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Xqlxfq~w ^qv}~ Jlv`nk~gl` %AX^J' ygoo xqlzgnf lxxlq~v`g~gf} jlq Avdgxv~fqk ly`fq}egx lj

xqgdf mlddfqmgko xqlxfq~gf} g` dkblq ~ly`}. ^ef AX^J ygoo f}~kaog}e k jv`n ~l f`kaof

ly`fq}egx lj xqgdf mlddfqmgko xqlxfq~gf} g` ~ef Cok`i Zkoofw/ ~eqlvie k iqlvx ly`fq}egx

}mefdf. Jlq ~eg}/ ~ef AX^J ygoo okv`me k }wkqgke$mldxogk`~ Avdgxv~fqk Xqlxfq~w ^qv}~

]mefdf ~eg} wfkq yg~e k }grf lj QD; agoogl`.

Xqgzk~f Xf`}gl` Jv`n 17.^l qfzg~kog}f mkxg~ko dkqcf~ km~gzg~gf}/ G yg}e ~l k``lv`mf ~ek~ ~ef

Ilzfq`df`~ ygoo okv`me k Xqgzk~f Xf`}gl` Jv`n g` 18;;. ^eg} Jv`n ygoo af`fjg~ xqgzk~f }fm~lq

fdxolwff} k`n ~ef }foj$fdxolwfn. ^ef fug}~g`i g`mldf ~ku qfogfj lj vx ~l QD:/888 jlqfdxolwff} ml`~qgav~gl`} ~l ~ef FXJ ygoo af fu~f`nfn ~l ~ef ml`~qgav~gl`} dknf ~l ~ef Xqgzk~f

Xf`}gl` Jv`n/ g`movng`i ~ef }foj$fdxolwfn. Fdxolwfq} ygoo ko}l af igzf` ~ku nfnvm~gl` l`

ml`~qgav~gl`} dknf l` afekoj lj ~efgq fdxolwff}. ^eg} ygoo xqlzgnf k` lx~gl` jlq ~ef qkcwk~ ~l

g`zf}~ jlq ~efgq lon kif.

F`ek`mg`i Fofm~qgmko k`n Fofm~ql`gm} G`nv}~qw

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=8.^ef fofm~qgmko k`n fofm~ql`gm} %F*F' g`nv}~qw qfdkg`fn ~ef okqif}~ ml`~qgav~lq ~l fuxlq~}

yg~e >;& lq QD115 agoogl` g` 1887. Elyfzfq/ ~ef F*F g`nv}~qw g} }~goo jlmv}fn l` k}}fdaog`i

km~gzg~gf}. Yf }elvon ofzfqkif l` lvq }~qf`i~e} ~l nfzfolx olmko F*F mldxk`gf} ~l mldxf~f

k~ ~ef g`~fq`k~gl`ko ofzfo. K }vd lj QD569 dgoogl` g} koolmk~fn jlq olmko mldxk`gf} ~l g`zf}~ g`

egie zkovf$knnfn km~gzg~gf}/ xkq~gmvokqow g` Xf`k`i k`n ~ef Cvogd Egie$^fme Xkqc g` Cfnke.

Xqlxfoog`i Lgo/ Ik} k`n F`fqiw G`nv}~qw

=;. ^ef lgo/ ik} k`n f`fqiw g`nv}~qw g} l`f lj ~ef dkg` ml`~qgav~lq} ~l ~ef fml`ldw. G` 1887/

~ef g`nv}~qw ml`~qgav~fn ;8.1& ~l INX yg~e fuxlq~ qfzf`vf kdlv`~g`i ~l QD6: agoogl`. ^eg}

g`nv}~qw ek} ~ef xl~f`~gko ~l fuxk`n/ xkq~gmvokqow g` nly`}~qfkd km~gzg~gf}. ^l kmegfzf ~eg}

labfm~gzf/ ~ef Ilzfq`df`~ ygoo koolmk~f QD;>: dgoogl` ~l }vxxlq~ ~ef }fm~lq. Kdl`i ~ef

xqlbfm~} ~l af gdxofdf`~fn g`movnf ~ef f}~kaog}edf`~ lj ~ef Lgo Jgfon ]fqzgmf} k`n

F{vgxdf`~ Mf`~qf g` Blelq yg~e xqgzk~f g`zf}~df`~ lj QD: agoogl` lzfq k xfqgln lj ;8 wfkq}.

^l dff~ ~ef g`mqfk}f g` ik} nfdk`n aw g`nv}~qgf}/ Xf~ql`k} ygoo gdxofdf`~ k qfik}gjgmk~gl`

xqlbfm~ yg~e k` g`zf}~df`~ lj QD= agoogl` g` Dfokck/ yegme ygoo af lxfqk~gl`ko g` 18;1.

Knzk`mg`i Iqff` ^fme`loliw

=1. ^ef Ilzfq`df`~ g} mlddg~~fn ~l nfzfolx iqff` ~fme`loliw ~l f`}vqf }v}~kg`kaof

nfzfolxdf`~. G` ~eg} qfikqn/ ~ef Ilzfq`df`~ ygoo ml`~g`vf ~l xqlzgnf }fzfqko g`mf`~gzf}2

Jgq}~2Xgl`ffq ]~k~v} k`n G`zf}~df`~ ^ku Koolyk`mf jlq ~ef if`fqk~gl` lj f`fqiw jqld

qf`fykaof }lvqmf} k`n f`fqiw fjjgmgf`mw km~gzg~gf} af fu~f`nfn v`~go =; Nfmfdafq 18;63

]fml`n2Gdxlq~ nv~w k`n }kof} ~ku fufdx~gl` l` f{vgxdf`~ jlq ~ef if`fqk~gl` lj f`fqiw jqld

qf`fykaof }lvqmf} k`n f`fqiw fjjgmgf`mw af fu~f`nfn v`~go =; Nfmfdafq 18;13

^egqn2^ku fufdx~gl` l` ~ef g`mldf nfqgzfn jqld ~qkng`i lj Mfq~gjgfn Fdg}}gl` Qfnvm~gl`}

mfq~gjgmk~f af fu~f`nfn v`~go wfkq lj k}}f}}df`~ 18;13 k`n

Jlvq~e2 Jvoo gdxlq~ nv~w k`n 68& fumg}f nv~w fufdx~gl` yk} iqk`~fn ~l jqk`meg}f elonfq} lj

ewaqgn mkq} k} yfoo k} ewaqgn k` fofm~qgm dl~lqmwmof} vx ~l =; Nfmfdafq 18;8. ^l jvq~efq

f`mlvqkif ly`fq}egx lj ewaqgn mkq}/ gdxlq~ nv~w k`n fumg}f nv~w fufdx~gl` ygoo af fu~f`nfn

v`~go =; Nfmfdafq 18;; yg~e fumg}f nv~w ~l af igzf` jvoo fufdx~gl`.

==.Dkokw}gk g} mlddg~~fn ~l qfnvmg`i mkqal` fdg}}gl` g`~f`}g~w ~l xqf}fqzf ~ef f`zgql`df`~.Jlq ~eg} xvqxl}f/ ~ef Ilzfq`df`~ ygoo gdxofdf`~ kdl`i l~efq}/ ~ef Xqliqkddf l` Aof`ng`i

lj Agljvfo} yg~e Xf~qlofvd Ngf}fo %A6 Xqliqkddf' l` k dk`nk~lqw ak}g} afig``g`i g`

Xv~qkbkwk/ Cvkok Ovdxvq/ ]fok`ilq/ @fifqg ]fdagok` k`n Dfokck g` Bv`f 18;;.

=>. ^ef Ilzfq`df`~ ygoo ko}l gdxofdf`~ ~ef Jffn g` ^kqgjj %Jg^' dfmek`g}d v`nfq ~ef

Qf`fykaof F`fqiw %QF' Km~/ ~l kooly fofm~qgmg~w if`fqk~fn jqld QF aw g`ngzgnvko} k`n

g`nfxf`nf`~ xqlzgnfq} ~l af }lon ~l fofm~qgmg~w v~gog~w mldxk`gf}.

