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ETHIOPIA Animal Health Yearbook (2009/10)

Ministry of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Regulatory Directorate

Animal and Plant Health Regulatory Directorate

YEARBOOK 2009/10

ETHIOPIAN ANIMAL HEALTH

PAGE ii

October 2010

ETHIOPIA Animal Health Yearbook (2009/10)

October 2010

Ministry of Agriculture




YEARBOOK 2009/10 PAGE iii

Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Ministry of Agriculture (MoA) Animal and Plant Health Regulatory Directorate (APHRD) October 2010 Addis Ababa, ETHIOPIA Editors Dr. Nega Tewolde Dr. Hailemariam Lemecha Reviewers (listed as they were received) Dr. Berhe G/ Egziabher Dr. Wondwosen Asfaw Dr. Mesfin Sahle Dr. Zelalem Tadesse Dr. Melaku Assefa Dr. Martha Yami Dr. Assegid Shiferaw Professor Getachew Abebe

The Yearbook was prepared through financial assistance from the OFDA funded OSRO/ETH/906/USA project of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.


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Table of Contents Page

LIST OF TABLES...................................................................................................................................................V LIST OF FIGURES................................................................................................................................................VI ACRONYMS......................................................................................................................................................VII FOREWORD .......................................................................................................................................................IX EXECUTIVE SUMMARY....................................................................................................................................... 1 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................. 3 2. ANIMAL HEALTH POLICIES ............................................................................................................................ 5 3. VETERINARY EPIDEMIOLOGY, DISEASE PREVENTION, CONTROL AND ERADICATION............................ 6

3.1. LIVESTOCK DISEASES SURVEILLANCE .....................................................................................................................................6 3.1.1. Active surveillance.................................................................................................................................................7 3.1.2. Passive surveillance............................................................................................................................................ 11

3.2. DISEASE PREVENTION, CONTROL AND ERADICATION ......................................................................................................... 16 3.3. EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS AND RESPONSE PLANS........................................................................................................... 21

3.3.1. Rinderpest............................................................................................................................................................ 21 3.3.2. Rift Valley fever ................................................................................................................................................. 22 3.3.3. Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza.................................................................................................................. 22 3.3.4. Emergency fund proposal (for all TADs) ........................................................................................................ 23

3.4. CONTROL OF VETERINARY DRUGS, BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTS AND ANIMAL FEED.................................................................. 24 4. INSPECTION AND QUARANTINE SERVICES ................................................................................................ 26

4.1. MEAT INSPECTION IN EXPORT ABATTOIRS.......................................................................................................................... 26 4.1.1. Ante-mortem inspection ..................................................................................................................................... 26 4.1.2. Post-mortem inspection ...................................................................................................................................... 28

4.2. HACCP ACCREDITATION ................................................................................................................................................. 30 4.3. ABATTOIR HYGIENE AND SANITATION AND MANAGEMENT PRACTICES IN FEEDLOTS............................................................ 32 4.4. QUARANTINE SERVICES .................................................................................................................................................... 32

4.4.1. Quarantine and inspection ............................................................................................................................... 33 4.4.2. Establishment of quarantine facilities.............................................................................................................. 33

5. INTERNATIONAL TRADE OF LIVESTOCK AND LIVESTOCK PRODUCTS ..................................................... 35 5.1. SPS CERTIFICATION SYSTEM FOR ETHIOPIA ....................................................................................................................... 35 5.2. DEVELOPMENT OF SOPS AND GUIDELINES ....................................................................................................................... 36 5.3. PERFORMANCE OF VETERINARY SERVICES (OIE PVS TOOL)............................................................................................. 36 5.4. EXPORT OF LIVE ANIMALS AND MEAT ................................................................................................................................ 37

6. ANIMAL HEALTH INSTITUTIONS AND PROJECTS ....................................................................................... 39 6.1. INSTITUTIONS ................................................................................................................................................................... 39

6.1.1. National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center (NAHDIC).................................................. 39 6.1.2. The National Veterinary Institute (NVI) .......................................................................................................... 40 6.1.3. Regional veterinary laboratories .................................................................................................................... 41 6.1.4. National Tsetse and Trypanosomosis Investigation and Control Center................................................... 42

6.2. PROJECTS ........................................................................................................................................................................ 43 6.2.1. SPINAP ................................................................................................................................................................. 43 6.2.2. SERECU II.............................................................................................................................................................. 43 6.2.3. SPS-LMM.............................................................................................................................................................. 44 6.2.4. Pastoral Livelihood Initiative (PLI).................................................................................................................... 44 6.2.5. Southern Tsetse Eradication Project (STEP) .................................................................................................... 45

6.3. LIVESTOCK WORKING GROUP.......................................................................................................................................... 45 7. VETERINARY EDUCATION IN ETHIOPIA...................................................................................................... 46

7.1. UNDER GRADUATE TRAININGS .......................................................................................................................................... 47 7.2. POSTGRADUATE TRAININGS ............................................................................................................................................. 47 7.3. TRAINING/WORKSHOPS.................................................................................................................................................. 48

7.3.1. Abroad................................................................................................................................................................. 48 7.3.2. Domestic ............................................................................................................................................................... 48

