fullcam guidelines 2019 update environmental …...project must be moved to fullcam 2020 and once...

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FullCAM Guidelines

Requirements for using the Full Carbon Accounting Model (FullCAM) in the

Emissions Reduction Fund (ERF) methodology determination:

Carbon Credits (Carbon Farming Initiative) (Reforestation by Environmental or

Mallee Plantings—FullCAM) Methodology Determination 2014

Version X.0

(draft, not in force)

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Disclaimer

This document has been developed to assist project proponents to calculate abatement in FullCAM as required

by the Carbon Credits (Carbon Farming Initiative) (Reforestation by Environmental or Mallee Plantings—

FullCAM) Methodology Determination 2014. This document is the ‘FullCAM Guidelines’ incorporated by

reference in sections 1.3, 4.5, 4.7, 4.8 and 4.17 of the Methodology Determination. Project proponents should

not use this document as a substitute for complying with the requirements in the Methodology Determination.

Before relying on any material contained in this document, project proponents should familiarise themselves

with the requirements of the following legal documents: Carbon Credits (Carbon Farming Initiative)

(Reforestation by Environmental or Mallee Plantings—FullCAM) Methodology Determination 2014, Carbon

Credits (Carbon Farming Initiative) Act 2011, Carbon Credits (Carbon Farming Initiative) Rule 2015 and Carbon

Credits (Carbon Farming Initiative) Regulations 2011.

This document does not displace relevant legislative provisions or other laws. All users are encouraged to read

this document in conjunction with the relevant legislation, including the Methodology Determination,

referenced throughout this document. Where any inconsistencies are apparent, please be aware that the

legislative provisions will take precedence.

Interested parties should make their own independent inquires and obtain their own independent

professional advice prior to relying on, or making any decisions in relation to, the information provided in this

document.

This document will be updated periodically and users should note that some inputs and values may change

over time. It is the user’s responsibility to ensure that they are using the correct option in the latest version of

FullCAM and following the relevant section (either Section 2 or Section 3) of this document and any tool/s

required in association as in force at the applicable offsets report submission date (consistent with the

definitions in section 1.3 of the Methodology Determination).

The Department of Industry, Science, Energy and Resources and the Commonwealth of Australia accept no

responsibility or liability for any damage, loss or expense incurred as a result of the reliance on information

contained in this document. This document does not indicate commitment by the Commonwealth to a

particular course of action.

© Commonwealth of Australia

Unless otherwise noted, copyright (and any other intellectual property rights, if any) in this publication is owned by the Commonwealth of Australia.

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https://www.legislation.gov.au/Series/F2014L01212





https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/F2015C00658

https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/F2015C00658

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/au/

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Content contained herein should be attributed as “The Department of Industry, Science, Energy and Resources Fullcam Guidelines: Requirements for using the Full Carbon Accounting Model (FullCAM) in the Emissions Reduction Fund (ERF) methodology determination Carbon Credits (Carbon Farming Imitative) (Reforestation by Environmental or Mallee Plantings – FullCAM) Metholodogy Determination 2014”.

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Contents 1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 6

Use of FullCAM with the Reforestation by Environmental or Mallee Plantings Methodology

Determination ..................................................................................................................................... 6

Determining which FullCAM option to use (2016 or 2020) .................................................... 6

Format of this document ........................................................................................................ 7

FullCAM background ............................................................................................................... 7

FullCAM plots and running simulations .................................................................................. 8

Overview of the FullCAM interface ......................................................................................... 8

2. 2020 FullCAM option - setting up simulations for each Carbon Estimation Area ........................ 10

Creating a new plot file ......................................................................................................... 10

Downloading tree species ..................................................................................................... 12

2.2.1 Notes on ‘specific calibration’ tree species selection ................................................... 15

Modelling Events ................................................................................................................... 16

2.3.1 Permitted Events ........................................................................................................... 16

2.3.2 Requirements for modelling the plant event, and the associated planting

configuration and stocking density requirements ........................................................................ 17

Adding a New Event .............................................................................................................. 19

Outputs and running a simulation ........................................................................................ 24

2.5.1 Ensuring correct outputs selected ................................................................................ 24

2.5.2 Running simulations ...................................................................................................... 26

2.5.3 Viewing outputs ............................................................................................................ 26

2.5.4 Transferring outputs into spreadsheet ......................................................................... 26

3. 2016 FullCAM option - Setting up simulations for each Carbon Estimation Area ........................ 27

Create a new plot file ............................................................................................................ 27

Saving a plot file .................................................................................................................... 28

The Configuration tab ........................................................................................................... 28

The Timing tab ...................................................................................................................... 29

The Data Builder tab ............................................................................................................. 31

The Site tab ........................................................................................................................... 39

The Trees tab ........................................................................................................................ 39

The Soil tab ............................................................................................................................ 39

The Initial Conditions tab ...................................................................................................... 39

The Events tab ....................................................................................................................... 41

3.10.1 Permitted Events ........................................................................................................... 41

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3.10.2 Specific Calibrations ...................................................................................................... 42

3.10.3 Generic Calibration ....................................................................................................... 42

Adding a New Event .............................................................................................................. 44

3.11.1 Adding Plant Trees events when using Specific Calibrations ........................................ 44

3.11.2 Adding events (other than Plant Trees for Specific Calibrations) ................................. 44

The Output Windows tab ...................................................................................................... 50

Running simulations .............................................................................................................. 55

Viewing outputs .................................................................................................................... 55

Transferring outputs into a spread sheet ............................................................................. 55

4. FullCAM simulation outputs and offsets reporting ...................................................................... 56

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1. Introduction

Use of FullCAM with the Reforestation by Environmental or Mallee

Plantings Methodology Determination The calculation of carbon abatement under the Carbon Credits (Carbon Farming Initiative)

(Reforestation by Environmental or Mallee Plantings—FullCAM) Methodology Determination 2014

(the Determination) is dependent upon the use of the Full Carbon Accounting Model (FullCAM)

consistently with the requirements of this document. In particular, section 4.5 of the Determination

requires that FullCAM must be used to model carbon stocks, emissions from disturbance, and the

effects of a management event in accordance with this document. Section 4.7 of the Determination

also requires key output data to be produced using FullCAM in accordance with the requirements in

the Determination and this document. Section 4.8 requires calibrations to be in accordance with this

document and section 4.17 requires inputs to be collected in accordance with this document. Where

content of this document relates to provisions of the Determination, references are given to the

location of those provisions.

