ftb-200 & fpm-300 training with videos
TRANSCRIPT
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LAM BDATest Eq ui pment c. c.
Fibre-Optic
and OTDRTraining
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LAM BDATest Eq ui pment c. c.
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Copper Wire Long ago
64 Kbits/sec 1 voice call
THE EVOLUTION OF COMMUNICATIONS
Yesterday
STM 16 - 2.4 Gbit/sec 32,000 voice calls
Fibre optic
Today
8 x STM16 - 20 Gbit/sec 240,000 voice calls
Fibre optic
Tomorrow?
140 x STM256 - 6 Tbit/sec lots of voice calls & video & ...
Fibre optic
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LAM BDATest Eq ui pment c. c.
O2
/ GeSiO2
(Core)
SiO2
(Cladding)
2100 C
Preform
MANUFACTURING:
COLLAPSE OF DEPOSITED PRE-FORM
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LAM BDATest Eq ui pment c. c.
Capsten
Preform
Graphite Furnace
(2100 C)
Laser Diameter Gauge(125 m 2) Glass
Cooling Tube (Ambient)
1 st Coating Station (190 m) Acrylate
Ultra Violet Light Curing Oven
2 nd Coating Station (245 m) Acrylate
Take-up Reel
Pulling Speed 1000m/min
Ultra Violet LightCuring Oven
Electronic
Con
trolLoop
MANUFACTURING:
FIBRE DRAWING TOWER
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Fibre Manufacturing
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/Fibre%20MFG%20MCVD%20(General).mp4http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/Fibre%20MFG%20MCVD%20(General).mp4http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/Fibre%20MFG%20MCVD%20(General).mp4http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/Fibre%20MFG%20MCVD%20(General).mp4 -
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Core
Glass index n1
Cladding
Glass index n2
Coating
Acrylate, teflon,polyimide
BASIC OPTICAL FIBRE
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LAM BDATest Eq ui pment c. c.
Plastic Fibre
Step Index Multimode
CORE AND CLADDING DIAMETER
Singlemode
Multimode
Glass Fibre
50125125 62.5
9125140 100
All measurements in m
Video: Single Mode Fiber
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/Singlemode%20Fiber%20-%20EXFO%20animated%20glossary%20of%20Fiber%20Optics.mp4http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/Singlemode%20Fiber%20-%20EXFO%20animated%20glossary%20of%20Fiber%20Optics.mp4http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/Singlemode%20Fiber%20-%20EXFO%20animated%20glossary%20of%20Fiber%20Optics.mp4http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/Singlemode%20Fiber%20-%20EXFO%20animated%20glossary%20of%20Fiber%20Optics.mp4http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/Singlemode%20Fiber%20-%20EXFO%20animated%20glossary%20of%20Fiber%20Optics.mp4http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/Kevlar%20-%20EXFOs%20Animated%20Glossary%20of%20Fiber%20Optics.mp4 -
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FIBER BUFFERING (PROTECTION)
Tight buffer
This is where a nylon or other thermoplastic material is extruded onto the optical
fiber in the form of a tight layer of material.
Loose tube bufferThis is where a nylon or other thermoplastic material is extruded in the form of a
tube into which one or more optical fibers are placed. These tubes are generally
filled with a jelly-like compound.
LOOSE TUBE BUFFER TIGHT BUFFER
Video: Kevlar
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/Kevlar%20-%20EXFOs%20Animated%20Glossary%20of%20Fiber%20Optics.mp4http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/Kevlar%20-%20EXFOs%20Animated%20Glossary%20of%20Fiber%20Optics.mp4http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/Kevlar%20-%20EXFOs%20Animated%20Glossary%20of%20Fiber%20Optics.mp4http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/Kevlar%20-%20EXFOs%20Animated%20Glossary%20of%20Fiber%20Optics.mp4 -
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LAM BDATest Eq ui pment c. c.