8. ANIMAL HEALTH RESEARCH ....................................................................................................................... 51 9. MISCELLANEOUS.......................................................................................................................................... 52

9.1. ETHIOPIA ELECTED AS PRESIDENT OF OIE AFRICA COMMISSION....................................................................................... 52 9.2. ANIMAL HEALTH PERSONNEL............................................................................................................................................. 52

REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................................................... 54



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List of Tables Page

Table 1: Samples collected and tested for RVF in 2009/10 7 Table 2: Samples collected and tested for FMD in 2009/10 8 Table 3: Samples collected and tested for PPR in 2009/10 9 Table 4: Disease outbreaks investigated for HAPI (2009/10) 10 Table 5: Samples collected and tested for Brucellosis in 2009/10 10 Table 6: Number of Woreda reports received and reporting rates 12 Table 7: Summary of livestock disease reports (2007/08) 12 Table 8: Summary of livestock disease reports (2008/09) 13 Table 9: Summary of livestock disease reports (2009/10) 13 Table 10: Number of reporting formats, envelops and stamps distributed to Regions 16 Table 11: No of animal health personnel trained on disease reporting 16 Table 12: Veterinary vaccine production (in ‘000 doses) at the NVI 2007/08-2009/10 17 Table 13: Vaccine distribution per Region in ‘000 doses (2007/08) 18 Table 14: Vaccine distribution per Region in ‘000 doses (2008/09) 18 Table 15: Vaccine distribution per Region in ‘000 doses (2009/10) 19 Table 16: Doses of vaccines exported in 2009/10 (in ‘000) 20 Table 17: Total number of animals inspected, passed and rejected in export abattoirs (2009/10) 26 Table 18: Number of animals inspected, passed and rejected by export abattoir (2009/10) 27 Table 19: Number of carcass inspected, passed and rejected in export abattoirs 2009/10 28 Table 20: Post-mortem inspection results of export abattoirs (2009/10) 29 Table 21: No of export animals inspected and processed at quarantine stations 33 Table 22: Veterinary faculty student number at different universities in 2008/09 47 Table 23: Workshops/training programs over the last two years (2009/10) 48 Table 24: No of animal of public animal health personnel: Disease prevention, control and eradication 52 Table 25: No of animal of public animal health personnel: Veterinary public health 53 Table 26: No of animal of public animal health personnel: Veterinary laboratories/centers 53 Table 27: No of animal of private animal health personnel 53


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List of Figures Page

Fig 1: Average annual reporting rate, % (2007/8 – 2009/10) 14 Fig 2: Consultative workshop on disease surveillance and reporting strategy 15 Fig 3: Price (Birr) of vaccine and saline water per dose/unit in domestic markets (2009/10) 19 Fig 4: OIE certificate provided to Ethiopia to certify rinderpest free status 21 Fig 5: Emergency preparedness and response plans 24 Fig 6: Number of animals rejected in export abattoirs by causes (2009/10) 26 Fig 7: Rejection rate of animals by abattoir (2009/10) 28 Fig 8: No. of rejections by carcass and offal in export abattoirs (2009/10) 29 Fig 9: Percent of liver (pie chart) and carcass (bar chart) rejections by export abattoir (2009/10) 30 Fig 10: Export abattoir with sample weekly HACCP data 31 Fig 11: Location of approved border inspection posts 32 Fig 12: Schematic diagram of the quarantine facilities at Mille and Haroressa areas 34 Fig 13: Picture of rehabilitated feedlots at Wonji area 34 Fig 14: Ethiopian SPS certification system for live animals and meat 35 Fig 15: SOPs and guidelines 36 Fig 16: Live animal export by number and value (‘000 USD) 38 Fig 17: Meat export by volume (ton) and value (‘000 USD) 38 Fig 18: NAHDIC and the inauguration ceremony of the Bio-safety Level III laboratory (BSL III)

systems for HPAI built by FAO/USAID/DFID 39

Fig 19: NVI with ISO 9001-2008 certificate 41 Fig 20: Distribution Regional Veterinary Laboratories in Ethiopia 42 Fig 21: Post graduate building at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine at Debre Zeit 47 Fig 22: Training workshop on sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) and science-based risk assessments

methodologies 49

Fig 23: Current composition of the Bureau of the OIE Regional Commission 52



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Acronyms AHI Avian Human Influenza AI Avian Influenza AIDS Acquired Immuno-deficiency Syndrome Alive African Livestock APHRD Animal and Plant Health Regulatory Directorate AU African Union BoAs Bureaus of Agriculture BSL Bio-safety Level CAHWs Community Animal Health Workers CBPP Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia CCPP Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia CEMAC Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa COMESA Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa CSA Central Statistical Authority CVO Chief Veterinary Officer DACA Drug Administration and Control Authority DFID Department for International Development DVM Doctor of Veterinary Medicine EARO Ethiopian Agricultural Research Organization EAVA Ethiopian Assistant Veterinary Association ECCAS Economic Community of Central African States ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States ELISA Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ELTA Ethiopian Livestock Traders Association EMDTI Ethiopian Meat and Dairy Technology Institute EPRP Emergency Preparedness and Response Plan ETB Ethiopian Birr EU European Union EVA Ethiopian Veterinary Association FAO Food and Agriculture Organization FDRE Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia FLDP Fourth Livestock Development Project FMD Foot and Mouth Disease GDPs Gross Domestic Products GOE Government of Ethiopia GREP Global Rinderpest Eradication Program GTP Growth and Transformation Program GTZ German Technical Cooperation HACCP Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points HELMEX Hashim Ethiopia Livestock and Meat Export HPAI Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency IBAR Inter-African Bureau for Animal Resources IBD Infectious Bursal Disease IGAD Intergovernmental Authority on Development ISO International Standard Organization Km Kilometer KSA Kingdom of Saudi Arabia LABNET Laboratory Network LDMP Livestock Development Master Plan MENA Middle East and North Africa MoA Ministry of Agriculture MoH Ministry of Health MoTI Ministry of Trade and Industry MoU Memorandum of Understanding MT Metric Ton NAHDIC National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center NCD Newcastle Disease NLDP National Livestock Development Project NTTICC National Tsetse and Trypanosomosis Investigation and Control Center NVI National Veterinary Institute