Project proponents must only change FullCAM default settings as indicated in this document, and all

other settings must not be changed. This is to ensure that defaults will apply where relevant.

Determining which FullCAM option to use (2016 or 2020) The Department of Industry, Science, Energy and Resources released an update to the Full Carbon

Accounting Model (FullCAM) for public use in 2020.

The latest publicly available version of FullCAM on the Department’s website is the 2020 Public

Release version of FullCAM and it has two options [new website link to be added].

1. 2020 Public Release of FullCAM, 2020 FullCAM option

This option is the default option, it incorporates updated vegetation growth calibrations and

climate data, and has new interface features making it easier to use.

2. 2020 Public Release of FullCAM, 2016 FullCAM option

This option is only available for use by some projects, as described below. It does not include

the 2020 updates to the calibrations, climate data or interface.

Project proponents must access the latest public release of FullCAM from the Department’s website

and then ensure they are using the appropriate FullCAM option for their project. If you determine

that you must use a public release of FullCAM that is unavailable on the website, please contact the

Department at [email protected] to obtain a copy.

The general effect of the requirements below is that the 2020 FullCAM option is the default, but pre-

existing projects can choose the 2016 FullCAM option as long as they are not expanded, don’t move

to a new or varied Determination and don’t move onto the 2020 FullCAM option for a reporting

period.

Whichever FullCAM option is used by the proponent, all Carbon Estimation Areas (CEAs) of a

given project must be reported on using a single FullCAM option.



mailto:[email protected]

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Projects with section 22 declaration applications under the Carbon Credits (Carbon Farming

Initiative) Act 2011 (CFI Act), submitted to the Clean Energy Regulator (the Regulator) on or

after 1 September 2020, must use the 2020 FullCAM option.

Projects with section 22 declaration applications submitted to the Regulator before

1 September 2020 are able to use either the 2020 FullCAM option or the 2016 FullCAM

option. These projects are able to move from the 2016 FullCAM option to the 2020 FullCAM

option if they choose to do so. If a choice to use the FullCAM 2020 option is made, the entire

project must be moved to FullCAM 2020 and once using 2020 FullCAM option in an offsets

report, these projects cannot return to using the 2016 FullCAM option.

If project proponents with section 22 declaration applications submitted to the Regulator

before 1 September 2020 add a new project area or areas to the project under the section

29 of the Carbon Credits (Carbon Farming Initiative) Act 2011 with effect on or after

1 September 2020, the entire project must use the 2020 FullCAM option. The only exception

to this is where all of the areas added to the project were already using the 2016 FullCAM

option under these guidelines as part of another eligible offsets project (these can continue

to use the 2016 FullCAM option consistent with the dot point above – therefore the original

project must also have been eligible to use the 2016 FullCAM option).

Projects that transfer from an earlier to a later version of this Determination or transfer to

this Determination from another determination, with the application under section 128 of

the CFI Act submitted on or after 1 September 2020, must use the 2020 FullCAM option.

Note that FullCAM is not compatible with iOS systems, and must be run in a Windows operating

environment.

Format of this document This document provides:

• an overview of FullCAM relevant to the Determination, its features relevant to users and

important requirements for using this document (section 1)

• two step-by-step walkthroughs of using FullCAM to run the simulations correctly

(section 2 and section 3):

Section 2 of this document is for projects using the 2020 FullCAM option.

Section 3 of this document is for projects using the 2016 FullCAM option.

• an overview of the FullCAM outputs as they relate to equations within the

Determination (section 4).

The 2020 FullCAM option requires fewer data entries than the 2016 FullCAM option because many

items have been automated in the 2020 FullCAM option through the use of a template.

FullCAM background FullCAM is used in Australia’s National Greenhouse Gas Accounts for the land sector. FullCAM

provides fully integrated estimates of carbon pools in forest and agricultural systems for Australia’s

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land sector reporting. In addition, it accounts for human-induced changes in emission and

sequestration of major greenhouse gases. FullCAM was developed under the National Carbon

Accounting System (NCAS) at the then Australian Greenhouse Office to provide a dynamic account of

the changing stocks of carbon in Australia’s land systems since 1970 by integrating data on land

cover change, land use and management, climate, plant productivity, and soil carbon over time.

FullCAM estimates carbon stock change and greenhouse gas emissions at fine spatial and temporal

scales, and uses a wide range of spatially referenced data.

Users of FullCAM can determine estimates of carbon stock change and greenhouse gas emissions for

ERF projects on a similar basis to that used for land use and land use change in Australia’s National

Greenhouse Gas Inventory.

FullCAM plots and running simulations FullCAM can run simulations on a ‘plot’. A plot, for modelling purposes, is defined as a piece of land

for which a common event history is modelled in FullCAM. Separate plot files are created for each

CEA (see section 5.8 of the Determination). This document outlines the steps required to run

simulations in each FullCAM option as outlined in Section 2 and Section 3 respectively.

In the 2016 FullCAM option, there are several types of plots that can be selected. Only ‘forest

system’ is relevant to this Determination. This selection does not need to be made in the 2020

FullCAM option because it has been automated through the creation of a default template. At the

point in 2016 FullCAM option where users choose to create a new plot file, they instead select the

appropriate template from a drop-down list and the 2020 Fullcam option then populates FullCAM

with the template plot.

FullCAM modelling uses a single ‘model point’ location. Proponents do not need to define plot

boundaries within FullCAM, rather proponents must input the coordinates for a single location (the

model point or plot location – see sections 3.29 and 3.30 of the Determination). The latest spatial

data for a plot must be downloaded using the ‘Data Builder’ tab each time the software is run.

In order to ensure all settings are correct, including defaults, new plot files should be created each

time a new version of FullCAM or these Guidelines, or a different FullCAM option, is used. Plot files

created under previous versions or options may contain different settings that will affect outputs,

and users are responsible fact for ensuring they have used the correct FullCAM version and option,

and accurately followed the associated FullCAM Guidelines.

Overview of the FullCAM interface The FullCAM software user interface displays menus and a series of tabs. Each tab has a suite of

fields in which information may either be required to complete as instructed through these

Guidelines or left unchanged. The program is designed so that certain tabs in a plot file are made

available only if required fields have valid information entered in earlier tabs. If the text of a tab or

field is red, then FullCAM requires information in that tab or field before a simulation can be run.

When all the required fields within a tab have valid information entered, the tab text will become

blue.

The below table provides a general overview of each tab selectable within FullCAM once a plot has

been created. Help is provided within FullCAM by clicking on the symbol available in most

windows. A general overview of each tab follows.