REFLECTION
Reflection
When a light beam I hits a material with a different index ofrefraction, a portion of the beam is reflected R
The angle of this reflected beam is the same as the incident beam
Cladding
Core I Ri R
n1
n2
i = R
Video: Index of refraction
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/Index%20of%20Refraction%20-%20EXFO%20animated%20glossary%20of%20Fiber%20Optics.mp4http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/Index%20of%20Refraction%20-%20EXFO%20animated%20glossary%20of%20Fiber%20Optics.mp4http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/Index%20of%20Refraction%20-%20EXFO%20animated%20glossary%20of%20Fiber%20Optics.mp4http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/Index%20of%20Refraction%20-%20EXFO%20animated%20glossary%20of%20Fiber%20Optics.mp4 -
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LAM BDATest Eq ui pment c. c.
REFRACTION
Cladding
Core I R
T
i
r
R
n1sin(i) = n2sin(r)
n1
n2
Refraction
For the same light beam hitting a different material, another portion isrefracted
This occurs when a the light goes through a material with a different
index of refraction
The angle of this beam changes because the speed of propagation
changes
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TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION
Critical angle (Total internal reflection)
There is a certain angle where 100% of the light is reflected and no
light is refracted, we call this angle, the critical angle
Fiber optics use this concept to propagate light
Cladding
Core I R1R2
C R
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LAM BDATest Eq ui pment c. c.
ELECTRO MAGNETIC SPECTRUM
Where do fibre optic wavelengths fit in the light spectrum?
10*22
fCosmic rays
Gamma rays
1 nm
10*16
10*1410*13
THz
1 m
X-ray
ultraviolet
visible lightinfrared
Radar
TV
Radio
1 mmGHz
MHz
kHz SoundSubsonic
Ultraviolet
455 nm violet
490 nm blue
550 nm green
580 nm yellow
620 nm orange
750 nm redInfrared
850 nm
1300 nm
1310 nm
1550 nm
650 nm Visible Laser
Singlemode communications
Wavelength = speed of light/frequency
}}
Multimode communications
1 m
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LAM BDATest Eq ui pment c. c.
LOSS IN FIBER IS WAVELENGTH-DEPENDENT
Optical fiber is normally tested asthe same wavelength as the fiber
system will be operated
Available OTDR wavelengths:
850 nm (MM)
1300 nm (MM)
1310 nm (SM)
1383 nm (SM)
1490 nm (SM)1550 nm (SM)
1625 nm (SM)
Water peak
SMF-28 SM Fiber
Video: Attenuation
G
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/Attenuation%20-%20EXFOs%20Animated%20Glossary%20of%20Fiber%20Optics.mp4http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/Attenuation%20-%20EXFOs%20Animated%20Glossary%20of%20Fiber%20Optics.mp4http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/Backscatter%20-%20EXFOs%20Animated%20Glossary%20of%20Fiber%20Optics.mp4http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/Graded-Index%20Fiber%20-%20EXFOs%20Animated%20Glossary%20of%20Fiber%20Optics.mp4http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/Graded-Index%20Fiber%20-%20EXFOs%20Animated%20Glossary%20of%20Fiber%20Optics.mp4 -
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TYPICAL FIBRE TRANSMISSION PROPERTIES
FIBRE SINGLEMODE GRADED-INDEX STEP-INDEX
Size (m) 9/125 62.5/125 100/140
core/cladding 50/125 1000/1035
MODE SINGLEMODE MULTIMODE MULTIMODE
Attenuation (dB/km)
850nm 2.9 > 4
1300nm 0.5 > 10
1310nm 0.34
1550nm
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FIBRE OPTIC RELATED UNITS
dB Loss in a system or a component Measures the difference between power received andpower transmitted
dB = 10 log10 (TX (power)/RX (power))
Loss (dB) Power Remaining (%)
1 79.4
3 50.1
10 10
20 1
30 0.1
dBm Decibels referenced to a milli watt dBm = 10 log10 (
p/mw)
Vid Ab ti
Vid Li k B d t
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/OTDR-%20EXFO%20animated%20glossary%20of%20Fiber%20Optics.mp4http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/Absorption%20-%20EXFO%20animated%20glossary%20of%20Fiber%20Optics.mp4http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/Loss%20Budget%20-%20EXFO%20animated%20glossary%20of%20Fiber%20Optics.mp4http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/Loss%20Budget%20-%20EXFO%20animated%20glossary%20of%20Fiber%20Optics.mp4http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/OTDR-%20EXFO%20animated%20glossary%20of%20Fiber%20Optics.mp4http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/Absorption%20-%20EXFO%20animated%20glossary%20of%20Fiber%20Optics.mp4 -
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Scattering Loss of optical energy due to imperfections in the fibre.