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OFDA Office of U.S. Foreign Disaster Assistance OIE International Organization for Animal Health OSRO Office for Special Relief Operations PA Peasant Association PACE Pan African Control of Epizootics PANVAC Pan African Vaccine Centre PARC Pan African Rinderpest Campaign PhD Doctor of Philosophy PLI Pastoral Livelihood Initiative PPR Peste des petits ruminants PVS Performance of Veterinary Services QMS Quality Management System RP Rinderpest RS Regional State RVF Rift Valley fever SADC Southern African Development Community SAT Southern Africa Territories SERECU Somali Ecosystem Rinderpest Eradication Coordination Unit SIT Sterile insect Technique SNNP Southern Nations and Nationalities and Peoples SOPs Standard Operating Procedures SPINAP Support Program to Integrated National Action Plans SPS-LMM Sanitary and Phytosanitary Standards and Livestock and Meat Marketing STEP Southern Tsetse Eradication Project TADs Trans-boundary Animal Diseases TAES Texas Agricultural Experiment Station ToT Training of Trainer UAE United Arab Emirates USA United States of America USAID United States Agency for International Development USD United States Dollar VACNADA Vaccines for the Control of Neglected Animal Diseases in Africa WB World Bank WHO World Health Organization WTO-SPS World Trade Organization-Sanitary and Phytosanitary



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Foreword

AM proud to present to you the first Ethiopian

Animal Health Yearbook 2009/10. As an official

resource on the work of the Animal and Plant Health Regulatory Directorate (APHRD), this publication is expected to provide a comprehensive account of the progress we have made during the last three years. I believe that this publication has tried to capture the most important achievements in areas of animal health and food safety. In this edition of the Ethiopian Animal Health Yearbook, not only do we offer the scope of APHRD’s activities but also success stories brought about by intensive efforts of all animal health professionals, sub-professionals and stakeholders both at local and international levels. During the last three years, key areas of success include the country’s freedom from rinderpest which has been achieved after many decades of concerted efforts and millions of dollars in investments. The country is now certified by the OIE as free from rinderpest as of May 2008. The transfer of the administration and control of veterinary drugs and biological products from the Ministry of Health to the Ministry of Agriculture is also another historical achievement for the country’s animal health services. Although DACA has made significant progresses in setting standards at national level, the GOE believed that the necessary structures and staffing needed to manage and regulate veterinary drugs and biological products lie within MoA. Therefore, the administration and control of veterinary drugs and biological products was decided to move from DACA to MoA in order to ensure and regulate the distribution and use of veterinary drugs and biological products at grass root levels.

Having a single agency may offer opportunities for rationalizing certain issues such as common administration, avoidance of duplication of efforts, etc. However, these advantages can also be achieved under separate ministries through good co-operation and collaboration between MoA and MoH. Apart from this, APHRD has laid down a cornerstone for revitalizing the country’s animal health services by revising old laws and regulations and preparing new ones. The Directorate has developed a total of four Proclamations and six subsidiary Regulations. While the Proclamations are at the Council of Ministers, the Regulations were just finalized and will be sent to the Council as soon as possible. On the eve of our country’s Growth and Transformation Program (GTP), the content of this edition of the Ethiopian Animal Health Yearbook, therefore, takes on even greater significance. It is an account of the journey we have traveled and successes we have achieved over the past years of development. In this sense, it is both a beacon of hope, a witness of the change we have created together, as much as it is a barometer that reminds us that much more remains to be done. Finally, I would like to extend my sincere gratitude to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations for providing financial assistance to prepare and print this yearbook. I would like also to thank SPS-LMM and FAO for all their technical and financial assistances for APHRD to discharge its duties and responsibilities. With regards Berhe G/ Egziabher, DVM, MVSc, PhD Director, APHRD October 2010

