full cost accounting
TRANSCRIPT
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ASME Cost Accounting
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Full Cost AccountingPresentation Outline
• What is full cost accounting?• Why are we doing this?• What are the advantages and disadvantages?• What are the issues?• What is the development process?• How can you be a player?• Conclusions• Q&A on both Fair & Equitable Accounting and
Full Cost Accounting
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Full Cost AccountingDefinition
• A model that provides details on all the costs associated with producing a product or service
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Definitions
• Definitions are flexible, and may vary by organization
– G&A (SG&A)
– Direct
– Indirect
– Service Charges
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Definitions
• Being in one category (direct, indirect, overhead, etc.) or another does not make a cost more or less “legitimate.”– Example: Is a consulting charge more “legitimate” because it is a direct expense compared to a staff expense, which may be an indirect allocation? No.
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G&A
• General & Administrative or “Overhead”• Includes BOG & Governance, Accounting, HR,
Executive Operations, Legal & Audit, etc. (and some staff)
• Also includes Honors & Awards, LAN/WAN, and Centralized Marketing
• Is about 15% (18% allocated) of total expenses – very low per external auditors
• ASME’s current government-approved overhead rate is 43% (it uses a different formula); also very low
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Direct/Indirect
• Direct– Usually vendor charges, production, postage,
food & beverage, travel– Sometimes includes staff
• Indirect– Usually includes facilities, telephone, staff
• Hybrid– Some costs may be either direct or indirect
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Example: Consulting Expense
• Direct– Consultant is hired to develop specific course content
or to instruct a particular course
• Indirect– Consultant is engaged to evaluate a profit center, such
as the slate of continuing education or conference offerings
• G&A– A consultant is hired to evaluate the slate of ASME
product and service offerings
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Service Charges• Certain services are centralized and charged based
upon usage and “cost drivers” (Service Charges):– Warehouse, Facilities, Office Services,
Information Central, Marketing, IT, and more– Costs are charged based upon cost drivers
(ABC: Activity-Based Costing)– Examples:
• Successes• Failures • Misunderstandings
• Service charges can be direct, indirect, or part of overhead
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Current Cost Accounting Practices at ASME
• At present, ASME:– Does not allocate G&A– Did use service charges (an Activity Based
Cost accounting model) through FY 04– Cost accounting temporarily suspended in FY
05 to facilitate reorganization– Leaves allocation of direct & indirect charges
up to Councils
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Why are we talking about this?
Full Cost Accounting has been identified as a Balanced Scorecard Initiative by the Board of Governors
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Cost Accounting
• Advantages– Better idea of full cost
of products & services
– Prices will presumably reflect full costs
– Better management of internal costs
– Leads to good decision making
• Disadvantages– Takes time away from
essential duties– More accountants– Laden with arguable
assumptions– “Brother-in-Law”
paradox– Leads to bad decision
making
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Developmental Issues: Balance
• Fairness
• Simplicity
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Developmental Issues
• Simplicity vs. Fairness– Allocation vs. Activity-Based Costing
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Developmental Issues: Basis
• Allocations/Costing based upon:– Head count
– Revenue
– Expense
– Floor space
– Usage/Cost Drivers
– Judgment
– Time sheets
• All have their advantages and disadvantages
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Developmental Issues: Time Reporting
• Time tracking– Staff and/or Volunteer– Precise, but accurate?– Compliance requirements– Return on investment
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Issues: Precision vs. Accuracy
• Precision vs. Accuracy– Do not confuse precision with accuracy– Accounting systems can be very precise,
and at the same time very inaccurate
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Developmental Issues: Time Reporting
• Depth of Application
Sector
Cost Center
Program
Product/Service
• ROI• Accuracy• Fixed or Flexible Approach?
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Cost Accounting Problems
Cost accounting systems provide
an answer,
not necessarily
the answer.
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Cost Accounting Problems
Cost accounting systems provide
information on cost, but usually ignore important issues such as
quality, reliability, continuity, and control
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Cost Accounting Problems
People often lose the the big picture as they obsess over gaming the cost accounting system
Some people spend their time trying to manage those costs over which they have the least control or which won’t improve the organization’s bottom line
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Cost Accounting Problems
Cost accounting systems are not a substitute for strong leadership
looking at the big picture
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Cost Accounting Dilemmas
• Contribution Margin Example:
– A division of a company can produce a product and sell it at a cost of $80/unit and a sales price of $100/unit. The overhead charges would amount to $40/unit. Should the Division make the product?
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Cost Accounting Dilemmas
• Intracompany pricing:
– Division A can buy a needed part more inexpensively than Division B of the same company would charge for the same part. Should Division A buy it from the outside?
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Full Cost Accounting Timeline
• Full cost accounting is a Balanced Scorecard initiative
• For FY 05 we are moving in the opposite direction temporarily to reduce confusion during the reorganization and development of the FY 06 budgets
• Full cost accounting model Society-wide to be developed during FY 05 for application in FY 06
• Methodologies TBD• New model will be applied in Fall ’05 retroactively
for FY 06
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Full Cost Accounting TimelineMar 04 Conceptual discussion at TEC
Jun 04 Full Cost Accounting adopted as a BSC Initiative
Aug 04 Full cost accounting assigned to the Finance Project Task Force
Fall 04 Groundwork, informal information gathering
Nov 04 Official kickoff
Nov 04 -May 05
Full cost accounting model development
May 05
Jun 05
First reading of model by COFI
First reading of model by BOG
Sep 05
Sep 05
COFI recommends model
BOG approves model
Oct 05 Model is retroactively applied for all FY 06
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Conclusions
• Full cost accounting has its advantages and disadvantages
• It will provide some answers, but also raise more questions
• Used properly, it can provide some insights• Used improperly, it can lead to reactive, short-
sighted mistakes that will hurt the organization• We will proceed with development of a full cost
accounting system
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I’m still interested, how do I participate?
Go to the Cost Accounting site under the CoP website @ https://cop.asme.org/COP
Please post questions, comments, anecdotes, suggestions, etc on the discussion board so everyone can share
Presentations are also on the website
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Fair & Sustainable Accounting
and
Full Cost Accounting
Q&A