Decreases rapidly at longer wavelengths (proportional to 1 l4 ).
Represents the theoretical lower limits of attenuation.
AbsorptionAbsorption of optical energy by impurities in the fibre due to the
manufacturing process. Absorption has been lowered significantly in the past few years.
Micro and Macro bend Microbend losses are the result of small variations or bumps in the
core-to cladding interface.
Macrobend losses are the result of an important fibre direction change over
a short radius.
LOSSES IN FIBRE OPTIC CABLE
Video: AbsorptionVideo: Link Budget
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/OTDR-%20EXFO%20animated%20glossary%20of%20Fiber%20Optics.mp4http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/OTDR-%20EXFO%20animated%20glossary%20of%20Fiber%20Optics.mp4http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/Absorption%20-%20EXFO%20animated%20glossary%20of%20Fiber%20Optics.mp4http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/Loss%20Budget%20-%20EXFO%20animated%20glossary%20of%20Fiber%20Optics.mp4http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/Loss%20Budget%20-%20EXFO%20animated%20glossary%20of%20Fiber%20Optics.mp4http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/OTDR-%20EXFO%20animated%20glossary%20of%20Fiber%20Optics.mp4http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/Absorption%20-%20EXFO%20animated%20glossary%20of%20Fiber%20Optics.mp4 -
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MICRO- & MACRO-BENDING
Macrobending
Fiber curvature
Causing loss of light
Specifications:(Source: ITU-T Rec. G.652)
Bending Radius = 30 mmMax. Loss (1550 nm) = 0.5 dB
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/Fresnel%20Reflection%20-%20EXFO%20animated%20glossary%20of%20Fiber%20Optics.mp4 -
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Fresnel Reflections Connectors, mechanical splices, components, and fibre breaks
Reflection due to a change of index:
( )Loss in dB due to a Fresnel reflection:
dB = 10 log10(1-p)
REFLECTIONS IN FIBRE OPTIC SPANS
CLADDING
NA Mismatch Core Diameter Cladding Diameter
Mismatch Mismatch
n- 1
n+ 1
2
p =
CORE
Concentricity
Video: Fresnel
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/Fresnel%20Reflection%20-%20EXFO%20animated%20glossary%20of%20Fiber%20Optics.mp4http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/Fresnel%20Reflection%20-%20EXFO%20animated%20glossary%20of%20Fiber%20Optics.mp4 -
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LAM BDATest Eq ui pment c. c.
~8o
PC Connector APC Connector
Input
Ref lect ion
Endface
CONNECTORS & REFLECTIONS
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LAM BDATest Eq ui pment c. c.
SINGLE MODE ANGLE POLISH CONNECTORS
Picture Description Comment
FC/APC
Threaded Angle
Connector
Used in Labs and some installations
Very repeatable conector
Color is normally green
Used where back relfections must be low such as
transmitter outputs.
SC/APC
Square Angle
Connector
Widely used in installations due to possibility of highdensity patch panels
Fast to connect clip on type
Color is normally green
Used where back relfections must be low such as
transmitter outputs and CATV (analog video)
Made of plastic; The jaw in the bulkhead coupler can
break with time!
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LAM BDATest Eq ui pment c. c.