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G`zgilqk~g`i Kiqgmvo~vqf ]fm~lq

=6.^ef Ilzfq`df`~ koolmk~f} QD=.5 agoogl` g` 18;; ~l g`mqfk}f xqlnvm~gzg~w k`n if`fqk~f

egiefq qf~vq`} g` ~ef kiqgmvo~vqf }fm~lq. Jlq ~eg}/ ~ef jloolyg`i dfk}vqf} ygoo af ~kcf`2

Jgq}~2 Nfzfolx okqif$}mkof g`~fiqk~fn K{vkmvo~vqf Rl`f} g` Xg~k}/ ]v`ikg ^fokik k`n ]v`ikgXknk} g` ]kake k} yfoo k} Ak~k`i Kg k`n ^k`bv`i Dk`g} g` ]kqkykc ~ek~ dff~ }~k`nkqn} k}

yfoo k} xqlnvmf egie {vkog~w xqlnvm~}/ yg~e k` koolmk~gl` lj QD161 dgoogl`3

]fml`n2 Vxiqknf ~ef nqkg`kif k`n gqqgik~gl` }w}~fd k} yfoo k} v}f egie {vkog~w xknnw }ffn}

~l f`ek`mf xqlnvm~gzg~w g` Dvnk Kiqgmvo~vqko Nfzfolxdf`~ Kqfk %DKNK'/ Cfnke k`n l~efq

kqfk}. Jlq ~eg}/ QD1=6 dgoogl` g} koolmk~fn3

^egqn2 F`mlvqkif jkqdfq} xkq~gmgxk~gl` g` egie zkovf kiqgmvo~vqf km~gzg~gf}/ g`movng`i }ygj~of~

`f}~}/ k{vkmvo~vqf/ }fkyffn}/ lq`kdf`~ko jg}e k} yfoo k} efqa} k`n }xgmf} yg~e k` koolmk~gl`

lj QD;=6 dgoogl` jlq ak}gm g`jqk}~qvm~vqf3

Jlvq~e2 Jl}~fq xkq~`fq}egx af~yff` }dkoo$}mkof jqvg~ k`n zfif~kaof jkqdfq} yg~e k`melq

mldxk`gf} ~eqlvie k` koolmk~gl` lj QD58 dgoogl`3

Jgj~e2 Gdxqlzf ~ef Kiqgmvo~vqf Mloofif g` Cvak`i Xk}v/ Cfnke aw ml`}~qvm~g`i k ngki`l}~gm

oka g`zlozg`i k` koolmk~gl` lj QD98 dgoogl`3

]gu~e2 Avgon k` G`~fq`k~gl`ko Mf`~qf jlq Mqlx} lj ~ef Jv~vqf g` ]fdf`wge/ ]fok`ilq yg~e k`

koolmk~gl` lj QD;6.9 dgoogl`3 k`n

]fzf`~e2Fu~f`n g`mldf ~ku nfnvm~gl` g`mf`~gzf jlq g`zf}~lq} k`n g`mldf ~ku fufdx~gl` jlqmldxk`gf} v`nfq~kcg`i jlln xqlnvm~gl` km~gzg~gf} jlq k`l~efq 6 wfkq} v`~go 18;6.

F`fqig}g`i ^lvqg}d G`nv}~qw

=:. ^ef ~lvqg}d g`nv}~qw/ yegme if`fqk~fn qfzf`vf lj QD6= agoogl` g` 1887/ ek} ~ef xl~f`~gko

~l xqlzgnf dlqf av}g`f}} k`n fdxolwdf`~ lxxlq~v`g~gf} k} yfoo k} jvq~efq g`mqfk}f ~ef

`k~gl`} g`mldf. G` ~ef 1887 V`g~fn @k~gl`} Ylqon ^lvqg}d Lqik`g}k~gl` Qfxlq~/ Dkokw}gk

yk} qk`cfn `g`~e g` ~ef ylqon g` ~fqd} lj ~lvqg}~ kqqgzko}. Fjjlq~} ygoo af g`~f`}gjgfn ~l k~~qkm~

dlqf jlqfgi` ~lvqg}~} aw ljjfqg`i g``lzk~gzf ~lvqg}d xkmckif} k`n xqlnvm~}. Jlq ~eg}/ ~ef

Ilzfq`df`~ ygoo gdxofdf`~ ~ef jloolyg`i g`g~gk~gzf}2

Jgq}~2Xqlzgnf g`jqk}~qvm~vqf jkmgog~gf} yg~e k` koolmk~gl` lj QD56 dgoogl` ~l jkmgog~k~f

ml`}~qvm~gl` lj el~fo} k`n qf}lq~} g` qfdl~f kqfk} yg~e ~ef xl~f`~gko ~l k~~qkm~ ~lvqg}~}3

]fml`n2Ml`}~qvm~ }fzfqko }eknfn ykocykw} g` ~ef COMM$Avcg~ Ag`~k`i zgmg`g~w yg~e k`

koolmk~gl` lj QD68 dgoogl`3

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^egqn2 Qf}~qvm~vqf ~ef Nfxkq~df`~ lj Mgzgo Kzgk~gl` ~l Mgzgo Kzgk~gl` Kv~elqg~w3 k`n

Jlvq~e2@fuv} Ckqkdav`kg/ k qf`ly`fn qf}lq~ g` ]kake g} mlddg~~fn ~l nfzfolx k`

g`~fiqk~fn fml$`k~vqf qf}lq~/ ~ef jgq}~ g` ~ef ylqon/ aw ofzfqkig`i l` ~ef `k~vqko afkv~w k`n

v`g{vf`f}} lj Ckqkdav`kg. ^ef QD= agoogl` xqlbfm~ ygoo mlddf`mf `fu~ wfkq. ^l }vxxlq~ ~ef

~lvqg}d g`nv}~qw/ ~ef Ilzfq`df`~ ygoo koolmk~f QD;88 dgoogl`.

=9.^l xqldl~f Dkokw}gk k} k }elxxg`i ekzf` g` K}gk aw xqlzgng`i aqk`nfn illn} k~

mldxf~g~gzf xqgmf}/ ~ef Ilzfq`df`~ xqlxl}f} ~ek~ gdxlq~ nv~w l` kxxqlugdk~fow =88 illn}

xqfjfqqfn aw ~lvqg}~} k`n olmko}/ k~ 6& ~l =8& af kalog}efn. ]vme illn} kqf kxxkqfo/

ek`naki}/ }elf}/ }ekdxll/ }vg~}/ megonqf`} kxxkqfo/ ykoof~}/ ekgq mlolvqk`~}/ iloj akoo}/

gdg~k~gl` bfyfoofqw/ ~komvd xlynfq/ mvq~kg`}/ ~kaof mol~e/ aok`cf~}/ afn }eff~}/ }egq~/

v`nfqikqdf`~}/ og`ifqgf/ `gie~yfkq/ xfqjvdf} k`n dl}{vg~l `f~~g`i.

Qfzg~kog}g`i Xkod Lgo k`n Qfok~fn G`nv}~qgf}

=5.Mvqqf`~ow/ ~ef fuxlq~ qfzf`vf jqld mqvnf xkod lgo ~l~koofn QD=9 agoogl`/ yegof ~ek~ lj xkod

lgo qfok~fn xqlnvm~} qfkmefn QD;= agoogl` g` 1887. ^ef g`nv}~qw ek} ~ef xl~f`~gko ~l af

nfzfolxfn jvq~efq g` nly`}~qfkd km~gzg~gf} ~l if`fqk~f egiefq g`mldf jlq f}~k~f ly`fq} k`n

}dkooelonfq}. G` fjjlq~} ~l xqlxfo ~ef xkod lgo k`n qfok~fn xqlnvm~} g`nv}~qw/ }fzfqko

dfk}vqf} ygoo af gdxofdf`~fn2

Jgq}~2 F`ek`mf xqlnvm~gzg~w aw f`mlvqkig`i qfxok`~g`i km~gzg~w ~l qfxokmf kifn ~qff} yg~e egie

{vkog~w `fy mol`f}/ ~eqlvie k jv`n lj QD179 dgoogl`3 k`n

]fml`n2 K }vd lj QD;19 dgoogl` g} koolmk~fn ~l }vxxlq~ nldf}~gm lofl nfqgzk~gzf} mldxk`gf}

k} yfoo k} k }vd lj QD1=.= dgoogl` ~l fuxk`n nly`}~qfkd xkod lgo g`nv}~qgf} g`movng`i

xqlnvm~gl` lj zg~kdg`}.

