fuel efficiency of new european hd vehicles · outline • background – euro 4 • test methods...
TRANSCRIPT
FUEL EFFICIENCY OF NEW EUROPEAN HD VEHICLES
Kimmo Erkkilä VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland
Nils-Olof Nylund TEC TransEnergy Consulting Ltd
OUTLINE
• Background – Euro 4 • Test methods • Test vehicles • Truck & bus results • Conclusions
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BACKGROUND – EURO 4/5
• The Euro 4 requirements definitely entered into force in October 2006, Euro 5 will be introduced in 2009
• the Euro 5 requirements roughly correspond to US 2007 requirements
• The new emission limits are forcing manufacturers to use high volume EGR or/and exhaust after-treatment systems
• SCR (Selective urea catalyst system) is the preferred emission reduction technology in Europe
• however, some manufacturers have opted for EGR technology
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EQUIVALENCE OF EMISSION REGULATONS
Oikawa et al 2005
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BACKGROUND – EURO 4/5
• Engine manufacturers’ choices to meet Euro 4 emission regulations
• SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) • Volvo • Mercedes-Benz • Iveco • and others..
• EGR (Exhaust Gas Recirculation) • Scania • MAN (+ partial particulate filter PM-KAT)
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Euro 3 (2001)
Euro 2 (1996)
Euro 4 (2006)Euro 5 (2009)
Euro
6 (2
012?
)
NOx [g/kWh]
BACKGROUND – EURO 4/5
• How do new Euro 4 trucks and buses perform under real-world driving?
• What happens to fuel economy, is there an automatic fuel penalty for low emissions?
• Will more stringent emission regulations actually provide reduced real-life emissions?
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14PM
(Par
ticul
ate
Mat
ter)
[g/k
Wh]
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14PM
(Par
ticul
ate
Mat
ter)
[g/k
Wh]
Euro 3 (2001)
Euro 2 (1996)
Euro 4 (2006)Euro 5 (2009)
Euro
6 (2
012?
)
NOx [g/kWh]
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.50 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5Volvo Bus Corporation, Danielsson 2006
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TEST METHODS
• Real world transient driving cycles on a HD chassis dynamometer
• City bus cycles • Braunschweig – city center driving • Helsinki 2 – city center driving • Helsinki 3 – suburban driving
• Heavy duty truck cycles • Delivery – max 26t (metric tons) • Highway – max 60t • Freeway – max 60t (using cruise control)
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1000 1200 1400 1600 1800
( s)
2.00
TEST METHODS
B rau nschw e ig B u s C yc le
0
10
20
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40
50
60
70
0 200 400 600 800
Tim e
Spee
d (k
m/h
)
Freeway cycle, original onroad data , 420 hp / 50 t
-50
0
50
100
150
200
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350
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 Time s
Engi
ne p
ower
kW
Dri
ving
spe
ed k
m/h
-2.50
-2.00
-1.50
-1.00
-0.50
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
Roa
d gr
adie
nt %
Engine power Driving speed Road gradient
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TEST METHODS
• Significant work has been devoted to the development of realistic and accurate fuel consumption measurements
• Realistic duty cycles, including road gradient simulation for HD trucks
• Standardization of test conditions and elimination of variations
• standardized test fuel (ultra low sulfur) • special sets of conditioned measurement tires • fixed test procedures, including warm-ups and
conditioning of the vehicle • elimination of influence from, e.g., air compressor
and cooling fan • etc..