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Executive Summary

THIOPIAN livestock population has reached about 52 million cattle, 33 million sheep, 30 million goats and 2.5 million camels and it is the largest in Africa. The livestock sub-sector contributes an estimated 12% the total and over 45% to

the agricultural GDPs. However, the benefits derived from livestock are far below the existing potential. While a number of factors are attributable to the problem, livestock diseases remain as the most important constraints to the development of the sub-sector. This is because livestock diseases are distributed across all agro-ecological zones of the country. To curb the problem, APHRD, NAHDIC, NVI, Regional animal health services, Regional veterinary laboratories and NTTICC are carrying out livestock disease surveillance, prevention, control and eradication activities. Ethiopia is recognized by the OIE as free from rinderpest as of May 2008. But there are also other diseases which still affect subsistence farming and the country’s international trade of livestock and livestock products. Maintaining rinderpest free status and safeguarding the country from emerging livestock diseases requires vigilance and un-relented effort to strengthen disease surveillance, prevention and control programs. For this purpose, APHRD has developed emergency plans for diseases such as rinderpest, RVF and HPAI. Preparations are also underway to develop national disease control strategies for other diseases which are endemic in Ethiopia. In 2009/10, NAHDIC in collaboration with Regional veterinary laboratories has collected a total of 14,328 serum samples for Rift Valley fever, Foot and Mouth Disease, Peste des Petits Ruminants and Brucellosis. The overall prevalence of the diseases was 0%, 11%, 57% and 0.4%, respectively. It has also investigated disease outbreaks in poultry and wild birds and has ruled out HPAI as a possible cause of the outbreaks. At national level, disease outbreak reporting rate is still below the minimum requirement of the OIE for expanding international trade for livestock and livestock products. To curb the problem, APHRD has prepared a national strategy and also signed MoU with all Regions to improve disease surveillance and reporting. In order to strengthen livestock disease surveillance, prevention, control and eradication efforts and ensure food safety, APHRD has prepared a total of four proclamations and six subsidiary laws. One of the success stories in 2009/10 includes the transfer of the control and administration of veterinary drugs and biological products from DACA to MoA. As regards to export trade of livestock and livestock products, APHRD has developed a certification system based on the concepts of “Compartmentalization” and “Commodity Based Trade”. In addition, the Ethiopian Government is building two standard quarantine stations in strategic locations closer to the sea ports of Djibouti and Berbera. APHRD is also introducing HACCP systems in two model export

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abattoirs, namely, Mojo Modern and Luna. The two export abattoirs are expected to be accredited for HACCP at international levels. In March 2008, APHRD has carried out self assessment of the country’s animal health services based on the OIE PVS tool. Based on this, the Directorate has identified its gaps and prepared a five year strategic and performance plan. Preparations are also underway to have similar PVS evaluations of the country’s veterinary services by experts from the OIE in March 2011. In 2009/10, the live animal export, both in number and value, was the highest during the last five years. Similarly, meat export trade of the country has reached record levels in 2009/10.




1 Introduction

HE economy of Ethiopia is based on agricultural sector which contributes 40-50% of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), over 90% of the foreign exchange earnings and about 85-90% of the employment opportunities in the

country (USDS, 2010). The majority of agricultural output is generated from crop and livestock integrated production systems. The livestock sub-sector alone contributes 12% the total and over 45% of the agricultural GDPs (NBE, 2008). Over 85%

and 90% of the farm and pastoral incomes, respectively, are generated by or from livestock (LDMP, 2003). Ethiopian livestock population has reached about 52 million cattle, 33 million sheep, 30 million goats and 2.5 million camels (CSA, 2009) and it is the largest in Africa. Inadequate feed supply, high prevalence of animal diseases, poor animal genetic resources and poor marketing are the main bottlenecks for the development of the sub-sector. Nevertheless, animal diseases remain as one of the most important constraints to livestock development since they are distributed across all agro-ecological zones of the country. Some trade limiting diseases occur in Ethiopia. These diseases are disrupting subsistence farming and also hampering the export of animal and animal products. Ethiopia is officially declared free from rinderpest by the International Animal Health Organization (OIE) as of May 2008. Ethiopian Veterinary Service is organized as Federal (Animal and Plant Health Regulatory Directorate/APHRD) of MoA and Regional services. APHRD has two sections, Epidemiology and Disease Control; and Quarantine, Inspection and Public Health. Recently, the task of controlling and administering veterinary drugs and biological products is transferred from MoH to MoA and APHRD will most probably have a veterinary products control body which will also be responsible for registering animal feed. The Regional Veterinary Services, which are under Bureaus of Agriculture, are organized as field and laboratory services. The National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Centre (NAHDIC) is currently under MoA with a mandate primarily for national diagnostic and referral laboratory services. Development of the Federal Veterinary Service from a Team to a level of APHRD and transfer of NAHDIC to MoA are seen as major steps forward for strengthening the country’s animal health services. The National Veterinary Institute (NVI) produces and supplies most of the vaccines needed in the country as well as an occasional surplus for export. The NVI is managed as a government enterprise and operates on a cost-recovery basis.

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Legislation for livestock disease control is based mainly on the Animal Diseases Prevention and Control Proclamation of 2002. Detailed regulations, that will allow application of the law, are being developed. To continue meeting the changing needs of farmers, pastoralists, private operators importing countries and other stakeholders, Ethiopian Veterinary Service is exerting all the required efforts to continually enhance its surveillance, disease detection and reporting and emergency management systems to prevent, control and/or eradicate TADs.




