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TITLE

OIL SPILL PREVENTION AND RESPONSE

TECHNIQUES IN WEST AFRICA

Safety Consultants & Solutions Provider Ltd; www.safetysolutionsng.com; [email protected]

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INTRODUCTION

WELCOME

OUTLINE

OBJECTIVES


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INTRODUCTION

DRIVING FACTOR

COMPARISON / WEST AFRICAN CASE

STUDY

ENVIROMENTAL IMPACT & CONSEQUENCES

PREVENTIVE & RESPONSE TECHNIQUE

SUMMARY & RECOMMENDATIONS


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HISTORY OVERVIEW


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Torrey Canyon - England (March 1967)

A Liberian-registered tanker en route from the Persian Gulf was stranded by an

error in ship manoeuvring, releasing 93,000 tonnes of crude oil. Contaminated 300 kilometres of both England and France.

HISTORY OVERVIEW


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Amoco Cadiz - France (1978)

A Liberian-registered tanker en route to

England grounded on a reef off the coast of

Brittany (France) and releasing 260,000

tonnes of crude oil. Contaminated 400 km

of coast. Took six months to collect and dispose of the drifting

oil.

HISTORY OVERVIEW


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Sea Empress - Wales (February 15, 1996)

The single-hulled Liberian oil tanker ran aground on

St. Ann’s Head at the mouth of Milford Haven

estuary, Wales, rupturing several tanks. It released

72,000 tonnes of light North Sea Crude.

HISTORY OVERVIEW


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Nestucca - United States (December 23, 1988)

New Carissa - United States,(February 3, 1999)

Kuroshima - United States (November 26, 1997)

CASE STUDY


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Exxon Valdez - United States (March 24, 1989)

CASE STUDY


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A US-flagged tanker en route to Long Beach California wrecked on Bligh Reef in Prince William Sound, Alaska due to

Captain error. Eight of the eleven tanks damaged, releasing 41,000

tonnes of Alaska Northslope Crude Oil. Contaminated 1,900 kilometers of

coast.

CASE STUDY

What went wrong?

Why is it a popular oil spill history?

Couldn’t that be avoided?


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WHAT WENT WRONG??? – POSSIBLE CAUSES


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The tanker was outside it’s normal shipping lanes in an attempt to avoid ice. The third mate failed to properly maneuver the

vessel, due to the ship being on autopilot. The master failed to provide navigation watch,

possibly due to the impairment of alcohol. Exxon Shipping Company failed to supervise

the master and provide a rested and sufficient crew for the Exxon -Valdez.

The U.S. Coast Guard failed to provide an effective vessel traffic system.

THE ACCIDENT!!!

The Accident and environmental impacts…..

Within six hours of the grounding, approximately 10.9 million gallons spilled into the ocean of its 53 million gallon cargo.

Three days after the spill, much of the oil was converted by wind-driven mixing of the oil and sea water into an emulsion (mousse)

The largest ecological damages and mortalities of marine animals in history.


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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS


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IMPACTS


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ROOT CAUSES & ESCALATION FACTORS

ABSENCE of contingency plan

1. Lack of emergency preparedness

2. Inaccessibility to affected shores due to shallow reef and island barriers

3. Coastal Inventory and Shoreline Oil Sensitivity Mapping


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ROOT CAUSES & ESCALATION FACTORS

POOR clean-up and recovery responses

1. Oil containment and recovery equipments were not available to boats and crews

2. Equipment wasn't ready for booming or skimming.

3. Exxon was concerned about offloading the remaining oil from the ship.


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WEST AFRICAN PERSPECTIVES


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MAJOR CAUSES IN WESTAFRICA

1. INTENTIONAL ACTS

Oil bunkering

Sabotage(pirate attacks on vessels, tanker storage and pipeline

vandalization, etc)

Demolition and reconstruction of oil wells, storage and transport facilities.


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INTENTIONAL ACTS


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MAJOR CAUSES CONT’D

2. ACTS OR ACCIDENT

1. Accidental spill or release due to:

2. Human errors during exploration, construction, storage, transportation and

handling/use.

3. Collision of tankers/vessels during transport.

4. Effluent and wastes from refineries

5. Corrosion and equipment failures(First to major cause)


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CASE STUDY 1 - GHANA

Ahanta West Coast, Ghana(November 3, 2011)


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• Oil was spotted on the coast by local fishermen

• No clear indication of the spill

source/cause

• Alarm was raised but no spill response or contingency in place.

The local community • had to clean-up the spill by

themselves Ahanta Coastline

CASE STUDY 2 - NIGERIA

Nigeria is the largest producer and exporter of oil in West Africa and the sixth largest in the

world(2.8 million barrel per day)

Niger delta 1980 oil spill with a total of over 54,000 tons which destroyed 340 hectares of

mangroves.

Intentional vandalization, community/militant group unrest, oil bunkering.


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CASE STUDY 2-NIGERIA CONT’D


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A: Environmental Degradation B: Soil/Water Pollution C: Environmental Health and Safety

WAY FORWARD>>>>>

URGENT REVIEW OF OIL SPILL MANAGEMENT

TECHNIQUES


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OIL SPILL MANAGEMENT CHART


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MANAGEMENT APPROACH

1. EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS

2. CLEAN-UP & RECOVERY

MEASURES


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EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS


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MANAGEMENT APPROACH ...1

OIL SPILL EMERGENCY PREP.