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TEST METHODS - FACILITY
Accuracy:• fuel consumption +1 % • exhaust emissions +15 %
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TEST VEHICLES – CITY BUSES
Volvo – Brand A4x2 Euro 3 MY 20054x2 Euro 4 SCR MY 20066x2 Euro 5 SCR MY 2006
Mercedes-Benz – Brand B4x2 Euro 4 SCR MY 2006
Scania – Brand C4x2 Euro 3 MY 20054x2 Euro 4 EGR MY 20066x2 Euro 4 EGR MY 2006
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TEST VEHICLES - TRUCKS
Euro 4 trucks, all model year 2006 • Scania R470, EGR • MAN TGA.430, EGR + PM-KAT • MB Actros 1844, SCR • Volvo FH480, SCR • Iveco Stralis 420, SCR
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Study for the Finnish Public Transport Association
Fuel consumption in different cycles
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
Braunchweig Helsinki2 Helsinki3
Fuel
con
sum
ptio
n l/1
00km
Brand A Euro 3 Brand A Euro 4 SCR Brand C Euro 3 Brand C Euro 4 EGR Brand B Euro 4 SCR Brand A Euro 5 SCR 3-axle Brand C Euro 4 EGR 3-axle
FUEL CONSUMPTION – CITY BUSES
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Fuel and urea costs per 100 km, when diesel 74 c/l, urea 55 c/l
20
25
30
35
40
45
Expe
nses
€/1
00km
Brand A Euro 3 Brand A Euro 4 SCR Brand C Euro 3 Brand C Euro 4 EGR Brand B Euro 4 SCR Brand A Euro 5 SCR 3-axle Brand C Euro 4 EGR 3-axle Urea
Braunschwei Helsinki2 Helsinki3 g
FUEL AND UREA COSTS – CITY BUSES
Study for the Finnish Public Transport Association
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NO
x g/
km
Diesel Euro 1 20
15
10
5
0 Euro 3
Euro 4
Euro 5 / EEV
Euro 2
Diesel Euro 2 Diesel Euro 3 Diesel Euro 4 Diesel Euro 5 Diesel + CRT Euro 2 & 3 CNG Euro2 CNG Euro3 CNG EEV Euro limits (by factor 1.8)
Euro 1
EMISSION RESULTS - CITY BUSESNOx and PM emissions over the Braunschweig city bus -cycle
0,0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7
PM g/km
Summary of all VTT’s measurements conducted at VTT between 2002 and 2006
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First report disclosing vehicle brands and models
Available on the Internet:http://www.vtt.fi/inf/pdf/ tiedotteet/2007/T2373.pdf
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FUEL CONSUMTION – HD TRUCKS
Fuel consumption on highway and freeway cycles. Full trailers (max. 60t)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
0-Load 1/2-Load 2/2-Load 0-Load 1/2-Load 2/2-Load
Fuel
con
sum
ptio
n l/1
00 k
m
Euro3 Average Scania R 470 Euro4 MAN TGA 26.430 Euro4 Iveco Stralis 420 Euro4 Volvo FH480 Euro4 MB Actros 1844 Euro4
Highway Freeway
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FUEL AND UREA COSTS – HD TRUCKS
Costs (Fuel 0.74 €/litre, Urea 0.55 €/litre) on highway and freeway cycles. Full trailers (max. 60t)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Cos
ts €
/100
km
Euro 3 average Scania R 470 Euro4 MAN TGA 26.430 Euro4 Iveco Stralis 420 Euro4 Volvo FH 480 Euro4 MB Actros 1844 Euro4
Highway Freeway
0-Load 1/2-Load 2/2-Load 0-Load 1/2-Load 2/2-Load
Average results for tested truck models: E3 Æ E4 SCR => costs - 7%
E3 Æ E4 EGR
=> costs -1%
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EMISSION RESULTS – HD TRUCKS
Full trailers (max. 60t) PM- and NOx-emissions on highway and motorway cycles
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16
PM-emission (g/kWh at driven wheel)
NO
x-em
issi
on (g
/kW
h at
driv
en w
heel
)
Euro3 Average Scania R 470 Euro4 MAN TGA 26.430 Euro4 Iveco Stralis 420 Euro4 Volvo FH480 Euro4 MB Actros 1844 Euro4 Freeway Highway
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The Euro 4 truck results are included in the Annual Report for 2006 of VTT’s “RASTU” project on HD vehicles.
Available on the Internet: http://www.motiva.fi/rastu/
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CONCLUSIONS
• European engine manufacturers have taken two different approaches to meet the Euro 4/5 emission regulations, the EGR and the SCR route (SCR being the more common solution)
• On an average, the introduction of Euro 4 emission regulations has not increased fuel consumption
• City buses: • most of the measured Euro 4/5 city buses produced Euro 3
equivalent emissions • one SCR bus demonstrated low emission levels in real world
driving cycles • no clear winner (EGR vs. SCR) for fuel consumption or
emissions
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CONCLUSIONS
• HD trucks • SCR technology provided significantly better fuel economy
than EGR technology • both EGR and SCR technology performed well regarding
exhaust emissions as the real-world emissions corresponded to the anticipated Euro 4 level
• along with the differences in exhaust control strategies, the differences in engine sophistication also affect the fuel consumption results
• the results depict the performance of the first new Euro 4 vehicles
• further improvements in exhaust performance and fuel efficiency is expected for both EGR and SCR vehicles
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FUTURE WORK
• Some vehicles will be subjected to follow-up to define the emission stability of new emission control technologies in the long run
• Some measurements will be done to evaluate the emission performance in cold climate conditions
• One truck did not work properly (high PM emissions) -> measurements need to be redone
• VTT’s emission database will be updated with data on new bus and truck types
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