OPTICAL PATH TESTING
PARAMETERS TO BE TESTED
Optical Path Loss
Splice, Connector or Discrete
losses
Characteristic Attenuation
Splice, Connector or Discrete
reflection
Optical Return loss
Fault location
EQUIPMENT TO USE
Light Source & Power Meter
OTDR
OTDR
OTDR
Back Reflection Test Set
OTDRor Fault Locator
EXFO
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EXFO
Universal Test System
Video: Backscatter
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/Backscatter%20-%20EXFOs%20Animated%20Glossary%20of%20Fiber%20Optics.mp4http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/Backscatter%20-%20EXFOs%20Animated%20Glossary%20of%20Fiber%20Optics.mp4http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/Backscatter%20-%20EXFOs%20Animated%20Glossary%20of%20Fiber%20Optics.mp4 -
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1976 - Barnsen and Jensen - OTDR:Based on Backscattered and back reflection
measurement
Non destructive method
Requires access to only one end of the fiber
Provides other information as
Attenuation as function of the length
Insertion loss of events
Determines kind of events
Locations of events
OTDR HISTORY
Video: Backscatter
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/Backscatter%20-%20EXFOs%20Animated%20Glossary%20of%20Fiber%20Optics.mp4http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/Backscatter%20-%20EXFOs%20Animated%20Glossary%20of%20Fiber%20Optics.mp4http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/Backscatter%20-%20EXFOs%20Animated%20Glossary%20of%20Fiber%20Optics.mp4http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/Backscatter%20-%20EXFOs%20Animated%20Glossary%20of%20Fiber%20Optics.mp4 -
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RAYLEIGH BACKSCATTER (RBS)
Caused by microscopic non uniformity's of refractive index.
Is the dominant loss mechanism in high quality optical fibre.
Back-scatter is approximately one million times weaker than the
launched signal.
Back-scatter power level is proportional to optical pulse width and power
Back-scatter is inversely proportional to wavelength raised to 4th power.
Principle upon which Optical Time Domain Reflectometry is based.
Video: OTDR
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/OTDR-%20EXFO%20animated%20glossary%20of%20Fiber%20Optics.mp4http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/OTDR-%20EXFO%20animated%20glossary%20of%20Fiber%20Optics.mp4http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/OTDR-%20EXFO%20animated%20glossary%20of%20Fiber%20Optics.mp4 -
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OTDR launches short duration light pulses.
The pulses encounter reflective (Fresnel) and scattering
(Rayleigh) events. A fraction of the pulse returns to the
launching port. The returned signal is proportional to
pulse power and varies as a function of the event.
Measuring the difference between the launching time
and the time of arrival of the returned signal, one
determines the distance between the launching point and
the event.
OTDR - BASICS OF OPERATION
Video: OTDR
OTDR BASICS OF OPERATION
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/OTDR-%20EXFO%20animated%20glossary%20of%20Fiber%20Optics.mp4http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/OTDR-%20EXFO%20animated%20glossary%20of%20Fiber%20Optics.mp4http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/OTDR-%20EXFO%20animated%20glossary%20of%20Fiber%20Optics.mp4http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/OTDR-%20EXFO%20animated%20glossary%20of%20Fiber%20Optics.mp4 -
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OTDR - BASICS OF OPERATION
Fibre Under
Test
Pulsed
Laser Source
Coupler
High Speed
Photodetector
Process
ControllerDisplay
Fundamentally an Optical radar
Optical pulses launched into one end of the fibre
Return optical signal is fed to an optical receiver
The converted signal is amplified, sampled and displayed
The time domain trace can then be analysed with respect to
its amplitude and temporal characteristics
The distance to any point within the material can be determinedfrom the time domain and IOR (Index of Refraction)
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REFLECTOMETRY THEORY
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REFLECTOMETRY THEORY
Fresnel back reflections
Will come from abrupt changes in the IOR, ex: (glass/air) Fiber break, mechanical splice, bulkheads, connectors
Will show as a spike on the OTDR trace
UPC reflection is typically -35dB and APC -55dB
Fresnel reflections will be approximately 20 000 times higher than fibersbackscattering level
Will create a Dead Zone after the reflection
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LAM BDATest Eq ui pment c. c.
OTDR EVENTS
Non Reflective (Refractive index profile of fibre remains unchanged)
Fusion Splices
Macrobends
Microbends
Reflective(Reflective index profile of fibre is disturbed by an air gap which producesa Fresnel reflection)
dB
Distance
Connectors
Mechanical splices
Breaks or cracks
End-of-fiber (PC)
dB
Distance
REFLECTOMETRY THEORY
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LAM BDATest Eq ui pment c. c.