2 Animal Health Policies

THIOPIA has outdated laws and regulations with regard to animal health and food safety. Disease such as peste des petits ruminants (PPR), Marek's disease, Gumboro and Maedi-visna were exotic to the country until some 15

years ago. The introduction and spread of these diseases in the country demonstrates the need for additional and updated regulations that can safeguard the country's livestock resources from exotic diseases. Ethiopian legislations are also required to be harmonized with international standards and consider current levels of advancement in disease prevention, control and eradication. Harmonization of laws and regulations will assist to enhance the country’s negotiation power and minimize barriers to trade. In general, availability of up to date and enforceable legislation is a major requirement by trading partners in making import decisions. In order to promote export of animals and animal products, APHRD will exert all possible efforts so that Ethiopian animal health laws and regulations are updated and enacted. The Ethiopian Government promulgated a proclamation to Provide for the Prevention and Control of Animal Diseases No 267/2002 in January 2002. However, the supporting regulations are still not enacted and it was not possible for APHRD to enforce the proclamation as planned. In 2008/09, APHRD has developed the following proclamations.

• Meat Hygiene Proclamation, • Livestock and Livestock Products Import and Export Control Proclamation, • Proclamation for the Establishment of Veterinary Council, • Veterinary Drugs, Biological Products and Animal Feed Administration and

Control Proclamation. The above proclamations are awaiting endorsement by the Parliament. In addition, a total of six regulations have been prepared by APHRD in 2009/10. These include:

• Regulation for Registering Veterinary Drugs, Biological Products and Animal Feed.

• Regulation for Prevention and Control of Animal Diseases. • Meat Hygiene and Safety Regulation. • Animal Movement and Traceability Regulation. • Livestock and Livestock Products Import and Export Control Regulation • Regulation for the Establishment of Veterinary Council in Ethiopia.

From August 24-27, 2010, a consultative workshop was organized by APHRD in Adama town to review the above draft regulations prepared by consultants. During the workshop, participants critically reviewed and enriched the regulations. A total of 108 participants, from Regional animal health services and veterinary laboratories, faculties, export abattoirs, quarantine station inspectors, NAHDIC, NVI, etc, attended the workshop.

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3 Veterinary Epidemiology, Disease Prevention, Control and Eradication

3.1. Livestock diseases surveillance

KEY objective of the livestock disease surveillance is to increase the likelihood of early detection of important changes in livestock health. Any major disease occurrence, such as RVF outbreak that

had occurred in Northern Kenya in 1997/8 and 2006/7 (Christopher W. Woods, et al., 2002; Peninah Munyua, et al., 2010) can have a major impact on international

trade of live animals and meat in Ethiopia. The possibility of the incursion of exotic diseases, the emergence of a new disease, or changes in known disease status are all risks which the country’s surveillance system seeks to investigate and mitigate. Some of the use of data generated from livestock disease surveillance programs include:-

• assessing the need for, or progress of, disease control/eradication programs at PA, Woreda, Regional and national levels e.g. data were key for the successes of the then rinderpest eradication programs;

• national and international reporting requirements e.g. reporting obligations of the country to the OIE;

• developing and monitoring national animal health programs and projects e.g. contributed greatly to the successes of PARC, PACE and NLDP and development of the VACNADA/Ethiopia project, etc;

• developing and managing quarantine policy; • generation of inputs for informed decision-making to design disease control

programs (by knowing the spatial and temporal distribution of diseases); • facilitating export trade in animals and animal products.

As regards to the last point, the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) underlines that animal disease surveillance data is of fundamental importance for countries wishing to engage in international livestock and livestock products trade. Accordingly, APHRD inspectors are routinely asked by importing countries to certify an animal or group of animals as free from certain diseases. Some importing countries prescribe tests that must be conducted on all animals in the group. In this case, certification may be straight forward as all animals are tested. For some diseases, there are still no reliable diagnostic tests. Considering availability, speed and cost of laboratory tests, inspectors often certify animals and animal products based on personal judgments and the disease status along the origin of the animals during a specific period of time. The later approach is very much dependent on surveillance data of source areas as it provides information indicating if outbreaks of a disease(s) are occurring in zones from which animals are being exported.

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3.1.1. Active surveillance In 2009/10, NAHDIC in collaboration with Regional veterinary laboratories has collected a total of 14,328 serum samples for RVF, Foot and Mouth Disease, Peste des Petits Ruminants and Brucellosis. a. Rift Valley fever Rift Valley fever is one of the most important diseases that affect the export of live animals and meat to prime markets in the Middle East countries. Since 1997/98, Ethiopia has faced a total of three bans as a result of epidemic situations of the diseases in Kenya and Somalia. Although clinical cases of the disease have never been reported in Ethiopia, its geographical proximity to RVF endemic countries like Kenya, Sudan and Somalia, the nature of livestock movements across the international border and the ease with which infected mosquitoes can be moved longer distances by the help of wind can lead to the conclusion that Ethiopia will always be vulnerable to clinical RVF during the epizootic periods of the disease in East Africa. The major parts of Ethiopian highlands do not favor vector survival and multiplication but the lowlands are seasonally flooded as a result of heavy rain in the highlands. These areas also border infected areas in neighboring countries. In line with this, Ethiopia had prepared RVF contingency and response plan in June 2008. The plan provides due consideration to the provisions in the OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Code for Rift Valley fever. The plan contains details of the resources needed in terms of personnel, equipment and other facilities that are required to tackle emergencies as a result of RVF as well as action plans for efficient and rapid deployment of both human and material resources for effective containment of the disease and elimination of infection. Based on the plan, NAHDIC and Regional veterinary laboratories are conducting annual surveillance programs against the disease in high risk areas of the country. This is intensively carried out when, particularly, climatic forecasts indicate a possible multiplication and propagation of mosquitoes in the lowland parts of the country. In 2009/10, NAHDIC and Regional veterinary laboratories have collected a total of 2,833 serum samples from small ruminants and cattle (Table 1). Analysis of the samples indicated that there were no circulating RVF viral antigens in these areas.