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Please note, some of the tabs described in the table below will only need data added in the 2016

FullCAM option since many of the entries are automated through the template in the

2020 FullCAM option. Data entry requirements under each option are described in detail in section 2

and section 3 of these Guidelines.

Tab Explanation

About Includes a free text field where users can enter information about the plot file that they have created. This is a good space to keep track of changes that have been made or editing of event parameters.

Configuration Users select the system (e.g. forest, agricultural) they want to simulate in the plot.

Timing Enter the timing for starting and ending the simulation and the time steps required for output data.

Data Builder In this tab users enter the latitude and longitude of the ‘Model Point Location’ where they wish to simulate a plot file. Internet access is required to complete this tab. By choosing to ‘Download Spatial Data’ the associated soil and climate data for that latitude and longitude are automatically loaded into relevant parts of the remaining tabs. In the tab users can then download tree and/or crop species information and management regimes as appropriate. This information is also automatically loaded into relevant parts of the remaining tabs.

Site Specific parameters (e.g. water [rainfall], temperature, productivity) are described.

Trees Description of the properties of the tree species.

Crops Description of the properties of crop or pasture species (only displays if agricultural system selected).

Soil Description of soil properties.

Initial Conditions

In this tab the values for carbon at the start of the simulation are described. Values will automatically be populated by Data Builder using data downloaded from the FullCAM server.

Events All of the events for the entire simulation period are listed in this tab. Users can add or remove events. Care must be taken not to violate requirements for modelling ‘management events’ within the Determination. The names on the event list are colour-coded to indicate whether they are ready, whether they are simulating or not, and what system they affect. The colour codes are: Red: Event not ready (renders event queue not ready); Grey: Event non-simulating (outside simulation period, will not affect simulation); Green: Forest; Yellow: Agricultural; and Brown: Mixed. Finally, the events users select with the cursor are coloured in the usual highlight colour.

Output Window

Defines what outputs are presented in output windows.

Explorer Display of the parameter settings for each tab.

Plot Digest This tab only appears when a plot is saved as a ‘plot digest’ by changing the save as type. It allows users to clone and alter the inputs of a given modelling scenario, and combine the results or output them separately.

Log This tab records changes made to the file to assist with analysis and error tracking.

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2. 2020 FullCAM option - setting up simulations for each Carbon

Estimation Area The general effect of requirements described in Section 1.2 is that the 2020 FullCAM option is the

default, but projects with section 22 declaration applications submitted before 1 September 2020

can choose the 2016 FullCAM option as long as they are not expanded, don’t move to a new or

varied determination and have not reported used the 2020 FullCAM option for a reporting period

(see section 1.2).

Simulations for each CEA are undertaken using ’plot files’. Project proponents must use the following

steps for entering data into a plot file for each CEA registered under the Determination.

All steps must be followed when creating new plot files. When reopening plot files, users must first

navigate to the ‘Data Builder’ tab and click ‘Download Spatial Data’, before running the simulation,

to ensure the latest spatial data is used for the simulation.

Creating a new plot file 1. With FullCAM open, select ‘File’ then ‘New from Template’, a new window will appear titled

‘Templates’.

2. Select ‘Environmental Plantings Method’, under the ‘ERF’ expandable folder.

3. Enter the latitude and longitude (in decimal degrees i.e. xx.xxx xx, xx.xxx xx) of the model point

location in the latitude and longitude text fields. This should be the approximate centre of the

CEA and representative of the CEA (see sections 3.29 and 3.20 of the Determination for the

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requirements). Note that FullCAM may appear to round off the decimal degrees entered after

clicking out of the boxes, but users must enter the five decimal places as these will be still

recorded within the plot file itself and are visible in the ‘Data builder’ tab.

4. Enter the modelling start and end dates for the simulation that you will run, in the start date and

end date text fields. Acceptable formats include ‘DD MONTH YYYY’ or ‘D M YYYY’ (e.g. ‘1 July

2014’ or ‘1 7 2014’).

a. The start date will be the project implementation date (which must be the Planting Date for the CEA).

b. The end date will be a date after the end of the period for which the simulation is being run.

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5. Click ‘OK’, a new plot file will be created with the applicable default data for the Determination,

as well as the location and dates entered.

6. Once you have created a plot file, it is best to save immediately to your nominated storage

location and save regularly. The new plot file can then be saved form the ‘File’ menu on the

FullCAM toolbar. You can choose what to enter for the ‘File name’. This is not linked to the

‘Name of plot’ free text box on the ‘About’ tab. It is recommended that you use a name for the

plot that reflects the identifier for the CEA and model scenario, e.g. ‘CEA1_project_east_2020

offsets report’.

Downloading tree species The final steps in creating the plot file are selecting and downloading the applicable tree species

from the Data Builder tab.

1. Click on the Data Builder Tab.

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2. Note that changes to the FullCAM model have removed some previous distinctions between calibrations, and introduced new sub-options. The notes below in section 2.2.1, and the instructions for adding plant events provide more details on these changes.

From the ‘Forest category’ drop-down box,

a. For the generic calibrations: select ‘ERF Methods’ for the generic calibrations, and click ‘Download Spatial Data’. This will filter the available tree species in the ‘Available Trees’ box.

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b. For the specific calibrations: select ‘ERF Method-EMP specific calibrations’, and click ‘Download Spatial Data’. This will filter the available tree species in the ‘Available Trees’ box.

c. For the generic calibrations, select ‘Mixed species environmental planting’, unless the planting is comprised only of mallee-eucalypt species, in which case select ‘Mallee eucalypt species’ (see subsection 3.9(1) of the determination).

d. For the specific calibrations, select the desired species, ensuring all the Determination requirements for selecting the calibration are met. Click ‘Download Species’.

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3. The downloaded species will now appear in the Tree Species box.

2.2.1 Notes on ‘specific calibration’ tree species selection

The tree species calibrations available within FullCAM and applicable to this Determination were

substantially revised with the 2020 update to the model (2020 FullCAM option). These changes

reflect significant expansion of the underlying datasets.

Under the Determination, and within FullCAM, there are two classes of species calibrations available

for this Determination: ‘specific’ and ‘generic’. Within the FullCAM 2016 option, the two classes of

calibrations produce different abatement estimates, and have different spatial and temporal

applicability, and events permitted for modelling. The FullCAM 2020 option has removed many of

the distinctions between generic and specific species calibrations. The vegetation growth

calibrations of the specific calibrations in the 2020 FullCAM option are now the same as the

vegetation growth calibrations of the generic calibrations.