F`ek`mg`i G`jlqdk~gl` k`n Mlddv`gmk~gl` ^fme`loliw

=7.^ef Dvo~gdfngk ]vxfq Mlqqgnlq f`~fq} g~} ~egqn xek}f g` 18;;. ^ef jlmv} g} l` mqfk~gl` lj

k` g``lzk~gzf ngig~ko fml`ldw ~l kmegfzf ~ef ~kqif~ lj k egie$g`mldf `k~gl`. ^l f`ek`mf ~ef

xl~f`~gko lj ~ef GM^ g`nv}~qw/ DW Mqfk~gzf Ml`~f`~ Xqliqkddf ygoo af gdxofdf`~fn ~l

f`mlvqkif ~ef nfzfolxdf`~ lj olmko ml`~f`~ mqfk~gl`/ el}~g`i olmko ml`~f`~ k`n v`olmcg`i

`fy mek``fo} jlq ml`~f`~. ^eg} xqliqkddf g`zlozf} k` koolmk~gl` lj QD;;7 dgoogl`.

>8.^ef Ilzfq`df`~ ygoo fu~f`n ~ef g`zf}~df`~ koolyk`mf xfqgln jlq ~ef ok}~ dgof aqlknak`n

}fqzgmf xqlzgnfq}. G` knng~gl`/ gdxlq~ nv~w k`n }kof} ~ku fufdx~gl` l` aqlknak`n f{vgxdf`~

kqf ko}l fu~f`nfn jlq ~yl wfkq} v`~go 18;1.

>;.Mvqqf`~ow/ lqng`kqw dlagof xel`f} kqf }vabfm~ ~l ;8& }kof} ~ku av~ dlagof xel`f} yg~e

zkqglv} kxxogmk~gl`} }vme k} g`~fq`f~ k`n xfq}l`ko ngig~ko k}}g}~k`~ %XNK' kqf fufdx~fn jqld

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}kof} ~ku. Jlq ~ef xvqxl}f lj }~qfkdog`g`i ~ku ~qfk~df`~/ ~ef Ilzfq`df`~ xqlxl}f} ~ek~ }kof}

~ku af fufdx~fn l` koo ~wxf} lj dlagof xel`f}. Av}g`f}} ]fqzgmf} G`nv}~qw

>1.G` og`f yg~e ~ef g`mqfk}g`i nfdk`n jlq qfxkgq k`n dkg`~f`k`mf lj kgqmqkj~ k`n efogmlx~fq}/

~ef Ilzfq`df`~ ygoo xqldl~f ~ef nfzfolxdf`~ lj ~ef av}g`f}} }fqzgmf} g`nv}~qw. ^ef ]vo~k`

Kanvo Krgr ]eke Kgqxlq~/ ]vak`i ygoo af nfzfolxfn k} k mf`~qf jlq dkg`~f`k`mf k`n

lzfqekvo lj kgqmqkj~} k} yfoo k} xqlzgnf }xfmgjgm ~qkg`g`i ~l nfzfolx fuxfq~} g` ~eg} jgfon. ^ef

Ilzfq`df`~ ygoo koolmk~f k }vd lj QD7; dgoogl` jlq mkxkmg~w avgong`i g` ~ef dkg`~f`k`mf/

qfxkgq k`n lzfqekvo %DQL' }fqzgmf} g`nv}~qw/ kfql}xkmf k`n kfql`kv~gmko f`ig`ffqg`i

~qkg`g`i xqliqkddf} k} yfoo k} xqldl~gl` lj av}g`f}} lv~}lvqmg`i }fqzgmf}.

Mlqqgnlq k`n Qfigl`ko Nfzfolxdf`~

>=. Mlqqgnlq k`n qfigl`ko nfzfolxdf`~ ygoo af kmmfofqk~fn/ jlmv}g`i l` }fzfqko mov}~fq} yg~e

}xfmgkog}k~gl` k`n ifliqkxegmko knzk`~kif}. Fjjlq~} ~l nfzfolx ~ef mlqqgnlq} ygoo jlmv} l`

blg`~ zf`~vqf xqlbfm~} af~yff` olmko k`n jlqfgi` g`zf}~lq} k} yfoo k} egie$gdxkm~ g`nv}~qgf}yg~e mldxf~g~gzf fnif. Jlq ~eg} xvqxl}f/ ~ef Ilzfq`df`~ koolmk~f} QD568 dgoogl` jlq

g`jqk}~qvm~vqf }vxxlq~.

>>.Jlq G}ck`nkq Dkokw}gk/ k }vd lj QD==7 dgoogl` g} koolmk~fn/ g`movng`i jlq ~ef ml`}~qvm~gl`

lj egieykw}/ nfzfolxdf`~ lj elv}g`i kqfk} k} yfoo k} xqlzgng`i k`n gdxqlzg`i xvaogm

~qk`}xlq~k~gl` }fqzgmf}. ^ef kdlv`~ lj g`zf}~df`~ mlddg~~fn aw ~ef xqgzk~f }fm~lq k} k~

Bv`f 18;8 yk} QD:1 agoogl`/ }vqxk}}g`i ~ef ~kqif~fn QD>9 agoogl`. ^l~ko km~vko g`zf}~df`~

vx ~l Bv`f 18;8 yk} QD16 agoogl`. ^ef @fymk}~of V`gzfq}g~w Dfngmg`f Dkokw}gk k`n

Mefo}fk Jkm~lqw Lv~of~ kqf fuxfm~fn ~l af mldxof~fn g` 18;; yegof Ofilok`n k`n

Dkqoalqlvie Mloofif g` 18;1.

>6.^ef @lq~efq` Mlqqgnlq Fml`ldgm Qfigl` %@MFQ' g} koolmk~fn QD;== dgoogl`/ yegme

g`movnf} ~ef nfzfolxdf`~ lj k` Kiqgmvo~vqko Xqlnvm~} Xqlmf}}g`i Mf`~qf/ ^lvqg}d

G`jqk}~qvm~vqf k`n k Agl~fme`loliw G`mvak~lq Mf`~qf. ^ef Fk}~ Mlk}~ Fml`ldgm Qfigl`

%FMFQ' g} koolmk~fn QD;95 dgoogl` jlq xqlbfm~}/ g`movng`i G`nv}~qgko Xkqc}/ Yk~fq ^qfk~df`~

Xok`~}/ nfzfolxdf`~ lj ~lvqg}~ kqfk} k} yfoo k} qfnfzfolxdf`~ lj jlqdfq Xkek`i ^f`iikqk

Nfzfolxdf`~ Kv~elqg~w k`n Bf`ick Qfigl` Nfzfolxdf`~ Kv~elqg~w kqfk}.

>:.Jlq ]kqkykc Mlqqgnlq lj Qf`fykaof F`fqiw %]MLQF'/ k ~l~ko lj QD7= dgoogl` g} koolmk~fn

jlq jkmgog~gf}/ g`movng`i ~fofmlddv`gmk~gl`/ yk~fq }vxxogf}/ kgqxlq~ k`n qlkn} k} yfoo k} ekokojlln g`nv}~qgko xkqc}. Jlq ~ef ]kake Nfzfolxdf`~ Mlqqgnlq/ k }vd lj QD;;8 dgoogl` g}

koolmk~fn/ kdl`i l~efq}/ jlq xkod lgo g`nv}~qw mov}~fq xqlbfm~}/ kiql$g`nv}~qgko xqfmg`m~ k`n

g`~fiqk~fn jkqdg`i mf`~qf.

Xqldl~g`i Q*N*M Km~gzg~w

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>9. ^l kmmfofqk~f ~ef fml`ldw ~lykqn} k egie$g`mldf `k~gl`/ qf}fkqme/ nfzfolxdf`~ k`n

mlddfqmgkog}k~gl` %Q*N*M' km~gzg~w ygoo af ~ef xok~jlqd jlq f`ek`mg`i zkovf$knnfn km~gzg~gf}

kmql}} fml`ldgm }fm~lq}. Jlq ~eg}/ k }vd lj QD>;; dgoogl` g} koolmk~fn g` 18;; jlq ~ef

Q*N*M km~gzg~gf}.