Table 1: Samples collected and tested for RVF in 2009/10

Lab results S/n

Region

Species

No. of Sample Pos Neg

Remarks

1 Afar Ovine and Caprine 316 0 316 2 Gambella Ovine and Caprine 16 0 16 3 Oromia Ovine and Caprine 953 0 953 4 SNNP Ovine and Caprine 117 0 117 5 Somali Bovine 647 0 647 6 Somali & Oromia Ovine and Caprine 784 0 784

All animals tested for IGM

Total 2,833 0 2,833 NB: When interpreting results, please keep in mind that sample sizes are not representative. Pos = Positive; Neg = Negative; IGM = Immunoglobulin M


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b. Foot and mouth disease FMD is a complex disease and is widely distributed across the country. Its impact is especially severe in exotic dairy cattle and draught oxen as the later may go lame and interfere with draught power. Continued development of the cross-bred and pure-bred exotic dairy industry and the country’s ever increasing international trade for livestock and livestock products are likely to be constrained in the absence of appropriate FMD control programs. To curb the impacts of FMD, APHRD has developed a national plan for progressive control of the disease on a short, medium and long-term basis. As part of the plan, a nation wide surveillance program was also carried out to determine the prevalence and geographic distribution of FMD serotypes. The surveillance program has identified five serotypes of the virus (Rufael, T., et al., 2010). The serotype O is dominating (75.5%) followed by A (62%), SAT-2 (18.2%), SAT-1 (10.8%) and C (6.8%). As a follow up, NAHDIC in collaboration with Regional veterinary laboratories has collected and tested a total of 5,227 serum samples for FMD in 2009/10. The overall sero-prevalence of the disease in the surveyed areas was 11% (Table 2).

Table 2: Samples collected and tested for FMD in 2009/10

Lab results S/n

Region

Species


P (%)

1 Afar Bovine 124 11 113 9 2 Gambella Bovine 1876 147 1729 8 3 Oromia Bovine 874 115 759 13 4 SNPP Bovine 5 4 1 80 5 Somali Bovine 2284 274 2010 12 6 Amhara Bovine 44 4 40 9 7 Benishangul Bovine 20 9 11 45

Total 5,227 564 4,663 11 NB: When interpreting results, please keep in mind that sample sizes are not representative. Pos = Positive; Neg = Negative; P = sero-prevalence;

c. Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) entered Ethiopia in 1989 in the southern Omo River valley. It moved eastward to Borana then northward along the Rift Valley and reached Awash in 1999. Between 1994 and 1996, it regained epizootic proportions and expanded northward into the central Afar Region and then eastward into the Ogaden. A survey conducted in 1997, at Debre Zeit abattoir, demonstrated high sero-prevalence rates of 85.7% in animals from the pastoral areas, 43.2% from sedentary farms and 32.9% from mixed farms. Strains of PPR virus that cause only sub-clinical disease have also been identified in several areas. In 2009/10, NAHDIC has received and tested 1,729 samples from suspected PPR outbreak areas collected by Regional veterinary laboratories. The test results revealed 57% sero-prevalence (Table 3). The high percentage of sero-prevalence for PPR may be due to annual vaccination by Regional animal health services to




prevent and control the spread of the disease. In addition, the samples were not representative.

Table 3: Samples collected and tested for PPR in 2009/10

Lab results S/n

Region

Species


P (%)

1 Afar Ovine and Caprine 254 219 35 86 2 Gambella Ovine and Caprine 700 272 428 39 3 Oromia Ovine and Caprine 349 249 100 71 4 SNNP Ovine and Caprine 144 92 52 64 5 Somali Ovine and Caprine 282 153 129 54

Total 1,729 985 744 57 NB: When interpreting results, please keep in mind that sample sizes are not representative. Pos = Positive; Neg = Negative; P = sero-prevalence

d. Avian Influenza Poultry populations are generally low in Ethiopia in comparison to situations in South-east Asia. However, the production systems have many similarities, which would create multiple opportunities for human exposure, should outbreaks of the disease occur in Ethiopia. Like in affected Asian countries, large numbers of households in the country keep backyard flocks, which often mingle freely with wild birds. Most of such flocks scavenge for food, often entering households or sharing outdoor areas which are frequented by adults and children. In general, poultry disease surveillance and general health monitoring systems are non-existent in Ethiopia. Nutrition of the poultry population is also poor and high mortality is common, which increases the likelihood that outbreaks of HPAI could be missed. Deaths of large numbers of poultry, whether because of HPAI or culling for control purposes, would deprive the populations of an important source of dietary protein. Apart from this, an outbreak of the disease will also cripple poultry marketing system in the country. To curb the risk, a number of projects have been operating in Ethiopia since 2005. These include FAO OSRO/ETH/601/MUL, HPAI Component of the SPS-LMM Program and AU-IBAR-SPINAP. These projects have carried out expensive surveillance programs along high risk areas of the country. In 2009/10, NAHDIC has investigated a total of about 15 disease outbreaks in poultry and wild birds and results are depicted in Table 4. Laboratory screening tests carried out by NAHDIC have ruled out HPAI as a possible cause for the reported poultry disease outbreaks in Ethiopia.