Nonetheless, the specific calibrations have been retained to ensure operational consistency with the

Determination. The ‘specific’ species calibrations and associated ‘regimes’ (which are sequences of

events associated with a species) remain selectable within the FullCAM 2020 option (ERF Method-

EMP specific calibrations dropdown under forest category within Data builder tab) where available

spatially (see Figures 1-5 and Schedule 1 of the Determination). Users can still choose to download

these species and regimes for applicable locations but must still meet the Determination

requirements for using the specific calibrations (see section 4.8 of the Determination).

Where correctly configured, the 2020 FullCAM option specific calibrations will produce the same

abatement estimates as the generic species calibrations,– ‘Mixed species environmental planting’ or

‘Mallee eucalypt species’. It is the sub-settings within the plant event that now capture variations in

growth rates due to stocking densities or planting configurations. Section 2.3 gives the instructions

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for correctly configuring the plant event, in accordance with stocking density and planting

configuration requirements.

Figures 1-5. Geographic areas that restrict where each ‘specific calibration’ is available as an option

Modelling Events

2.3.1 Permitted Events

The below section introduces the events that may be modelled in accordance with the

Determination. All permitted management practices that are undertaken in a project, along with

wildfires, must be included as events in the simulations for each relevant CEA. If a CEA is re-stratified

for any of the reasons specified in the Determination (e.g. section 3.8), then the simulations for each

resulting new CEA must have all the permissible management practices and wildfires included as

events.

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Wildfires must be included as they occur, and the effect on the carbon stock will be reflected by the

severity of the fire event. For a wildfire event where the burnt area is patchy and difficult to

demarcate, you must enter the affected portion of a CEA as a percentage—other values remain

unchanged. However if a clearly defined area or areas of a CEA have been impacted uniformly (e.g.

all trees killed), then re-stratification of the CEA may be appropriate.

All project modelling must commence with a Plant Trees event (see section 1.3 of the

Determination).

2.3.2 Requirements for modelling the plant event, and the associated planting

configuration and stocking density requirements

As introduced in section 2.2 above, updates to FullCAM in 2020 have resulted in fewer distinctions

between the previous ‘specific’ and ‘generic’ species calibrations, particularly for the tree planting

event.

There are three growth calibrations that may apply to any species selected under the Determination,

provided the planting geometry and sampling requirements are met.

For generic calibrations, the growth calibrations are listed in the Table below, together with the

related requirements and a comparison to calibrations in the FullcAM 2016 option. FullCAM will

download the applicable growth calibration options for the species downloaded. When adding plant

events to the FullCAM 2020 option, users must select from the growth calibration based on the

requirements in the following table.

For Specific calibrations, users will be able to select the full range of FullCAM regimes for specific

calibrations that are listed in Schedule 1 of the Determination. These will appear as standard events

in the FullCAM standard events drop down list (see section 2.4). Within FullCAM, these standard

events will be associated with one of the three growth calibrations. Consistent with the

requirements of section 3.20 and section 3.21 of the Determination, users must sample the stocking

density in order to use specific calibrations (or must apply defaults). Users are required to meet the

applicable planting geometry requirements set out in the Determination.

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Growth calibrations to be selected according to the planting geometry and sampling requirement for

stocking density (requirements for planting geometries and sampling stocking densities are provided

under subdivision 3.5.2 of the Determination):

2020 FullCAM

option: calibrations

2020 FullCAM option:

Plant Events

Comparative view - 2016 FullCAM option: Plant

Events

Belt High

(Belt plantings of high

density – more than

1500 sph)

Mixed species environmental

planting: Belt plantings >1500

sph

Mixed species temperate, Geometry narrow, Stocking >1,500,

Prop tree <0.75 or Prop tree >=0.75

Mixed species temperate, Geometry wide, Stocking >1,500, Prop

tree >=0.75 or Prop tree <0.75

Mallee eucalypt species: Belt

plantings >1500 sph

Mallee eucalypt kochii, Geometry narrow, Stocking >2,300

Mallee eucalypt loxophleba lissophloia, Geometry narrow,

Stocking >2,300

Belt Low

(Belt plantings of low

density – between 200

and 1500 sph)


planting: Belt plantings <1500

sph

Mixed species temperate, Geometry narrow, Stocking <1,500,

Prop tree >=0.75 or Prop tree <0.75

Mixed species temperate, Geometry wide, Stocking <1,500, Prop

tree >=0.75 or Prop tree <0.75

Block ES

( Block of planting on

land used to deliver

environmental services

– more than 200 sph)


plantings: on land managed

for environmental services

Mixed species temperate, Geometry block, Stocking 500 - 1,500,

Prop tree >=0.75 or Prop tree <0.75

Mixed species temperate, Geometry block, Stocking <500, Prop

tree >=0.75 or , Prop tree <0.75

Mixed species temperate, Geometry block, Stocking >1,500

Mixed species tropical, Geometry block

Mixed species environmental planting (1970-present All

Plantation low: Non-commercial planting; No prunes)


Plantation high: Non-commercial planting; No prunes)


Plantation medium: Non-commercial planting; No prunes)

Mallee eucalypt species: on

land managed for

environmental services.

Block_ES

Mallee eucalypt polybractea, Geometry block

Mallee eucalypt loxophleba lissophloia, Geometry block

Mallee eucalypt kochii, Geometry block

Belt high or Belt Low

(based on the stand

density – above 200

sph)


plantings >1500 sph or


plantings <1500 sph

Mallee eucalypt kochii, Geometry wide

Mallee eucalypt polybractea, Geometry wide

Mallee eucalypt loxophleba lissophloia, Geometry wide

Mallee eucalypt kochii, Geometry narrow, Stocking <2,300 ( as

1500 split)

Mallee eucalypt loxophleba lissophloia, Geometry narrow,

Stocking <2,300 ( as 1500 split)

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Adding a New Event

1. To add a new event, click on the New button on the Event Editing panel. A new pop up window will appear.

2. There are six event types, of which four are permitted under this determination. For each event to be added, select the appropriate Event Type identified for the management activity you are modelling, as indicated in the following table.

Event types corresponding to each management activity. Management Activity FullCAM Event Type

Planting trees Tree planting

Wildfire – trees not killed Forest fire

Wildfire – trees killed Forest fire

Prescribed fire Forest fire

Fertilisation Forest treatment

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Management Activity FullCAM Event Type

Weed control Forest treatment

Thinning of forest Forest thinning

3. Insert the calendar date for the event in the box to the right of the Calendar date drop down menu. Acceptable formats include: 1 Jan 2015 or 1 1 2015.