>5. ^ef Ilzfq`df`~ ek} f}~kaog}efn k ]xfmgko G``lzk~gl` V`g~ %V@GC' v`nfq ~ef Xqgdf

Dg`g}~fq} Nfxkq~df`~ k} k l`f$}~lx mf`~qf ~l jlqdvok~f xlogmgf} k`n }~qk~figf} jlq k

ml`nvmgzf fml}w}~fd ~l nqgzf g``lzk~gl`. K` Km~ ygoo af jlqdvok~fn ~l f`kaof V@GC ~l

mlddfqmgkog}f Q*N jg`ng`i} aw v`gzfq}g~gf} k`n qf}fkqme g`}~g~v~gl`}. ]fzfqko xqliqkddf}

k`n km~gzg~gf} ygoo af nf}gi`fn ~l f`ek`mf g``lzk~gl`/ mqfk~gl` k`n mlddfqmgkog}k~gl` lj `fy

xqlnvm~}. Jlq 18;;/ k }vd lj QD9; dgoogl` g} koolmk~fn jlq V@GC.

Qfjlqdg`i G`}lozf`mw Oky

>7.Nvqg`i ~ef qfmf`~ fml`ldgm mqg}g}/ ~efqf yfqf f`~qfxqf`fvq} k`n g`ngzgnvko} yel jkmfn

jg`k`mgko xqlaofd} yg~e k `vdafq lj ~efd nfmokqfn ak`cqvx~. ^efw yfqf aokmcog}~fn k`nv`kaof ~l ml`nvm~ av}g`f}}f} lq kxxow jlq olk`}. ^l k}}g}~ ~ef}f g`ngzgnvko}/ ~ef `fy

G`}lozf`mw Km~ ygoo ml`}lognk~f ~ef Ak`cqvx~mw Km~ ;7:9 k`n Xkq~ ;8 lj ~ef Mldxk`gf} Km~

;7:6/ g`movng`i g`~qlnvm~gl` lj xqlzg}gl` qfok~g`i ~l qfogfj dfmek`g}d jlq mldxk`gf} k`n

g`ngzgnvko} yg~e jg`k`mgko xqlaofd}. ^ef qfzgfy ygoo ko}l g`zlozf kdf`ng`i ~ef mvqqf`~

dg`gdvd ak`cqvx~mw ogdg~ lj QD=8/888.

Knzk`mg`i Mqfk~gzf G`nv}~qw

68.^ef mqfk~gzf g`nv}~qw ek} iqfk~ xl~f`~gko jlq jvq~efq nfzfolxdf`~ ~l if`fqk~f `k~gl`ko

g`mldf. ^eg} g`nv}~qw f`mldxk}}f} k`gdk~gl`/ knzfq~g}g`i/ jgod}/ jk}egl` nf}gi`/ mqkj~} k`nmvo~vqko efqg~kif. ^l jvoow ~kx ~ef xl~f`~gko lj ~eg} g`nv}~qw/ ~ef Ilzfq`df`~ ygoo nfzfolx k

mqfk~gzf g`nv}~qw xlogmw g` k` g`~fiqk~fn dk``fq. K }vd lj QD188 dgoogl` g} koolmk~fn ~l

xvqmek}f mqfk~gzf xqlnvm~} }vme k} egie {vkog~w olmkoow$xqlnvmfn jgod}/ nqkdk} k`n

nlmvdf`~kqgf}.

6;.K }~ql`i jg`k`mgko xl}g~gl` g} mqvmgko ~l f`}vqf ~ef yfoo$afg`i lj ~ef `k~gl`. ^l kmegfzf ~eg}

labfm~gzf/ ~ef Ilzfq`df`~ xqlxl}f} ~ek~ ~ef qk~f lj }fqzgmf ~ku af g`mqfk}fn jqld 6& ~l :&.

^ef Ilzfq`df`~ g} ml`jgnf`~ ~ek~ ~eg} dfk}vqf ygoo `l~ v`nvow avqnf` ~ef qkcwk~ k} ~ef

g`mqfk}f g` ~ef ~ku qk~f g} dg`gdko. Dlqflzfq/ ~ef }fqzgmf} ~ku g} `l~ gdxl}fn l` koo }fqzgmf}.

G` jkm~/ ~ef }kof} zkovf ~eqf}elon} jlq }vme }fqzgmf} kqf }~goo qf~kg`fn. G` ~k`nfd yg~e ~eg}k}xgqk~gl`/ ~ef Ilzfq`df`~ ko}l xqlxl}f} ~ek~ }fqzgmf ~ku af gdxl}fn l` xkgn ~fofzg}gl`

aqlknmk}~g`i }fqzgmf}.

]~qf`i~ef`g`i @k~gl`} Jg`k`mgko Xl}g~gl`

61.^ef Ilzfq`df`~ g} mlddg~~fn ~l }~qf`i~ef` ~ef `k~gl`} jg`k`mgko xl}g~gl` aw g`mqfk}g`i

qfzf`vf mloofm~gl` k`n f`}vqg`i xqvnf`~ }xf`ng`i. ^eg} g`movnf} fdxek}g} l` zkovf$jlq$

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dl`fw k`n zkovf dk`kifdf`~. Jlq fukdxof/ dfk}vqf} v`nfq~kcf` g`movnf lxf` ~f`nfq/

qf}~qgm~fn ~f`nfq k`n mldxf~g~gl` jlq af}~ nf}gi` lj Ilzfq`df`~ el}xg~ko}. ^ef Ilzfq`df`~

ygoo }~qf`i~ef` ~ef qfzf`vf mloofm~gl` }w}~fd aw g`mqfk}g`i f`jlqmfdf`~ k`n kvng~ k} yfoo k}

fuxk`ng`i mlzfqkif l` koo xkq~gf} ~ek~ }elvon af xkwg`i ~kuf}.

]FML@N ]^QK^FIW2 G@^F@]GJWG@I EVDK@ MKXG^KO NFZFOLXDF@^

6=. ^ef dl}~ gdxlq~k`~ k}}f~ lj k `k~gl` g} g~} evdk` mkxg~ko. G~ g} xqlzf` ~ek~ k `k~gl`

yg~elv~ `k~vqko qf}lvqmf} av~ yegme fjjfm~gzfow dk`kif} g~} evdk` mkxg~ko ygoo kmegfzf

iqfk~fq }vmmf}} ~ek` k `k~gl` ~ek~ qfogf} l` `k~vqko qf}lvqmf}. Dkokw}gk mk``l~ kjjlqn ~l af

~ll nfxf`nf`~ l` g~} nfxof~g`i `k~vqko qf}lvqmf}. Ko~elvie yf ekzf }vmmf}}jvoow dk`kifn

lvq `k~vqko qf}lvqmf}/ yf ekzf k qf}xl`}gagog~w ~l xok` evdk` mkxg~ko nfzfolxdf`~ g` k

}v}~kg`kaof dk``fq/ jkgog`i yegme yf ygoo `l~ af kaof ~l lx~gdg}f ~ef `k~gl`} xl~f`~gko.

6>.K {vkog~w/ }cgoofn/ c`lyofnifkaof/ mqfk~gzf k`n g``lzk~gzf evdk` mkxg~ko g} k xqfqf{vg}g~f

~lykqn} kmegfzg`i k nfzfolxfn k`n egie$g`mldf `k~gl`. K} }vme/ fnvmk~gl` k`n ~qkg`g`i ygooaf qf}~qvm~vqfn k`n }~qf`i~ef`fn. Jlq ~eg}/ k }vd lj QD17.= agoogl` g} koolmk~fn jlq Dg`g}~qw

lj Fnvmk~gl`/ QD;8.1 agoogl` jlq Dg`g}~qw lj Egiefq Fnvmk~gl` k`n QD:19 dgoogl` jlq Dg`g}~qw

lj Evdk` Qf}lvqmf.

G`~f`}gjwg`i Fjjlq~} ~l K~~qkm~ ^kof`~

66.Fnvmk~gl` g} koykw} mol}f ~l dw efkq~. ^ef Ilzfq`df`~ ygoo `l~ mldxqldg}f l` {vkog~w lj

fnvmk~gl`. Lvq megonqf` dv}~ af f{vgxxfn yg~e koo ~ef xqfqf{vg}g~f} ~l mldxf~f g` ~ef

mekoof`ig`i f`zgql`df`~.

