or group of atoms on a molecule that always reacts in the same manner](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/5697c01c1a28abf838ccfc41/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Naming ketones
C
O
CH2CH3
CH3
carbonyl group
Four carbons = butane
butane – e + one = 2-butanone
carbonyl attached to 2nd carbon
Is a number really necessary for this ketone?
![Page 22: Functional Groups. An atom or group of atoms on a molecule that always reacts in the same manner](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/5697c01c1a28abf838ccfc41/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
You try!•Name this ketone:
C
O
CH3CH3
propanone
Is a number necessary for this ketone?
![Page 23: Functional Groups. An atom or group of atoms on a molecule that always reacts in the same manner](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/5697c01c1a28abf838ccfc41/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Amines•Amines are simply ammonia molecules in which one or more hydrogen atoms have been substituted with a branch or ring.•General form:
NR R
1
R2
Central nitrogen atom
R, R1, and R2 are either hydrogen atoms, branches, or rings.
![Page 24: Functional Groups. An atom or group of atoms on a molecule that always reacts in the same manner](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/5697c01c1a28abf838ccfc41/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Naming AminesLook for the central nitrogen.Count the number of carbons on
each branch attached to the nitrogen.
List each branch by its name in alphabetical order.
Add the word “amine” to the end of the name.
![Page 25: Functional Groups. An atom or group of atoms on a molecule that always reacts in the same manner](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/5697c01c1a28abf838ccfc41/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Naming Amines
NCH3 H
CH2CH3
Central nitrogen
ethyl group
methyl group
ethylmethyl amine
![Page 26: Functional Groups. An atom or group of atoms on a molecule that always reacts in the same manner](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/5697c01c1a28abf838ccfc41/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Naming AminesCentral nitrogen
ethyl group
methyl group
ethyldimethyl amine
NCH3 CH2
CH3
CH3
![Page 27: Functional Groups. An atom or group of atoms on a molecule that always reacts in the same manner](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/5697c01c1a28abf838ccfc41/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
You Try!•Name this amine:
NCH2
CH2
CH3
CH3
H
diethyl amine
![Page 28: Functional Groups. An atom or group of atoms on a molecule that always reacts in the same manner](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/5697c01c1a28abf838ccfc41/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Carboxylic Acids•General form:
C
O
O HR
carbonyl group hydroxyl group
When a carbonyl AND a hydroxyl are bonded together, it is known as a carboxyl group.
carboxyl group
![Page 29: Functional Groups. An atom or group of atoms on a molecule that always reacts in the same manner](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/5697c01c1a28abf838ccfc41/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Naming Carboxylic AcidsIdentify the carboxyl group.Count the carbon atoms.Begin with the name of the alkane
that has the same number of carbons.
Remove the –e and add –oic and the word “acid” to the name.
If necessary, identify the carbon to which the carboxyl group is attached.
![Page 30: Functional Groups. An atom or group of atoms on a molecule that always reacts in the same manner](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/5697c01c1a28abf838ccfc41/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Naming Carboxylic Acids
C
O
O HH
carboxyl group
1 carbon atom
methane – e + oic acid = methanoic acid
![Page 31: Functional Groups. An atom or group of atoms on a molecule that always reacts in the same manner](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/5697c01c1a28abf838ccfc41/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
You Try!
C
O
O HCH2CH3
propanoic acid
![Page 32: Functional Groups. An atom or group of atoms on a molecule that always reacts in the same manner](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/5697c01c1a28abf838ccfc41/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Name this carboxylic acid
2-methylpropanoic acid
C
O
OCH
H
CH3
CH3
![Page 33: Functional Groups. An atom or group of atoms on a molecule that always reacts in the same manner](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/5697c01c1a28abf838ccfc41/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Name this carboxylic acid
2,3-dimethylpentanoic acid
CH
CH
CH3
C
O
OH
CH2
CH3
CH3
![Page 34: Functional Groups. An atom or group of atoms on a molecule that always reacts in the same manner](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/5697c01c1a28abf838ccfc41/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Noteworthy Carboxylic acids
C
O
OHH
methanoic acid
is called “formic acid”
C
O
OHCH3
ethanoic acid
is called “acetic acid”
Stinging ants use formic acid as a defense mechanism.
This is the acid found in vinegar.
![Page 35: Functional Groups. An atom or group of atoms on a molecule that always reacts in the same manner](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/5697c01c1a28abf838ccfc41/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Esters
•General Form:
C
O
OR
1R
Ester group
hydrogen is replaced by a chain or ring
![Page 36: Functional Groups. An atom or group of atoms on a molecule that always reacts in the same manner](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/5697c01c1a28abf838ccfc41/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Naming EstersName the alkyl group Identify the ester group and use the
acid name.Remove the –ic and add –ate to the
end.
![Page 37: Functional Groups. An atom or group of atoms on a molecule that always reacts in the same manner](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/5697c01c1a28abf838ccfc41/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Naming Esters
C
O
OCH3CH3
ethanoate group
methyl group
(acetate group)
methyl ethanoateor
methyl acetate
![Page 38: Functional Groups. An atom or group of atoms on a molecule that always reacts in the same manner](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/5697c01c1a28abf838ccfc41/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Naming Esters•Name this ester:
C
O
OCH2CH2
CH3
CH3
propanoate groupethyl group
ethyl propanoate
![Page 39: Functional Groups. An atom or group of atoms on a molecule that always reacts in the same manner](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/5697c01c1a28abf838ccfc41/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Amides•General form:
C
O
NR
H
H
The oxygen in the carboxyl group is
replaced by a nitrogen atom bonded
to other atoms.
![Page 40: Functional Groups. An atom or group of atoms on a molecule that always reacts in the same manner](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/5697c01c1a28abf838ccfc41/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Naming AmidesCount the carbons.Use the name of the alkane with the
same number of carbons.Replace the final –e with –amide.
![Page 41: Functional Groups. An atom or group of atoms on a molecule that always reacts in the same manner](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/5697c01c1a28abf838ccfc41/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Naming Amides
C
O
NCH2
H
HCH3
3 carbons = propane
propane – e + amide = propanamide
![Page 42: Functional Groups. An atom or group of atoms on a molecule that always reacts in the same manner](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/5697c01c1a28abf838ccfc41/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
You Try!•Name this amide:
C
O
NCH2
H
HCH2
CH3
butanamide
![Page 43: Functional Groups. An atom or group of atoms on a molecule that always reacts in the same manner](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062409/5697c01c1a28abf838ccfc41/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
CH3 C
O
N
H
C
CH
CH CH
CH
C OH
A Noteworthy Amide:
If you’ve ever had a headache, chances are that you’ve taken this. This is acetaminophen.
(Also labeled Tylenol.)