4. Click Insert ‘Standard Values’. Select the appropriate Standard Values as indicated in the following table and Click ‘OK’.

Standard events permitted under this Determination.

Management Activity FullCAM Standard Event

Planting trees (generic calibrations)*

Plant trees: [species name] on land managed for environmental services; or Plant trees: [species name] Belt plantings <1500 sph; or Plant trees: [species name] Belt plantings >1500 sph. For specific calibrations, the available FullCAM standard events match the Available FullCAM Regimes (Initial Rotation) listed in Table 1, section The Data Builder tab

Wildfire – trees not killed Wildfire – trees not killed

Wildfire – trees killed Wildfire – trees killed

Prescribed fire Prescribed burn

Fertilisation Fertilisation: Mid-rotation (Medium)

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Fertilisation Starter fertiliser - normal

Weed control Weed control - Standard

Thinning of forest Initial clearing: no product recovery

* Only the standard event options available for the applicable species will appear. See section 3.1.1

outlining the sampling and other requirements for selecting one of these options.

5. After you have selected the appropriate Standard Event, a pop-up window will ask if you would like to also insert the name of the standard event. Click ‘Yes’.

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6. For the fire or thinning event types, you must edit the parameters as instructed in the following table. For all other action or event types do not edit any parameters, instead proceed to the next step.

Parameter values that must be edited when adding fire and thinning type events.

Management Activity FullCAM Parameter values

Wildfire – trees not killed

Enter the percentage of the area of the CEA affected by fire under Affected Portion

Wildfire – trees killed Enter the percentage of the area of the CEA affected by fire under Affected Portion

Prescribed fire Enter the percentage of the area of the CEA affected by fire under Affected Portion

Thinning of forest

Define the affected portion of the forest that was thinned. You must report on how the estimate was derived in your project report.

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7. Click ‘OK’ to close the Event window. The event will be added in the main events queue. Repeat these steps to add more events.

An example of a completed events queue is shown below:

Once all events are added, navigate to the Output Windows tab.

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Outputs and running a simulation

2.5.1 Ensuring correct outputs selected

From the templates used to create plot files, the following outputs will be selected, consistent with

the Determination requirements:

a. the following tree carbon pool: Carbon / Forest / Plants / C mass of trees b. the following debris carbon pool: Other / Carbon Projects / C mass of forest debris c. the following non CO2 emission: Carbon / Whole / Emissions / CH4 emitted due to fire d. the following non CO2 emission: Nitrogen / Whole / Emissions / N2O emitted due to fire.

Note: only the four pools listed above must be selected. If the plot file has been modified to be

inconsistent with this, ensure this is corrected by navigating through the drop down menus and

unselecting any other outputs that have a tick against them. Folders containing selected outputs will

appear with a grey tick and outputs selected will have a red tick. The below screenshot displays the

outputs that must be selected. A single click on the icon or name of a folder selects or deselects

everything within the folder.

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To verify that the correct outputs are selected:

1. Double click on Output1 listed in the Output Windows. 2. Click on the Select Which Outputs to Show icon at the top of the output window (see below).

3. Ensure the outputs match those listed above.

2.5.2 Running simulations

1. To run the simulation, press the icon in the top menu bar: . This will generate the selected outputs in a new window. Note that if reopening a plot file, users must first navigate to the ‘Data Builder’ tab and click ‘Download Spatial Data’, before running the simulation to ensure the latest spatial data is used for the simulation.

2.5.3 Viewing outputs

Outputs can be viewed as a graph or a table by clicking on the corresponding icons at the top left of the Output window.

2.5.4 Transferring outputs into spreadsheet

To transfer data into a Microsoft Excel or equivalent spreadsheet for analysis: 1. If you are using Microsoft Excel, then click on the Save to File button (see screenshot) and save

as an Excel file, then skip steps 2 to 4. Alternatively, follow steps 2-4 below to transfer the data to a spreadsheet.

2. Click on the table icon in the output window to view the simulation output as a table.

3. Copy all the output data by clicking on the icon (circled) in the top of the Output window.

4. Open Microsoft Excel (or equivalent spreadsheet), and ‘Paste’ the data copied from FullCAM into the spreadsheet with the top left hand corner in cell A1.

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3. 2016 FullCAM option - Setting up simulations for each Carbon

Estimation Area The general effect of requirements described in Section 1.2 is that the 2020 FullCAM option is the

default, but projects with section 22 declaration applications submitted before 1 September 2020

can choose the 2016 FullCAM option as long as they are not expanded, don’t move to a new or

varied determination and have not reported used the 2020 FullCAM option for a reporting period

(see section 1.2).

Simulations for each CEA are undertaken using Plots. Project proponents must use the following steps for entering data into each tab in a FullCAM plot for each CEA registered under the Determination.

All steps must be followed when creating new plot files. When reopening existing plot files, updated spatial data must be uploaded in the Data Builder tab as described in section 2.5, and other tabs if specified.

Create a new plot file Create a new plot under the ‘File’ menu. This plot represents a single CEA.

Once you have created a new plot, you will see a window such as below. The plot will default to the

About tab (in blue text):

On the about tab you can choose what to enter at ‘Name of Plot’. We recommend using a name for the plot that reflects the identifier for the CEA and the project name or number as reported to the Regulator and model scenario, e.g. ‘CEA1_project_west_2015 offsets report’. This name does not become the file name for the plot. It is a free text box and is editable from within the plot file. Populating this cell and the content is optional, but recommended.

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Under ‘Notes’ you may choose to enter information for your own use. This information will not influence the FullCAM outputs.

Saving a plot file Once you have created a plot file, it is best to save immediately to your nominated storage location (e.g. My Documents, thumb drive) and save regularly. Users are responsible for their own document and records management and FullCAM does not provide this function.

Save the plot file using the ‘File’ menu on the FullCAM toolbar.

You can choose what to enter for the ‘File name’. This is not linked to the ‘Name of plot’ free text box on the About tab. As per the ‘Name of plot’ text box it is recommended that you use a name for the plot that reflects the identifier for the CEA and model scenario, e.g. ‘CEA1_project_west_2015 offsets report’.

Note: Save the plot file regularly when setting up and running simulations (Ctrl + S).

Now navigate to the next tab, Configuration, using the mouse or Page Down.

The Configuration tab The Configuration tab is where you will select the type of system to be modelled.

1) This Determination concerns a reforestation activity, so you must select Forest system from the ‘Plot/Type’ drop down menu.

a. Select Forest system 2) Do not change any other settings on the Configuration tab.