6:.^l g`mqfk}f ~ef `vdafq lj ~kof`~fn k`n {vkog~w ylqcjlqmf g` ~ef nldf}~gm dkqcf~/ ~ef

Ilzfq`df`~ ygoo v`nfq~kcf fjjlq~} ~l k~~qkm~/ dl~gzk~f k`n qf~kg` ~kof`~fn evdk` mkxg~ko jqld

yg~eg` ~ef mlv`~qw k`n kaqlkn. Jlq ~eg}/ ~ef Ilzfq`df`~ ygoo f}~kaog}e k ^kof`~ Mlqxlqk~gl`

%^kof`~ Mlqx' v`nfq ~ef Xqgdf Dg`g}~fq} Ljjgmf g` fkqow 18;;. ^kof`~ Mlqx ygoo jlqdvok~f k

@k~gl`ko ^kof`~ Aovfxqg`~ k`n nfzfolx k` fuxfq~ ylqcjlqmf nk~kak}f k} yfoo k} mlookalqk~f

mol}fow yg~e ~kof`~ `f~ylqc} iolakoow.

Fuxk`ng`i Kmmf}} ~l [vkog~w Fnvmk~gl`

69. ^ef `k~gl`ko fnvmk~gl` }w}~fd ygoo af qfzkdxfn ~l jlmv} l` ~eg`cg`i }cgoo}/ mekqkm~fq

avgong`i/ mqfk~gzg~w/ g``lzk~gl` k`n mldxf~g~gzf`f}}. Jlq ~ef Dg`g}~qw lj Fnvmk~gl`/ k }vd ljQD:.> agoogl` g} koolmk~fn jlq nfzfolxdf`~ fuxf`ng~vqf ~l avgon k`n vxiqknf }mello}/ el}~fo}/

jkmgog~gf} k`n f{vgxdf`~/ k} yfoo k} vxelon ~ef }~k~v} lj ~ef ~fkmeg`i xqljf}}gl`. K ~l~ko lj

QD1;= dgoogl` g} koolmk~fn ~l qfykqn egie$xfqjlqdk`mf }mello} k} yfoo k} jlq ~ef

qfdv`fqk~gl` lj Xqg`mgxko}/ Efkn ^fkmefq} k`n Fumfoof`~ ^fkmefq}.

]~qf`i~ef`g`i Fkqow Fnvmk~gl`

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65.^l `vq~vqf megonqf` yg~e illn zkovf} k`n c`lyofnif/ evdk` mkxg~ko nfzfolxdf`~ dv}~

afig` jqld megonelln. ^l kmegfzf ~eg}/ ~ef Ilzfq`df`~ ygoo g`mqfk}f xqf$}mello f`qlodf`~

qk~f ~l k ~kqif~fn 91& aw f`n$18;; ~eqlvie k` knng~gl`ko ;/988 mok}}f}/ }~qf`i~ef` ~ef

mvqqgmvovd k} yfoo k} kxxlg`~ 588 xqf$}mello iqknvk~f ~fkmefq}.

67.^ef Ilzfq`df`~ ko}l koolmk~f} QD;;; dgoogl` jlq XFQDK^K xqliqkddf/ g`movng`i ~ef

ml`}~qvm~gl` lj ~ef }fml`n xek}f lj ]fcloke XFQDK^K Xg`~kq ]mello Mldxofu/ =1

XFQDK^K Megonqf` Mf`~qf} %XKX@' k`n jg`k`mg`i lxfqk~gl`} lj 61 mldxof~fn XKX@} k}

yfoo k} ml`~g`vg`i XFQDK^K Xg`~kq/ ]f`g/ G`}k` k`n Qfdkbk Xqliqkddf}.

]~qf`i~ef`g`i Xqgdkqw k`n ]fml`nkqw Fnvmk~gl`

:8.Fzfqw megon qfikqnof}} lj qkmf g} k `k~gl`ko k}}f~ k`n k jv~vqf ofknfq. Fnvmk~gl` dv}~ af

kxlog~gmko. ^lykqn} ~eg}/ ~ef Ilzfq`df`~ koolmk~f} QD168 dgoogl` jlq nfzfolxdf`~

fuxf`ng~vqf ~l qfogiglv} }mello}/ Meg`f}f$~wxf }mello}/ ^kdgo `k~gl`ko }mello}/ dg}}gl`kqw

}mello} k`n Ilzfq`df`~$k}}g}~fn }mello} `k~gl`ygnf.

:;.Qfmli`g}g`i ~ef gdxlq~k`mf lj G}okdgm fnvmk~gl`/ ~ef Ilzfq`df`~ ygoo xqlzgnf k}}g}~k`mf

xfq mkxg~k jlq xqgdkqw k`n }fml`nkqw qkcwk~ qfogiglv} }mello} yg~e k` koolmk~gl` lj QD76

dgoogl`.

:1.^l xqlzgnf mldxf~f`~ k`n {vkog~w ~fkmefq} k`n g`}~qvm~lq} ~l af~~fq ivgnf k`n fnvmk~f

}~vnf`~}/ ~ef Ilzfq`df`~ koolmk~f} QD69: dgoogl` g` ~ef jlqd lj }melokq}egx} jlq ~el}f

yg}eg`i ~l jvq~efq ~efgq }~vngf}.

:=. K }vd lj QD1;= dgoogl` g} koolmk~fn ~l f`ek`mf xqljgmgf`mw g` Akek}k Dkokw}gk/

}~qf`i~ef` ~ef F`iog}e Ok`ivkif k} yfoo k} }~qfkdog`f ~ef ]~k`nkqn Mvqqgmvovd jlq Xqgdkqw

]mello} %C]]Q'. G` ~eg} qfikqn/ ~ef Ilzfq`df`~ ygoo qfmqvg~ =96 `k~gzf$}xfkcg`i ~fkmefq}

g`movng`i jqld ~ef V`g~fn Cg`inld k`n Kv}~qkogk ~l jvq~efq f`ek`mf ~fkmeg`i lj F`iog}e.

]~qf`i~ef`g`i Egiefq Fnvmk~gl`

:>.]~qf`i~ef`g`i g`}~g~v~gl`} lj egiefq ofkq`g`i ~l af ylqon$mok}} g} k cfw kif`nk lj ~ef

Ilzfq`df`~ g` zgfy lj g~} }gi`gjgmk`~ ml`~qgav~gl` ~l ~ef }lmglfml`ldgm nfzfolxdf`~ lj ~ef

`k~gl`. ^ef jloolyg`i dfk}vqf} ygoo af gdxofdf`~fn2

Jgq}~2 G`mqfk}f ~ef `vdafq lj XeN {vkogjgfn kmknfdgm }~kjj ~l 96& g` qf}fkqme v`gzfq}g~gf}k`n ~l :8& g` l~efq xvaogm g`}~g~v~gl`} lj egiefq ofkq`g`i yg~e k` koolmk~gl` lj QD18 dgoogl`3

k`n

]fml`n2 Gdxqlzf lxxlq~v`g~gf} jlq xqldl~gl` lj ofm~vqfq} g` xvaogm g`}~g~v~gl`} lj egiefq

ofkq`g`i. Ofm~vqfq} mk` af ml`}gnfqfn jlq xqldl~gl` ~l ~ef egief}~ iqknf lj ]~kjj GGG/ GG k`n G

k} yfoo k} ml`jfqqfn Xqfdgfq Xqljf}}lq} yg~elv~ elong`i kndg`g}~qk~gzf xl}g~gl`}.

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G`~f`}gjwg`i ^qkg`g`i k`n ]cgoo} Xqliqkddf}

:6.^ef Ilzfq`df`~ koolmk~f} QD:8 dgoogl` ~l jvq~efq g`~f`}gjw ~ef G`nv}~qgko ]cgoo

F`ek`mfdf`~ Xqliqkddf g` ]~k~f ]cgoo} Nfzfolxdf`~ ^qkg`g`i Mf`~qf}. ^eg} xqliqkddf

ygoo f`ek`mf }cgoo} lj f`ig`ffqg`i iqknvk~f} k`n ~fme`gmko fdxolwff} g` og`f yg~e dkqcf~

qf{vgqfdf`~}. K }vd lj QD118 dgoogl` g} ko}l koolmk~fn ~l f`}vqf iqknvk~f} jqld l~efq jgfon}

kqf kaof ~l f`ek`mf ~efgq mldxf~f`mf k`n fdxolwkagog~w. ^ef}f g`movnf ~ef Xqljf}}gl`ko

Mfq~gjgmk~gl` Xqliqkddf/ ]xlq~} Nfzfolxdf`~/ F`~qfxqf`fvq}egx Nfzfolxdf`~ k`n

Iqknvk~f Fdxolwkagog~w Dk`kifdf`~ ]mefdf. ^ef Ilzfq`df`~ ygoo ko}l koolmk~f k }vd lj

QD68 dgoogl` ~l Dvo~gdfngk Nfzfolxdf`~ Mlqxlqk~gl` ~l ~qkg` iqknvk~f} g` GM^ ~l f`ek`mf

~efgq fdxolwkagog~w k`n ~l dff~ ~ef nfdk`n lj ~ef GM^ g`nv}~qw.