This forms the main framework of the contingency plan & include all efforts

used to ensure that:

1. Oil spill does not occur at all.

2. Fate of oil spill is totally controlled and environmental impacts do not arise.

3. Rapid response strategy and control measures.


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STEPS/ELEMENTS OF THE PREPAREDNESS

Risk Management processes

Environmental Sensitivity Mapping(ESM)

Well-organized management system

1. Management/Staff responsibilities

2. Spill response strategy and shoreline clean-up

3. Spill quantity and equipment type


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RISK ASSESMENT


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RISK MANAGEMENT PROCESS


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What might go wrong? (Sometimes called a risk scenario) What are the most likely locations

for events leading to spills? How often will it happen? (The likelihood or frequency) What are the consequences? Can’t we prevent oil spill?

RISK MANAGEMENT CONT’D

>> Hazard >>Location >>Event >>Fate of Spill


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Hazard Location Event Fate of Spilled Oil

High Pressured Pipeline

Along the spur lines

Catastrophic Explosion

Permeable Soil

Leaking Vessel lines

Along the discharge zone

Rupture Water Course (Stream, River, Dam etc)

Oil Spill Risk Assessment Table

RISK MANAGEMENT CONT’D


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RISK CONTROL

A. Blowout preventers B. Ultra infrared oil spill sensor C. High pressure sensor/alarm

A

B C

ENVIRONMENTAL

SENSITIVITY MAP


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Coastal Inventory & Shoreline Oil Sensitivity Mapping


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Red = High Oil Sensitivity

Developed by NOAA and Extensively applied by the British

Columbia after the Exxon Valdez oil spill disaster

GIS tools e.g GPS unit is used to

develop Cartographic /digital maps containing Geospatial information

on the location, Nature and sensitivity variations of spills

Portable GPS

Technically, Sensitivity Map is regarded as the most Effective and environmentally Sound method of

spill Contingency plan

SENSITIVITY MAP


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MANAGEMENT APPROACH …2

CLEAN-UP & RECOVERY MEASURES


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METHODS FOR CLEAN-UP & RECOVERY

1. Oil Spill Dispersal and Recovery Methods

2. Oil Spill Treatment Methods


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Land and Water interface

Booms, Burning, Dispersants, Skimmers & Absorbent Kits


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Spill Kits

OFFSHORE SKIMMERS

Onshore skimmers

Boom

Chemical dispersant Burning method

http://www.erosionpollution.com/estimate_request.html



WATER ENVIRONMENT

Suitable techniques for spill in mostly made up

of absorbent and dispersant medium


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BOOM: Used as a barrier, deflector, absorbent and corral for collected oil.

SKIMERS: Oil floats on

surface of water & skimmers

are designed to take oil off top

of water, separate it from most

of water that is also collected

and hold it in a storage tank.

OFFSHORE(BEACH INTERFACE)

Bioremediation, Chemical Cleaning, Hot Water and High Pressure, Manual Treatment, Mechanical Treatment


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High Pressure Steam

Bioremediation

Manual Handling

HIGH PRESSURE STEAM TECHNIQUE

Hot water from nozzles at high

pressure to blast off and dissolve the

oil into the water where it can be

skimmed off.

It’s extremely harsh on the Beaches

and the surrounding ecosystem.


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CHEMICAL CLEANER TECHNIQUE

Very effective in all weathered and

emulsified oil in either fresh or salt water.

Unfortunately, it has toxic environmental impacts.

EXAMPLE: Corexit 9580A


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BIOREMEDIATION TECHNIQUE

Application of oil-degrading nutrients/bacteria e.g Psuedomonas aeruginosa to increase the number of oil-eating microbes.

Bio-augmentation and Bio-stimulation(2 types)


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MANUAL TREATMENT METHOD


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Use of rakes, shovels or absorbent to clean up oily pool, sediments or debris. Use in beach/marine where surface Oiling is light.

MECHANICAL TREATMENT METHOD


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Tractors, backhoes, front-end loaders

and other machines are used to remove oil from the beach.

Both methods started

fading out since 1990.

RECOMENDATIONS


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MANAGEMENT PERSPECTIVES:

1. Need for a well-defined contingency plan, effective communication and back-up documentations.

2. Implement all the safety procedures as applied to oil spill response management

3. Mobilize oil spill responders and provide effective response strategy/equipments.

4. Provide appropriate training to staff/responders at all level.

5. Effective Coordination and monitoring of all the KPIs

6. Liaising with relevant regulatory bodies e.g EPA, GMA, NOSDRA, NIMASA, DPR, FOSC, ERD


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RESPONDER PERSPECTIVE

1. Follow laid down response techniques & safety procedures not negating common sense where it’s required.

2. Strict compliance & adherence to environmental laws.

3. Clear understanding and knowledge of the chemical spill, equipments and response strategy.

4. Good knowledge of the incident location including information on current socio-political/trans-boundary issues.


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THANK YOU


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QUESTIONS


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