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The Configuration tab settings must appear as below.

Now navigate to the next tab, Timing, using the mouse or Page Down.

The Timing tab The Timing tab requires you to define the period to be simulated. On the Timing tab:

1) Under Simulation Timing, select Calendar. (See below). 2) Under Start and End of Simulation enter the start date and end date of the simulation that you

will run, in the format of ‘1 July 2014’ or ‘1 7 2014’. a. The start date will be the project implementation date (which must be the Planting Date for

the CEA). b. The end date will be a date after the end of the period for which the simulation is being run.

Note that a stand age of 15 years is the maximum number of years for which projects can apply a specific calibration.

3) Under Output Steps, select Monthly. An example of how the Timing tab should now appear is below:

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4) Do NOT change any other settings.

After you have populated all necessary parts of Timing, nine more tabs should have appeared on the menu bar (some blue text, some red text). For example see below:

Now navigate to the next tab, Data Builder, using the mouse or Page Down.

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The Data Builder tab The Data Builder tab (see image below) allows you to download the data required by FullCAM from extensive databases maintained by the Department. Note that the default location is Uluru.

1. Enter the latitude and longitude (in decimal degrees) of the model point location, which is central to and representative of the area being modelled (not in an exclusion area).

2. Click the button to Download Spatial Data, and then click ‘OK’ in the Info Box that pops up.

3. Under Trees and Events, select the appropriate Tree Species from the Tree Species drop down menu. Refer to the ‘Notes on the availability of specific Tree Species calibrations’ immediately following these steps for information on selecting the appropriate Tree Species option as only limited options are permitted, and calibrations marked ‘specific’ are restricted by location and associated sampling requirements:

a. For a mixed species environmental planting the following options may be permitted:

i. mixed species environmental planting (a generic calibration)

ii. mixed species environmental planting temperate (a specific calibration)

iii. mixed species environmental planting tropical (a specific calibration)

b. For a mallee planting, the following options may be permitted:

i. mixed species environmental planting (a generic calibration)

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ii. mallee eucalypt kochii (a specific calibration)

iii. mallee eucalypt loxophleba lissophloia (a specific calibration)

iv. mallee eucalypt polybractea (a specific calibration)

4. Under Trees and Events, click the Download This Species button

5. A pop-up box will appear asking if you want to make the selected Tree Species the ‘initial tree species’. Click ‘Yes’.

6. Under Trees and Events / Regimes (Initial Rotation), from the drop down box to the right, select the appropriate Regime and press ‘OK’. Only permitted Regimes for the selected Tree Species will appear. Note that the use of a regime for ‘specific’ calibrations is subject to requirements for planting geometry, stocking density and the proportion of trees, which will require field sampling to determine. The ‘Notes on the availability of specific Tree Species calibrations’ and Table 1 below contain more details for these.

a. If the Tree Species you have selected is for one of the specific calibrations as indicated above, click the Download Events For This Regime button. Click ‘yes’ each time prompted. Note that this downloads the default events for the regime to the Events Tab that can be edited if necessary as per section 2.11 of this document.

b. If the Tree Species you have selected is for the existing generic Environmental Plantings calibration as indicated above, do not click the Download Events For This Regime button.

7. Do not change any other settings on this tab.

An example of how the Data Builder Tab will appear (will vary) is below:

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Notes on the availability of specific Tree Species calibrations Note 1: The specific tree species calibrations are only available in certain spatial areas (refer to the figures below) whereas the generic ‘mixed species environmental planting’ calibration is available Australia-wide for all species, trees and mallees, permitted to be planted under this Determination. When you enter the latitude and longitude coordinates for your plot, FullCAM will only list calibrations available for that location. FullCAM may also list several calibrations that are not available under this Determination. Step 3 above lists the available calibrations, and Table 1 provides further details on them including the corresponding event regimes. Note 2: For both mixed species environmental plantings and mallee plantings under this determination, the generic calibration Mixed species environmental planting must be used where a planting does not meet the requirements for one of the specific calibrations as the generic calibration has no spatial or age restrictions. The specific calibrations can only be used for plantings up to 15 years of age, and where stocking density and tree proportion has been calculated as per the Determination. Proponents not wishing to undertake the field sampling work to support these calculations can opt the use the generic Mixed species environmental planting calibration.

Figures 1-5: Areas where each specific calibration is available as option

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Table 1. Generic and specific calibrations available within Data Builder Tab, and details of sampling requirements and maximum allowable plantings ages

Calibration type

FullCAM Tree species

Planting geometry

Minimum sampling data required to use a calibration after 5 years from the planting date

Available FullCAM Regimes (Initial Rotation)

Maximum allowable age of planting for simulation

Generic Mixed species environmental planting

n/a

No sampling required Mixed species environmental planting (1970-present All Plantation low: Non-commercial planting; No prunes)

100 years

No sampling required Mixed species environmental planting (1970-present All Plantation high: Non-commercial planting; No prunes)

100 years

No sampling required Mixed species environmental planting (1970-present All Plantation medium: Non-commercial planting; No prunes)

100 years

Specific

Mixed species environmental planting temperate

Narrow Linear

Stocking > 1500 stems/ha and Tree Proportion >= 0.75

Mixed species temperate, Geometry narrow, Stocking >1,500, Prop tree >=0.75

15 years

Tree Proportion >= 0.75 Mixed species temperate, Geometry narrow, Stocking <1,500, Prop tree >=0.75

15 years

Stocking > 1500 stems/ha Mixed species temperate, Geometry narrow, Stocking >1,500, Prop tree <0.75

15 years

No sampling required Mixed species temperate, Geometry narrow, Stocking <1,500, Prop tree <0.75

15 years

Wide linear

Stocking > 1500 stems/ha and Tree Proportion >= 0.75

Mixed species temperate, Geometry wide, Stocking >1,500, Prop tree >=0.75

15 years

Stocking > 1500 stems/ha Mixed species temperate, Geometry wide, Stocking >1,500, Prop tree <0.75

15 years

Tree Proportion >= 0.75 Mixed species temperate, Geometry wide, Stocking <1,500, Prop tree >=0.75

15 years

No sampling required Mixed species temperate, Geometry wide, Stocking <1,500, Prop tree <0.75

15 years

Block Stocking 500 - 1500 stems/ha and Tree Proportion >= 0.75

Mixed species temperate, Geometry block, Stocking 500 - 1,500, Prop tree >=0.75

15 years

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BN

Stocking > 1500 stems/ha Mixed species temperate, Geometry block, Stocking >1,500