::.K }vd lj QD>9> dgoogl` g} xqlzgnfn ~l f`ek`mf xqlnvm~gzg~w k`n }cgoo} lj `l`$iqknvk~f}/

g`movng`i }mello ofkzfq}/ wlv~e} k`n ylqcfq} k} ~efqf g} egie nfdk`n jlq }cgoofn ylqcjlqmf g`

~fme`gmko jgfon}.

;Dkokw}gk ^qkg`g`i Xqliqkddf

:9.^ef `k~gl` qf{vgqf} evdk` mkxg~ko ~ek~ ml`~g`vkoow f`ek`mf} c`lyofnif ~eqlvie

vx}cgoog`i k`n qf}cgoog`i. G` ~eg} qfikqn/ G kd xofk}fn ~l k``lv`mf ~ef ;Dkokw}gk ^qkg`g`i

Xqliqkddf/ yegme ygoo mlddf`mf g` Bk`vkqw 18;; yg~e k` koolmk~gl` lj QD688 dgoogl`.

:5.^ef ~qkg`g`i xqliqkddf mldxqg}f} ~eqff mldxl`f`~}. Jgq}~/ k }vd lj QD188 dgoogl` g}

koolmk~fn ~l ml`nvm~ xkq~$~gdf ~qkg`g`i g` ~ef fzf`g`i} k`n yffcf`n} g` }fofm~fn ~qkg`g`i

mf`~qf} `k~gl`ygnf. G~ ygoo af ml`nvm~fn aw Mlddv`g~w Mloofif}/ @k~gl`ko Wlv~e ^qkg`g`i

G`}~g~v~f}/ Igk~ Dkqk Mf`~qf} k`n G`nv}~qgko ^qkg`g`i G`}~g~v~f}/ v~gog}g`i ~ef fug}~g`i jkmgog~gf}.Kdl`i mlvq}f} ~l af ljjfqfn g` ~ef fzf`g`i} g`movnf ok`ivkif mok}}f} g` Akek}k Dfokwv/

Dk`nkqg`/ ^kdgo/ F`iog}e k`n Kqkagm k} yfoo k} dv}gm mok}}f}. Nvqg`i ~ef yffcf`n}/ }cgoo}

k`n ~fme`gmko mlvq}f} ygoo af ml`nvm~fn/ g`movng`i akcg`i/ ~kgolqg`i/ }xk ~efqkxw/ dfmek`gmko/

fofm~qgmko k`n yfong`i.

:7.]fml`n/ ~ef ;Dkokw}gk ^qkg`g`i Xqliqkddf ko}l g`movnf} k` koolmk~gl` lj QD188 dgoogl`

jqld ~ef Evdk` Qf}lvqmf Nfzfolxdf`~ Jv`n ~l af v}fn aw mldxk`gf} ~l jv`n }xfmgjgm

~qkg`g`i xqliqkddf} jlq ~efgq fdxolwff}. ^egqn/ ~ef Dg`g}~qw lj Evdk` Qf}lvqmf ygoo xqlzgnf

QD;88 dgoogl` ~l f`kaof fdxolwff} ~l f`ek`mf }cgoo} g` zkqglv} ~fme`gmko jgfon}.

F`ek`mg`i Fdxolwff} Xqlnvm~gzg~w

98.G` ~k`nfd yg~e ~ef g`mqfk}f g` xqlnvm~gzg~w/ fdxolwff} }elvon af qfdv`fqk~fn yg~e egiefq

}kokqgf} k`n ykif} ~l f`kaof ~efd ~l mlxf yg~e ~ef qg}g`i ml}~} lj ogzg`i. G kd xofk}fn ~l

k``lv`mf ~ef f}~kaog}edf`~ lj k @k~gl`ko Ykif Ml`}vo~k~gl` Mlv`mgo k} ~ef dkg` xok~jlqd

jlq ykif nf~fqdg`k~gl`. ^ef Mlv`mgo ygoo mldxqg}f qfxqf}f`~k~gzf} jqld fdxolwfq}/ ~qknf

v`gl`}/ `l`$v`gl`g}fn fdxolwff}/ Ilzfq`df`~ kif`mgf}/ kmknfdgk/ @IL} k`n g`ngzgnvko}.

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^ef Dg`g}~qw lj Evdk` Qf}lvqmf ygoo af ~ef ]fmqf~kqgk~ jlq ~eg} Mlv`mgo. 9;.^ef @k~gl`ko

Ykif Ml`}vo~k~gl` Mlv`mgo ygoo nf~fqdg`f ~ef qk~f k`n dfmek`g}d lj dg`gdvd ykif. ^ef

ak}gm }kokqw lj xl}~df` yk} qkg}fn ~l QD9;8 l` ; Bvow 18;8 jqld QD:;8 xfq dl`~e. Yg~e

~eg} knbv}~df`~/ ~ef dl`~eow }kokqw lj xl}~df` g`movng`i jgufn koolyk`mf} g`mqfk}fn ~l

QD;/156 jqld QD;/8=6. ^ef Ilzfq`df`~ ygoo f`jlqmf ak}gm dg`gdvd ykif} jlq }fmvqg~w

ivkqn}/ ~l af~yff` QD688 k`n QD988 k dl`~e nfxf`ng`i l` olmk~gl`/ mldxkqfn yg~e

QD=88 k`n QD>88 mvqqf`~ow. Yg~e ~eg} g`mqfk}f/ }fmvqg~w ivkqn} ygoo `ly f`blw k dl`~eow

}kokqw g`movng`i koolyk`mf} fumffng`i QD;/888. ^ef g`mqfk}f ygoo af fjjfm~gzf Bk`vkqw

18;;.

91.^ef Ilzfq`df`~ ygoo ml`~g`vf ~l qfnvmf ~ef `vdafq lj jlqfgi` ylqcfq} aw g`mqfk}g`i g`

}~kif} ~ef ofzw kmmlqng`i ~l }fm~lq. G~ g} ko}l dk`nk~lqw jlq fdxolwfq} ~l xqlmvqf efko~e

g`}vqk`mf jlq ~efgq jlqfgi` ylqcfq}.

Fuxk`ng`i Yldf` Xkq~gmgxk~gl`

9=.Yldf` kmmlv`~ jlq ekoj lj ~ef xlxvok~gl` k`n xokw k zfqw gdxlq~k`~ qlof g` jkdgow k`n

`k~gl`ko nfzfolxdf`~. ^efqfjlqf/ ~ef Ilzfq`df`~ qfmli`g}f} ~ef qlof lj yldf` g` ~ef

`k~gl`} nfzfolxdf`~. ^l f`ek`mf yldf`} xkq~gmgxk~gl` g` f`~qfxqf`fvq}egx/ ~ef

Ilzfq`df`~ koolmk~f} QD=8 dgoogl`/ kdl`i l~efq}/ ~l g`~qlnvmf ~ef ]g`iof Dl~efq ]cgoo

G`mvak~lq Xqliqkddf k`n ~ef Xqgdf F`~qfxqf`fvq k`n Yldf` Km~gzg}~ Kykqn g` ml`bv`m~gl`

yg~e Yldf`} Nkw mlddf`mg`i 18;;.

9>. ^ef Ylqc Qfivok~gl`} %Xkq~$^gdf Ylqcfq}' 18;8 yk} f`jlqmfn aw ~ef Ilzfq`df`~

fjjfm~gzf ; Lm~lafq 18;8 ~l f`mlvqkif ~ef xkq~gmgxk~gl` lj dlqf yldf` k} xkq~$~gdf ylqcfq}.

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Nfxkq~df`~ lj ]lmgko Yfojkqf ~l k}}g}~ yldf` ~l la~kg` {vkog~w megonmkqf k`n fkqow fnvmk~gl`

jlq ~efgq megonqf`.

