fun with yourself! personality psychology. personality an individual’s characteristic pattern of...
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Fun With Yourself!Personality Psychology
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Personality
An individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting.
Each dwarf has a distinct personality.
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The Trait Perspective
An individual’s unique constellation of durable dispositions and consistent ways of behaving (traits) constitutes his or her
personality.Examples of Traits
HonestDependable
MoodyImpulsive
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Exploring Traits
One way to condense the immense list of personality traits is through factor analysis, a statistical approach used to describe and
relate personality traits.
Each personality is uniquely made up of multiple traits.
Allport & Odbert (1936), identified almost 18,000 words representing traits.
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Factor AnalysisHans and Sybil Eysenck suggested that
personality could be reduced down to two polar dimensions, extraversion-
introversion and emotional stability-instability.
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Biology and Personality
Personality dimensions are influenced by genes.
1. Brain-imaging procedures show that extraverts seek stimulation because their normal brain arousal is relatively low.
2. Genes also influence our temperament and behavioral style. Differences in children’s shyness and inhibition may be attributed to autonomic nervous system reactivity.
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Assessing Traits
Personality inventories are questionnaires designed to gauge a
wide range of feelings and behaviors assessing several traits at
once.
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Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
• Most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders.
• Developed by empirically testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminated between diagnostic groups.
MMPI 2 TEST QUESTIONS IN ORDERTRUE OR FALSE (567 QUESTIONS)
1.I like mechanics magazines2.I have a good appetite3.I wake up fresh & rested most mornings4.I think I would like the work of a librarian5.I am easily awakened by noise6.I like to read newspaper articles on crime7.My hands and feet are usually warm enough8.My daily life is full of things that keep me interested9.I am about as able to work as I ever was10.There seems to be a lump in my throat much of the time.
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The Big Five Factors
Today’s trait researchers believe that earlier trait dimensions, such as Eysencks’ personality
dimensions, fail to tell the whole story. So, an expanded range (five factors) of traits does a
better job of assessment.
Conscientiousness
Agreeableness
Neuroticism
Openness
Extraversion
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Endpoints
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Questions about the Big Five
These traits are common across cultures.3. How about other
cultures?
Fifty percent or so for each trait.2. How heritable are they?
Quite stable in adulthood. However, they change over development.
1. How stable are these traits?
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Evaluating the Trait PerspectivePerson-Situation Controversy
Walter Mischel (1968, 1984, 2004) points out that traits may be enduring, but the resulting behavior in various situations is different.
“Traits are not good predictors of behavior.”
Christian Bale Freak Out
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Fun with Kids!!Developmental
Psychology
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Developmental Psychology
Issue Details
Nature/Nurture
How do genetic inheritance (our nature)
and experience (the nurture we receive)
influence our behavior?
Continuity/Stages
Is development a gradual, continuous
process or a sequence of separate stages?
Stability/Change
Do our early personality traits persist through life, or do we become
different persons as we age.
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Prenatal Development: Teratogens
Viruses: e.g. HIV, flu-Flu & Schizophrenia
Drugs: e.g. alcohol, crack-FAS & “crack babies”
Chemicals: mercury, cigarettes
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Cigarettes:Commercially Produced: 599 Additives
http://quitsmoking.about.com/cs/nicotineinhaler/a/cigingredients.htm
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General Development
• Brain development
• Motor Development– Sit Crawl Stand Walking!!
• Cognitive Development– Schemas + Assimilation + Accommodation
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Research With Babies
Your answer is only as good as your question!
Habituation works with babies.Babies can do “
novelty-preference procedures.”
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Babies also recognize the “impossible!”
Wynn (1992, 2000) showed children stared longer at the wrong number of objects than the right ones.
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Baby Math!
• Dr. McGrink’s (McCrink & Wynn, 2004)
• Work looks at large number math with infants/children– Babies stare longer at wrong “math answers”– http://www.wjh.harvard.edu/~mccrink/multimedia.html
• (Think of it less in terms of concrete numbers and more in terms of “‘A lot’ minus ‘some’ shouldn’t equal ‘a lot’.”)
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Another Way to Study the Developing Mind
Dr. Santos’ work explores the evolutionary origins of the human mind by comparing the cognitive abilities of human
and non-human primates
Magic Showsfor Monkeys!
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Piaget’s Theory of Development
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Sensorimotor Stage
• Babies take in the world — through looking, hearing, touching, mouthing and grasping (i.e., the senses)
• Children younger than 6 months generally do not have object permanence, i.e., objects that are out of sight are also out of mind.– It’s why playing peek-a-boo with infants is so fun for them. You
literally disappear in their mind!
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Preoperational Stage
• From 2 to about 6-7 years, children are in preoperational stage– too young to perform mental operations.
• Focus is on words, images and intuition. Not logic– Why trying to engage in deep, explanatory
discussions with children does not work.• Lack understanding of conservation
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Preoperational Stage: Criticism
DeLoache (1987) showed that children as young as 3-years-old are able to use
mental operations. When shown a model of dog’s hiding place behind the couch, 2½-year-old could not locate the stuffed dog in an actual room, but the 3-year-old
did.
Monkeys can do this too!
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Preoperational Stage
Sally Boysen’s Brilliant Monkeys!Thinking Monkeys
Number Crunch Monkeys
Note: Watch “Chimps Minds” for the “hide & seek”(start it where Alda says “This is Sally Boysen”)
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Formal Operational Stage
• Around age 12 we move from concrete thinking to abstract thinking– Can now use symbols and imagined realities to
systematically reason– Junior Socrates: you can now understand “If A,
then B” logic• If John is in school, Mary is in school. John is in
school. What can you say about Mary?– Why you aren’t doing calculus before this age
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Origins of Attachment
Harlow (1971) showed that infants bond with surrogate mothers because of bodily contact and not nourishment.
Harlo
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Attachment Theory
Harlow’s studies showed that monkeys experience great anxiety if their terry-
cloth mother was removed & were frightened.
Harlo
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Attachment Differences
Placed in a strange situation, 60% children express secure attachment, i.e., they explore their environment happily in
the presence of their mothers. When mother leaves they show distress.
The other 30% show insecure attachment, these children cling to their mothers or caregivers, and are less likely
to explore the environment.
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Separation Anxiety
Separation anxiety peaks at 13 months of age. No matter whether the children are
home or day care raised.
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Deprivation of Attachment
What happens when circumstances prevent a child from forming
attachments?
In such circumstances children become:
1. Withdrawn2. Frightened3. Unable to develop
speech
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Prolonged Deprivation
If parental or caregiving support is deprived for long, children are placed at risk for physical, psychological and social problems, including alterations in brain
neurochemical levels.
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Child-Rearing Practices
Practice Description
AuthoritarianParents impose rules and
expect obedience.
Permissive Parents submit to children’s demands.
Authoritative Parents are demanding but responsive to their children.
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Authoritative Parenting
Authoritative parenting correlates with social competence — other factors like common genes may leading to a easy-
going temperament may invoke authoritative parenting style.