15 years

Stocking 500 - 1500 stems/ha Mixed species temperate, Geometry block, Stocking 500 - 1,500, Prop tree <0.75

15 years

Tree Proportion >= 0.75 Mixed species temperate, Geometry block, Stocking <500, Prop tree >=0.75

15 years

No sampling required Mixed species temperate, Geometry block, Stocking <500, Prop tree <0.75

15 years

Specific Mixed species environmental planting tropical

Block No sampling required Mixed species tropical, Geometry block 15 years

Specific Mallee eucalypt kochii

Block No sampling required Mallee eucalypt kochii, Geometry block 15 years

Wide linear No sampling required Mallee eucalypt kochii, Geometry wide 15 years

Narrow linear

Stocking > 2,300 stems/ha Mallee eucalypt kochii, Geometry narrow, Stocking >2,300

15 years

No sampling required Mallee eucalypt kochii, Geometry narrow, Stocking <2,300

15 years

Specific Mallee eucalypt loxophleba lissophloia

Block No sampling required Mallee eucalypt loxophleba lissophloia, Geometry block 15 years

Wide Linear No sampling required Mallee eucalypt loxophleba lissophloia, Geometry wide 15 years

Narrow linear

Stocking > 2,300 stems/ha Mallee eucalypt loxophleba lissophloia, Geometry narrow, Stocking >2,300

15 years

No sampling required Mallee eucalypt loxophleba lissophloia, Geometry narrow, Stocking <2,300

15 years

Specific Mallee eucalypt polybractea

Block No sampling required Mallee eucalypt polybractea, Geometry block 15 years

Wide linear No sampling required Mallee eucalypt polybractea, Geometry wide 15 years

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Navigate to the tab, Initial Conditions, using the mouse or Page Down and skipping the Site, Trees and

Soil tabs that should not be changed.

The Site tab

DO NOT change any settings on this tab.

The Trees tab

DO NOT change any settings on this tab. The species on this tab must match the Tree Species on the Data Builder tab, which should occur by default.

The Soil tab

DO NOT change any settings on this tab.

The Initial Conditions tab The Initial Conditions tab will look like this:

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1. Under the Forest group, click the button labelled Trees. 2. On the pop-up window, the species you selected at the Data Builder tab will be showing in the

drop-down box under Species. 3. Under Existence, ensure that the box (‘The forest has trees growing in it at the start of the

simulation’) is un-checked. (see below).

4. Click OK. 5. In the Initial Conditions tab, under Forest, click the button labelled Debris.

6. Change all the default settings for each debris pool to zero (See below). You can press Tab to jump between cells.

7. Once all are set to zero, click OK.

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8. DO NOT change any other settings in the Initial conditions tab.

Now navigate to the next tab, Events, using the mouse or Page Down.

The Events tab

Note: The specific calibrations account for the effects of management such as weed control on biomass accumulation. If such a management events occurs within a CEA, it must not be entered as events in FullCAM. Thus, a project may apply different management within sub areas of a CEA that use specific calibrations and not be required to re-stratify the CEA. In contrast, the generic calibration for mixed-species environmental plantings does not include the effects of management such as weed control on biomass accumulation. If a CEA uses the generic calibration ‘mixed-species environmental planting’ and applies management differentially within a CEA, the CEA must be re-stratified accordingly.

Calibrations must meet the requirements of sections 4.8 and 4.9 of the Determination and this document.

3.10.1 Permitted Events

Tables 1 and 2 of this document lists the events that may be modelled in accord with the Determination. Note that some events are only permitted for projects using the generic calibration for ‘mixed species environmental planting’. All permitted management practices that are undertaken in a project, along with wildfires, must be included as events in the simulations for each relevant CEA. If a CEA is re-stratified for any of the reasons specified in the Determination (e.g. section 3.8), then the simulations for each resulting new CEA must have all the permissible management practices and wildfires included as events.

Wildfires must be included as they occur, and the effect on the carbon stock will be reflected by the severity of the fire event. For a wildfire event where the burnt area is patchy and difficult to demarcate, you must enter the affected portion of a CEA as a percentage—other values remain unchanged.

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However if a clearly defined area or areas of a CEA have been impacted uniformly (e.g. all trees killed), then re-stratification of the CEA may be appropriate.

3.10.2 Specific Calibrations

For projects using a specific calibration (rather than the generic Mixed species environmental plantings calibration), a Plant Trees event is automatically inserted into the Event Queue when the Download Events For This Regime button is clicked at step 8 in 2.4.4 Data Builder tab. No other plantation establishment events such fertiliser or herbicide may be added at the commencement of a project. The other permitted management activities and associated FullCAM events are listed in Table 2. Note thinning is not permitted under specific calibrations as this activity was not part of the management actions in the data used to derive the specific calibrations

Table 2: Modelled events permitted for specific calibrations under this Determination

Management Activity

FullCAM Event Type

FullCAM Standard Event

FullCAM Parameter values

Planting trees Plant trees Plant trees: seedlings, normal stocking

Use Default


Forest fire Wildfire – trees not killed

Tick the Enable biomass based age adjustments box.


Remainder of parameters–use default.

Wildfire – trees killed

Forest fire Wildfire – trees killed


Enter the percentage of forest affected by fire under Affected Portion


Prescribed fire Forest fire Prescribed burn Tick the Enable biomass based age adjustments box.



3.10.3 Generic Calibration

For projects using the generic calibration, you must add a Plant Trees event. The other permitted management activities and associated FullCAM events are listed in Table 3.

Table 3: Modelled events permitted for the generic calibration in this Determination

Management Activity

FullCAM Event Type



Planting trees Plant trees Plant trees: seedlings, normal stocking

Use Default

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Management Activity

FullCAM Event Type




Forest fire Wildfire – trees not killed




Wildfire – trees killed

Forest fire Wildfire – trees killed




Prescribed fire Forest fire Prescribed burn Tick the Enable biomass based age adjustments box.




Fertilisation: Mid-rotation (Medium)

Use Default


Starter fertiliser - normal

Use Default

Weed control Forest treatment

Weed control - Standard

Use Default

Thinning of forest

Thin Initial clearing: no product recovery

Define the affected portion of the forest that was thinned. You must report on how the estimate was derived in your project report.