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}fqzk`~} k} ~efw `ffn ~l ~kcf mkqf lj ~efgq jkdgogf}/ xkq~gmvokqow `fyalq` akagf}. ^l gdxqlzf

~ef dk~fq`g~w ofkzf jkmgog~w jlq jfdkof mgzgo }fqzk`~}/ ~ef Ilzfq`df`~ ygoo kooly jofugagog~w ~l}foj$nf~fqdg`f jvoow$xkgn dk~fq`g~w ofkzf/ `l~ fumffng`i 78 nkw} jqld ~ef mvqqf`~ :8 nkw}.

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}fqzgmf.

99.^ef Ilzfq`df`~ ml`~g`vf} ~l xqlzgnf lxxlq~v`g~gf} jlq {vkogjgfn jfdkof mgzgo }fqzk`~} ~l

elon cfw fufmv~gzf xl}~}. K} k~ f`n$1887/ =8.6& lj cfw xl}~} g` ~ef xvaogm }fm~lq yfqf efon

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aw yldf`. G vqif ~ef xqgzk~f }fm~lq ~l xqlzgnf lxxlq~v`g~gf} jlq dlqf yldf` ~l elon xl}~ k~

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~l xqlnvmf {vkog~w k`n egieow }cgoofn jll~akoo xokwfq}.

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yel ekzf dknf ~ef `k~gl` xqlvn k~ ~ef g`~fq`k~gl`ko kqf`k. ^efw yl` ;1 ilon dfnko}/

}vqxk}}g`i ~ef ~kqif~ lj ;8 ilon dfnko}. ^eg} g} Dkokw}gk} af}~ kmegfzfdf`~ g` ~efMlddl`yfko~e Ikdf}.

^EGQN ]^QK^FIW2F@EK@MG@I [VKOG^W LJ OGJF LJ ^EF QKCWK^

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ogjf lj ~ef qkcwk~ nf~fqglqk~f}. G` fjjlq~} ~l afmldf k nfzfolxfn k`n egie$g`mldf `k~gl`/ yf

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K}}g}~g`i ~ef Of}} Jlq~v`k~f

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QD1;5 dgoogl`3

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xvqmek}fn aw ~ef ng}kaofn3 k`n

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Jgj~e2Ml`}~qvm~gl` lj k` g`~fqzf`~gl` mf`~qf jlq ~ef eldfof}} aw xqlzgng`i fdxolwdf`~

lxxlq~v`g~gf}/ elv}g`i jkmgog~gf} k`n mlv`}foog`i.

51. ]g`mf 1885/ ~ef Ilzfq`df`~ xqlzgnfn k qfak~f l` fofm~qgmg~w agoo xkwdf`~ jlq dl`~eow

ml`}vdx~gl` lj afoly QD18. ^ef qfak~f ek} af`fjg~fn dlqf ~ek` l`f dgoogl` ml`}vdfq}

`k~gl`ygnf. ^ef Ilzfq`df`~ ygoo ml`~g`vf ~eg} qfak~f xqliqkddf yg~e k` koolmk~gl` lj

QD;68 dgoogl` ~l fk}f ~ef avqnf` lj ~ef oly$g`mldf iqlvx.

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of}}f` ~ef ml}~ avqnf` g` mkqg`i jlq xkqf`~}/ ~ef Ilzfq`df`~ xqlxl}f} ~ek~ ~ef fug}~g`i ~ku

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mkqf mf`~qf/ ml}~ g`mvqqfn ~l fdxolw mkqf~kcfq} jlq xkqf`~} k`n l~efq nkgow `ffn} }vme k}

ngkxfq}.

G`mqfk}g`i Elv}f Ly`fq}egx

5>.^ef Ilzfq`df`~ fdxk~eg}f} yg~e ~ef qkcwk~} `ffn ~l ly` kjjlqnkaof elv}f}/ xkq~gmvokqow

~ef xllq k`n oly$g`mldf iqlvx. K }vd lj QD6:5 dgoogl` g} xqlzgnfn ~l avgon =88 v`g~} v`nfq

Xqlbfc Ak`~vk` Xfqvdkek` Ak`nkq/ 97/888 v`g~} v`nfq Xqliqkd Xfqvdkek` Qkcwk~ k`n

5/888 v`g~} v`nfq Xqlbfc Ak`~vk` Qvdke ]fyk. ^l k}}g}~ f}~k~f ylqcfq} ~l ly` elv}f}/ ~ef

Ilzfq`df`~ ygoo xqlzgnf ]cgd Xfdagkwkk` Xfqvdkek` Cl} Qf`nke yg~e k` koolmk~gl` lj

QD68 dgoogl`/ dk`kifn aw Ak`c ]gdxk`k` @k}gl`ko. ^ef }mefdf g} lxf` ~l koo Dkokw}gk`

xfqdk`f`~ f}~k~f ylqcfq} ~l k}}g}~ ~efd ~l la~kg` elv}g`i olk`} yg~e k dkugdvd lj

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vx ~l >8 wfkq} fu~f`ng`i ~l ~ef }fml`n if`fqk~gl`.

56.^ef Ilzfq`df`~ g} kykqf lj ~ef ngjjgmvo~gf} jkmfn aw ~ef qkcwk~/ xkq~gmvokqow wlv`i knvo~}

yel ekzf bv}~ blg`fn ~ef ylqcjlqmf yg~e g`mldf of}} ~ek` QD=/888/ ~l ly` k elv}f. ^l

k}}g}~ ~eg} iqlvx/ ~ef Ilzfq`df`~ ygoo g`~qlnvmf ]cgd Qvdke Xfq~kdkcv ~eqlvie Mkikdk}

Afqekn yegme ygoo xqlzgnf k ivkqk`~ff l` nly` xkwdf`~ lj ;8& jlq elv}f} afoly

QD118/888. ^eg} }mefdf g} jlq jgq}~$~gdf elv}f avwfq} yg~e elv}felon g`mldf of}} ~ek`

QD=/888 xfq dl`~e. G` l~efq ylqn}/ ~ef elv}f avwfq} ygoo la~kg` k ;88& olk` yg~elv~

ekzg`i ~l xkw ~ef ;8& nly` xkwdf`~.

5:.G` knng~gl`/ jgq}~$~gdf elv}f avwfq} ygoo ko}l af igzf` }~kdx nv~w fufdx~gl` lj 68& l`g`}~qvdf`~} lj ~qk`}jfq l` k elv}f xqgmf `l~ fumffng`i QD=68/888. ^ef Ilzfq`df`~ ko}l

xqlxl}f} ~ek~ }~kdx nv~w fufdx~gl` lj 68& af igzf` l` olk` kiqffdf`~ g`}~qvdf`~} ~l

jg`k`mf }vme jgq}~$~gdf xvqmek}f lj elv}f}.

F`ek`mg`i [vkog~w lj Ogjf lj Qvqko Xlxvok~gl`

8/8/2019 Full text of PM Najibs Budget 2011 speech

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8/8/2019 Full text of PM Najibs Budget 2011 speech

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mldxf~g~gzf xqgmf}. Ml`}vdfq} mk` ko}l v~gog}f }elq~ df}}kig`i }fqzgmf} %]D]' ~l la~kg`

ok~f}~ g`jlqdk~gl` l` xqgmf} lj illn}.

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Qf~kgo ]elx ^qk`}jlqdk~gl` Xqliqkddf %^VCKQ'/ Kv~ldl~gzf Ylqc}elx k`n Mlddv`g~w

Dkqcf~ xqlbfm~} ~l vxiqknf k`n dlnfq`g}f jkmgog~gf} yg~e k` koolmk~gl` lj QD9= dgoogl`.

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Ilzfq`df`~ ygoo ml`~g`vf gdxofdf`~k~gl` lj Xqlbfc Xf`wfof`iikqkk` K}f~ Kykd lq af~~fq

c`ly` k} XGK,XGK] yg~e k` koolmk~gl` lj QD688 dgoogl`. Kdl`i ~ef km~gzg~gf} kqf qfxkgqg`i

k`n vxiqkng`i lj xvaogm kdf`g~gf}/ nqkg`}/ nqkg`kif}/ }dkoo aqgnif} k`n qfygqg`i k} yfoo k}

ml`}~qvm~gl` lj kiqgmvo~vqf k`n ckdxv`i qlkn}. ^ef gdxofdf`~k~gl` lj ~ef}f }dkoo xqlbfm~}

ygoo k}}g}~ Mok}} J ml`~qkm~lq} `k~gl`ygnf.