REFLECTOMETRY THEORY
Simplified OTDR Trace:
Power (dB)
Distance (km)
Slope shows fiberattenuation
Loss
Reflection
OTDR Connector
Connector (P.P.)
Fusion splice
Connector (P.P.)End of link
OTDR SPECIFICATIONS & LIMITATIONS
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LAM BDATest Eq ui pment c. c.
Noise
Averaging the signal will reduce the noise on the OTDR trace.
The noise present on the trace comes from the electronic circuits inside theOTDR:
Detector, Electronic amplifiers, Signal treatment circuits
OTDR SPECIFICATIONS & LIMITATIONS
Video: Dead Zones
OTDR TRACE
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/Deadzone%20-%20EXFO%20animated%20glossary%20of%20Fiber%20Optics.mp4http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/Deadzone%20-%20EXFO%20animated%20glossary%20of%20Fiber%20Optics.mp4 -
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BUT WHAT DOES IT SAY?
dB
Distance
Vertical scale displays power logarithmically in dB.
Horizontal scale displays distance.
Attenuation of the fibre in dB/km is determined by the slope of the backscatter
(line) between events.
Reflective and non- reflective events on the trace indicate anomalies such asconnectors, splices, macro-bends, micro-bends, cracks and breaks .
OTDR MEASUREMENTS
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LAM BDATest Eq ui pment c. c.
Events on the
fiber are
automatically
analyzed byToolBox
software and a
table of events
is generated.
OTDR MEASUREMENTS
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LAM BDATest Eq ui pment c. c.
PULSE WIDTH EFFECTS
D2
D1
Backscatter level
Noise Floor of OTDR
Wider Pulses
Higher backscatter level
Longer range
Lower resolution
Greater dead zones
Shorter Pulses
Lower backscatter
Shorter range
Higher resolution
Shorter dead zones
FTB-200 - CONTROLS AND INTERFACES
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On/Off LED
Charging LED (on=full)
Active Laser LED
Pass/Fail LED
4 other application specific
leds
1. Module #0
2. Module #1/ PM3. Fiber Probe
4. Alt-Tab Button
Start acquisition /PF1
Move markers /PF2
Next / trace /PF3
Save /PF4
Knob with Enter
Speaker Microphone
FTB-200 KEYS
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FTB-200 - CONTROLS AND INTERFACES
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USB A for
Memory Stick (1 & 2GB)
Keyboard
Mouse
HUB
USB B (ActiveSync)
RJ-45 10/100BT
Fiber Probe
Compact Flash
interface for:
Memory/storage
Wireless LAN
Bluetooth
Audio Mic/Spk
DC in
INITIALIZE THE TEST MODULE
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HANDS-ON SESSIONPARAMETERS SETTING
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LAM BDATest Eq ui pment c. c.
PARAMETERS SETTING
Acquisition parameters settings:
Choose theshortest
distance range
to cover the
entire link
Choose the
shortest
Pulse width,
ie. 5 or 10ns
Average the
signal for 30
secondsNoise level
acceptable ?
Averaging time
under 2 mins ?
Store the
acquisition
NO
YES
Increase
averaging
time
YES
NO
Increase
pulse width
VIEWING THE OTDR TEST RESULT
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EVENT LIST
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EXPERIMENT - WAVELENGTH 1310nm
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EXPERIMENT - WAVELENGTH 1550nm
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EXPERIMENT - 1310nm vs. 1550nm
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CLEANING
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Fiber-optic connectors are susceptible to
scratches and dirt.
poor transmission performance
Clean, problem-free Dirty fiber end Damaged fiber end
Connector cleaning techniques aremore important than ever
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FLS-300/FOT-300 LIGHT SOURCE
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SETTING UP A FAVORITE LIST
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REFERENCING THE POWER METER
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1. Connect a light source (such as FLS-300 or FTB-100) to thedetector port of your power meter.
2. Activate the source at the desired wavelength.
3. Match the source and power meter wavelengths.
4. Hold down [Ref] a few seconds. Reference power is displayed
in the top right corner (in dBm).5. Repeat the procedure for each wavelength you want to
reference.
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Thank You!