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Adding a New Event

3.11.1 Adding Plant Trees events when using Specific Calibrations

If you are using a specific calibration you do not need to add an initial Plant trees event, as this event was downloaded into the events queue by the Data Builder tab. However, you must ensure the date of the initial Plant Trees event on the Event Tab under Date is correct. If the date is incorrect you must:

1. Click on the event in the events queue to highlight it, then click Edit on the Events Editing panel.

2. Enter the correct date in dd mmm yyyy format in the date field under the Timing heading and click

OK.

If you need to add subsequent Plant Trees events because, for example, a wildfire has occurred, you

must:

1. Return to the Data Builder tab.

2. Click Download Events for This Regime. Click yes when prompted.

3. Return to the Events tab.

4. Edit the date to be the actual date of the subsequent Plant Trees event by following steps a and b

above.

3.11.2 Adding events (other than Plant Trees for Specific Calibrations)

8. To add a new event, click on the New button.

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This will produce the following pop-up that needs to be completed.

46

9. There are six event Types, of which only a selection are permitted under this Determination. For each event to be added, select the appropriate Event Type as indicated in Table 2 (specific calibration) or 3 (generic calibration).

10. For each event, insert the calendar date for the event in the box to the right of the Calendar date drop down menu. This must be in the format of 1 Jan 2015 or 1 1 2015.

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11. For each event added select Insert Standard Values (see below).

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12. A pop-up window will open that allows you to Select A Standard Event. Tables 2 and 3 define which event Type and which Standard event must be selected for each management activity. You must use default settings for the standard events unless defined otherwise in Table 2 or 3. One exception is for wildfire, whether for trees killed or trees not killed: you must enter the affected portion of the CEA as a percentage. There are also exceptions for thinning events. An example of the Select A Standard Event menu is shown here:

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13. After you have selected the appropriate Standard Event, a pop-up window will ask if you would like to also insert the name of the standard event. Click ‘Yes’.

14. For wildfire or thinning events only, edit the applicable values as instructed by Tables 1 and 2.

15. Click ‘OK’ to close the Event window.

An example of a completed events queue is shown below:

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Now navigate to the next tab Output Windows using the mouse or Page Down.

The Output Windows tab 1. Double click on Output1 listed in the Output Windows.

2. Click on the Select which Outputs to Show icon at the top of the output window (see below):

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Notes: The outputs are organized into folders and sub folders, just like files are organized into folders in Windows Explorer. Click the drop-down arrow next to a folder to expand and collapse the folders. A single click on the icon or name of a folder selects or deselects everything within the folder.

Selected outputs have a red tick on their icon, and a grey tick on the folder(s) where they are located. (See Image below).

A red tick on a folder indicates that all outputs within that folder and its subfolders are selected.

52

3. Deselect all the pools (by simply clicking on the top-level folders that show a tick, to remove the tick).

4. Use the drop down arrows and navigate through the folders to select:

a. the following tree carbon pool: Carbon / Forest / Plants / C mass of trees.

b. the following debris carbon pool: Carbon / Forest / Debris / C mass of forest debris.

c. the following non CO2 emission: Carbon / Whole / Emissions / CH4 emitted due to fire

d. the following non CO2 emission: Nitrogen / Whole / Emissions / N2O emitted due to fire.

5. Note: only the four pools listed above must be selected. The bottom section of the screen shows how many outputs are selected (see below)

6. Click ‘OK’.

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The below image shows the expanded view for the following two outputs:

the following non CO2 emission: Carbon / Whole / Emissions / CH4 emitted due to fire

the following tree carbon pool: Carbon / Forest / Plants / C mass of trees.

54

The below image shows the expanded view for the following two outputs:

the following debris carbon pool: Carbon / Forest / Debris / C mass of forest debris.

the following non CO2 emission: Nitrogen / Whole / Emissions / N2O emitted due to fire.

55

Running simulations Step required:

2. To run the simulation, press the icon in the top menu bar:

Viewing outputs Outputs can be viewed as a graph or a table by clicking one of the icons at the top left of the Output window.

Transferring outputs into a spread sheet To transfer data into a Microsoft Excel or equivalent spreadsheet for analysis: 5. If you are using Microsoft Excel, then click on the Save to File button (see screenshot) and save as

an Excel file, then skip steps 2 to 5. Alternatively, follow steps 2-5 below to transfer the data to a spreadsheet.

6. Click on the table icon in the output window to view the simulation output as a table.

7. Select all the output data by clicking on the icon (circled) in the top of the Output window.

8. On the highlighted data, right click and select ‘Copy’. 9. Open Microsoft Excel (or equivalent spreadsheet), and ‘Paste’ the data copied from FullCAM into

the spreadsheet with the top left hand corner in cell A1.

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4. FullCAM simulation outputs and offsets reporting Project proponents calculate the project net abatement by completing the equations in Divisions 4.3 to

4.5 of the Determination. Table 2 in Division 4.2 in the Determination lists the FullCAM outputs required

to inform these equations to calculate project net abatement. This table is re-produced below. Sections

4.5 and 4.7 of the Determination make clear that these outputs must be generated in accordance with

the requirements in both the determination and this document.

Note that for some of the equations the average or sum of the FullCAM output over the simulation

period will be required, whereas for others the value of the FullCAM output at the end of the simulation

period will be used. Refer to the equations within the Determination to determine which value to use.

Averages and sums can be calculated using the average and functions within your spreadsheet software.

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Table 5. Outputs generated by FullCAM and the corresponding Determination equations

FullCAM Output Units Description Form Parameter and

Equation

Initial C mass of

trees

tonnes C per

hectare

Initial carbon

stock in above-

ground and below

ground tree

biomass

Time series -

monthly

(cumulative )

𝐶𝐷𝑡𝑖

Equation 12a

Initial C mass of

forest debris

tonnes C per

hectare

Initial carbon

stock in debris

Time series -

monthly

(cumulative)

𝐶𝐷𝑑𝑖

Equation 12a

C mass of trees tonnes C per

hectare

Carbon stock in

above-ground

and below ground

tree biomass

Time series -

monthly

(cumulative )

𝐶𝑡𝑖

Equation 12b

C mass of forest

debris

tonnes C per

hectare

Carbon stock in

debris

Time series -

monthly

(cumulative)

𝐶𝑑𝑖

Equation 12b

CH4 emitted due to

fire

tonnes CH4

per hectare

Mass of CH4

emitted to the

atmosphere due

to fire

Time series monthly

(non-cumulative)

𝐸𝐶𝐻4𝑖

Equation 13

N2O emitted due

to fire

kg N2O per

hectare

Mass of N2O

emitted to the

atmosphere due

to fire

Time series –

monthly (non-

cumulative)

𝐸𝑁2𝑂𝑖

Equation 14