Kxxqfmgk~g`i Ml`~qgav~gl`} lj Mlddv`g~w Ofknfq}

7=.^ef Ilzfq`df`~ ek} koykw} kxxqfmgk~fn ~ef qlof k`n ml`~qgav~gl`} lj mlddv`g~w

ofknfq}. G` og`f yg~e ~eg}/ ~ef Ilzfq`df`~ ygoo g`mqfk}f ~ef dl`~eow koolyk`mf jlq ~ef

Mekgqdk` lj Bkyk~k`cvk}k Cfdkbvk` nk` Cf}fokdk~k` Ckdxv`i %BCCC' k`n Xfq}fcv~vk`

%BCCX'/ ^lc Ak~g`/ Mekgqdk` lj BCCC Lqk`i K}og/ Mekgqdk` lj Ckdxv`i Akqv ~l QD588

mldxkqfn yg~e ~ef QD>68 mvqqf`~ow.

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fu~f`nfn ~l ~ef Cf~vk Ckdxv`i Akqv Qk`ickgk` k`n Cf~vk Ckdxv`i Akik`. ^ef

Ilzfq`df`~ ygoo ko}l g`mqfk}f ~ef dff~g`i k~~f`nk`mf koolyk`mf ~l koo mlddg~~ff dfdafq}

jqld QD=8 ~l QD68.

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QD968/ yegof ~ef dl`~eow koolyk`mf jlq CKJK ~fkmefq} ygoo af g`mqfk}fn ~l QD588

mldxkqfn yg~e ~ef QD688 mvqqf`~ow.

Nfzfolxdf`~ lj Lqk`i K}og k`n Xqgavdg

7:.K} yf kqf kykqf/ Dkokw}gk g} dknf vx lj dvo~g f~e`gmg~w k`n mvo~vqf}. Yf ekzf `fzfq

ng}mqgdg`k~fn ~ef dg`lqg~w jlq ~efw kqf ko}l mg~grf`} lj ~ef mlv`~qw. Fjjlq~} ~l kmmfofqk~f ~ef

`k~gl` ~l k nfzfolxfn k`n egie$g`mldf fml`ldw ygoo af gdxofdf`~fn g`mov}gzfow aw

f`ek`mg`i ~ef }lmglfml`ldgm }~k~v} lj Lqk`i K}og k`n Xqgavdg. K }vd lj QD;88 dgoogl` g}koolmk~fn ~l gdxofdf`~ zkqglv} xqliqkddf}/ g`movng`i qf}lozg`i Lqk`i K}og ok`n qgie~} k`n

alqnfq }f~~ofdf`~ g}}vf} k} yfoo k} jlqdvok~g`i k `fy nfzfolxdf`~ dlnfo jlq Lqk`i K}og. G`

og`f yg~e ~eg}/ Bkak~k` Eko Feyko Lqk`i K}og ygoo af qf}~qvm~vqfn k`n }~qf`i~ef`fn k}

Bkak~k` Cfdkbvk` Lqk`i K}og.

Qfnvmg`i ^qk`}xlq~ Ml}~

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79.^ef Ilzfq`df`~ g} zfqw ml`mfq`fn yg~e ~ef qg}g`i ~qk`}xlq~ ml}~ alq`f aw ~ef qkcwk~. ^l

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egieykw} ly`fn aw XOV] Fuxqf}}ykw Afqekn ygoo `l~ af qkg}fn jlq ~ef `fu~ jgzf wfkq}/

fjjfm~gzf gddfngk~fow.

Fuxk`ng`i Xvaogm Efko~e ]fqzgmf}

75.^ef Ilzfq`df`~ g} mlddg~~fn ~l f`}vqf ~ek~ kmmf}} ~l {vkog~w efko~emkqf g} kzkgokaof ~l

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el}xg~ko}/ g`mqfk}f ~ef `vdafq lj nlm~lq} k`n `vq}f} k} yfoo k} ~l la~kg` }vxxogf} lj

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]kjf~w

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}~qff~ mqgdf g`nfu nfmog`fn =5& yegof lzfqkoo mqgdf g`nfu nfmog`fn ;:&. G` og`f yg~e ~eg}/ ~efIlzfq`df`~ ygoo koolmk~f QD=68 dgoogl` ~l gdxofdf`~ zkqglv} xqliqkddf} ~l mldak~ mqgdf/

g`movng`i avqiokqw/ dl~lqmwmof k`n mkq ~efj~} k} yfoo k} xqldl~g`i }kjf ~ly`}egx} k`n

Zlov`~kqw Xk~qlo ]mefdf g` egie$qg}c kqfk}. ^ef Ilzfq`df`~ ygoo f}~kaog}e k` knng~gl`ko 16

}xfmgko mlvq~} ~l fuxfng~f xql}fmv~gl`.

Fdxlyfqg`i @l`$Ilzfq`df`~ko Lqik`g}k~gl`}

;88.^ef Ilzfq`df`~ kxxqfmgk~f} ~ef ml`~qgav~gl` lj mgzgo }lmgf~w g` xqlzgng`i }fqzgmf} yegme

koykw} aff` v`nfq ~ef xvqzgfy lj ~ef Ilzfq`df`~. ^eg} ek} ~l af zgfyfn xl}g~gzfow k`n k} k

mldxogdf`~kqw fjjlq~ k`n }elvon af f`mlvqkifn jvq~efq. ^ef Ilzfq`df`~ qfmli`g}f} ~efml`~qgav~gl` lj @l`$Ilzfq`df`~ko Lqik`g}k~gl`} %@IL}' g` lzfqmldg`i }lmgko xqlaofd} g`

k}}g}~g`i ~ef of}} jlq~v`k~f k`n xqlzgng`i }efo~fq jkmgog~w k} yfoo k} ml`nvm~g`i ~qkg`g`i k`n

if`fqk~g`i g`mldf.

;8;.G` kxxqfmgk~gl`/ ~ef Ilzfq`df`~ ygoo koolmk~f QD98 dgoogl` jlq xqliqkddf} k`n km~gzg~gf}

g`zlozg`i }fofm~fn @IL} ~l k}}g}~ ~ef Ilzfq`df`~ g` }~qf`i~ef`g`i jkdgow g`}~g~v~gl` k`n

knnqf}}g`i }lmgko goo} }vme k} akaw nvdxg`i/ dk~ qfdxg~ k`n ik`i}~fqg}d. ^ef }fofm~fn

@IL} ygoo v`nfq~kcf k` g`~fiqk~fn xqliqkddf yg~e Ilzfq`df`~ kif`mgf}/ xkq~gmvokqow g`

egie$qg}c mqgdf kqfk} ~l xqfzf`~ mqgdf k~ g~} qll~ mkv}f.

Xqf}fqzk~gl` lj F`zgql`df`~

;81.^l xqf}fqzf/ }v}~kg` k`n xql~fm~ ~ef f`zgql`df`~/ ~ef Ilzfq`df`~ ygoo koolmk~f QD;.7

agoogl` ~l jg`k`mf f`zgql`df`~ko xqf}fqzk~gl` xqlbfm~}/ g`movng`i gdxofdf`~g`i ~ef Qgzfq lj

Ogjf Xqliqkddf k`n iqff`g`i lj Cvkok Ovdxvq. ^ef Ilzfq`df`~ ygoo ko}l v`nfq~kcf fjjlq~}

~l xqf}fqzf dkqg`f }lvqmf} k`n mlk}~ko kqfk} g`movng`i Xk`~kg ]gqg`i g` Dfokck/ Xk`~kg

]kakc g` Cfok`~k`/ ^fovc Ogxk~ g` ^fqf`iik`v k`n Qldxg` g` Xkek`i.

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Mlqxlqk~f ]lmgko Qf}xl`}gagog~w

;8=.Mlqxlqk~f ]lmgko Qf}xl`}gagog~w %M]Q' g} gdxlq~k`~ g` ~ef gdxofdf`~k~gl` lj mlddv`g~w

xqlbfm~}. G` 18;;/ Cekrk`ke @k}gl`ko Afqekn %Cekrk`ke' g` mlookalqk~gl` yg~e ~ef Dg`g}~qw

lj Fnvmk~gl`/ ygoo f}~kaog}e ;8 ^qv}~ ]mello} yegme ygoo af dk`kifn dlqf xqljf}}gl`koow ~l

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