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Table 4:

Disease outbreaks investigated for HAPI (2009/10)

S/n Region Date Site Lab diagnosis 23/02/2010 Lafto Enterobacteriacea 08/06/2010 Legetafo Indicative of Marex + Staph

gallinarum and Salmonella

1 Addis Ababa

08/04/2010 Addis Ababa Airport Paramixovirus 3 isolated from transit Parrots

02/11/09 Dawro Zone Loma, Tocha, Konso, Sidama, Gedeo

Negative for AI cause of mortality unidentified

23/12/09 Kafa E. coli 29/03/10 Kafa Bonga Coccidiosis + Mycoplasmosis 12/04/10 Gurage, Cheha Salmonellosis

2 SNNP

Gumer PPMV1 3 Amhara 01/11/09 S. Wolo, Kombolcha Negative for AI

25/12/09 Liyu zone, Sebeta Coccidiosis 28/01/10 S.W.Shewa, Goro NDV 20/01/10 W. Arsi, Shalla (Flamingo) Negative for AI samples abroad 06/04/10 Oromiya Liyu, Sebeta Drug toxicity

4 Oromia

01/06/10 Ambo University Gumboro + Pseudomonas 24/12/09 Mekelle NDV 5 Tigray 03/05/10 Humera PPMV1

NB: PPMV1 = Pigeon paramixo virus 1; NDV = Newcastle disease virus; Staph = Staphylococcus; E. coli = Escherichia coli. e. Brucellosis A retrospective serological study of bovine brucellosis in different production systems in Ethiopia (Alem W/ Senbet and Solomon Gebre, 2000) revealed that the overall herd sero-prevalence rate of the disease was 38%, with significant differences between production systems, i.e. 3.0%, 34.7% and 0.3% in dairy farms, government ranches and small holders, respectively. The prevalence of brucellosis in small ruminants, caused by B. melitensis, is apparently low in Ethiopia. In 2009/10, NAHDIC in collaboration with Regional veterinary laboratories has collected a total of 4,539 cattle and small ruminant samples from various Regions of the country. All samples were tested for brucellosis and the over all sero-prevalence of the disease was 0.71% (Table 5).

Table 5: Samples collected and tested for Brucellosis in 2009/10

Lab results S/n

Region

Species

No. of Sample Pos Neg P (%)

Remarks

1 Addis Ababa Bovine 143 - 133 Caprine 64 - 64

2 Afar Ovine 577 - 577 Bovine 172 - 149

3 Amhara Caprine 18 - 14 Bovine 1,673 25 1,648 1.49 Caprine 19 - 19

4 Oromia Ovine 1,455 - 1,455

Bovine 15 - 15 5 SNNP Caprine 403 7 396 1.74

Total 4,539 32 4,507 0.71 NB: When interpreting results, please keep in mind that sample sizes are not representative. Pos = Positive; Neg = Negative; P = sero-prevalence;




3.1.2. Passive surveillance In Ethiopia, disease reporting activities date back as far as 1982 (PARC, 2000). However, improvements in animal disease information exchange were made since the establishment of the VEEU under FLDP in 1990 and Veterinary Epidemiology Units under PARC in 1995. The later project, particularly, introduced a system of general disease reporting mechanisms which is based on monthly Woreda reports. Passive surveillance of livestock diseases in the field is the responsibility of Regional animal health services, Regional veterinary laboratories and Woreda animal health personnel. Disease investigations are generally conducted in response to reports of health problems from livestock owners. Upon observing disease outbreaks in their herds, livestock owners report to the nearest extension agents, veterinary post and/or District (Woreda) Administration. Disease outbreak reports are then compiled, filled in standard reporting formats and communicated to Regional animal health services and Federal Veterinary Epidemilogy Unit by Woreda animal health personnel. Data from 2007/08 to 2009/10 were analysed to show trends in disease reporting. Although disease reporting rate was generally low for all previous and the years to follow, it was relatively high in 2007/08 (Table 6).


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Table 6:

Number of Woreda reports received and reporting rates

2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 Region

No of Woredas

No. of reports

Reporting rate (%)

No. of reports

Reporting rate (%)

No. of reports

Reporting rate (%)

Addis Ababa 10 0 0 0 0 6 5 Afar 30 26 7 37 10 12 3 Amhara 139 1,535 92 1,292 77 637 38 Ben. Gumuz 24 25 9 6 2 5 2 Dire Dawa 1 7 58 0 0 4 33 Gambella 11 0 0 1 1 13 10 Harari 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 Oromia 311 2,566 69 2,244 60 2,881 77 SNNP 139 460 28 329 20 215 13 Somali 51 20 3 12 2 55 9 Tigray 36 114 26 103 24 147 34 Total 754 4,753 53 4,024 44 3,975 44

NB: Reporting rate is the total number of monthly disease status reports received from a regional state during a year over the total number of Woredas in the regional state times 12

The following data (Table 7-9) show the number of disease outbreaks, number of disease outbreaks confirmed by laboratories, number of cases and deaths and epidemiological rates of livestock diseases. In general, 99.5% of disease outbreaks in the field are suspected cases and do not involve any laboratory diagnosis.

Table 7:

Summary of livestock disease reports (2007/08)

No.

Disease

Confirmed

Suspected

Total OB

New Cases

Deaths

PAR

Morb Rate

Mort Rate

1 HS 6 1,243 1,249 31,277 7,376 3,620,227 0.9% 0.2% 2 BQ 1 983 984 7,520 2,493 2,332,255 0.3% 0.1% 3 ANT 2 925 927 7781 3002 2,081,755 0.4% 0.1% 4 SGPX 7 667 674 50818 5005 3,696,979 1.4% 0.1% 5 LSD 5 357 362 10289 952 2,624,086 0.4% 0.0% 6 AHS 2 199 201 3255 817 323,743 1.0% 0.3% 7 PPR 2 188 190 14746 8940 2,108,918 0.7% 0.4% 8 RAB 1 46 47 228 126 39,173 0.6% 0.3% 9 FMD 1 44 45 2538 54 176064 1.4% 0.0% 10 NCD 1 44 45 12972 12264 160489 8.1% 7.6% 11 CBPP 2 52 54 7076 4108 346243 2.0% 1.2% 12 CCPP 1 37 38 8888 2068 650552 1.4% 0.3% 13 TRYP 0 8 8 266 45 23672 1.1% 0.2% 14 FCHO 0 11 11 153 12 217750 0.1% 0.0% 15 STRE 0 7 7 27 3 24239 0.1% 0.0% 16 BAB 0 3 3 605 229 32800 1.8% 0.7% 17 MCF 0 4 4 26 12 6086 0.4% 0.2% 18 FTYP 0 1 1 22 10 10000 0.2% 0.1% 19 CPOX 0 2 2 6 2 5000 0.1% 0.0%




Table 8:


No.

Disease

Confirmed

Suspected

Total OB

New Cases

Deaths

PAR

Morb Rate

Mort Rate

1 HS 0 904 904 20412 2976 2344541 0.9% 0.1% 2 BQ 0 780 780 9455 1401 1883951 0.5% 0.1% 3 ANT 0 801 801 44703 3170 1883647 2.4% 0.2% 4 SGPX 0 510 510 12919 1822 2055454 0.6% 0.1% 5 LSD 0 477 477 21206 1015 3001510 0.7% 0.0% 6 AHS 0 168 168 1059 545 277571 0.4% 0.2% 7 PPR 0 126 126 32919 3158 663113 5.0% 0.5% 8 RAB 0 73 73 585 388 88867 0.7% 0.4% 9 FMD 0 70 70 9396 121 887743 1.1% 0.0% 10 NCD 0 38 38 2987 620 89602 3.3% 0.7% 11 CBPP 0 31 31 2281 1030 205093 1.1% 0.5% 12 CCPP 0 23 23 7391 4546 186643 4.0% 2.4% 13 TRYP 0 5 5 103 21 4900 2.1% 0.4% 14 FCHO 0 10 10 248 2 343000 0.1% 0.0% 15 STRE 0 5 5 22 5 3703 0.6% 0.1% 16 BAB 0 2 2 1360 550 31000 4.4% 1.8% 17 ANA 0 1 1 8 3 2500 0.3% 0.1%

Table 9:


No.

Disease

Confirmed

Suspected

Total OB

New Cases

Deaths

PAR

Morb Rate

Mort Rate

1 HS 0 1104 1104 17096 3381 2952328 0.6% 0.1% 2 BQ 0 789 789 9435 1240 2429729 0.4% 0.1% 3 ANT 1 680 681 4523 1772 1761990 0.3% 0.1% 4 SGPX 1 388 389 6522 1008 2177741 0.3% 0.0% 5 LSD 0 276 276 9851 888 1777783 0.6% 0.0% 6 AHS 0 165 165 11717 494 348028 3.4% 0.1% 7 PPR 0 160 160 21516 1279 844398 2.5% 0.2% 8 RAB 0 59 59 325 222 82597 0.4% 0.3% 9 FMD 0 173 173 33651 169 1758953 1.9% 0.0% 10 NCD 0 90 90 3746 1565 313867 1.2% 0.5% 11 CBPP 0 43 43 1182 224 532169 0.2% 0.0% 12 CCPP 0 15 15 1902 546 91200 2.1% 0.6% 13 TRYP 0 1 1 115 15 2500 4.6% 0.6% 14 FCHO 0 17 17 1170 539 337218 0.3% 0.2% 15 STRE 0 3 3 6 2 1807 0.3% 0.1% 16 BAB 0 1 1 4 3 1200 0.3% 0.3% 17 MCF 0 2 2 19 12 6650 0.3% 0.2% 18 FTYP 0 1 1 35 26 3675 1.0% 0.7% 19 BRUC 0 2 2 4 0 3000 0.1% 0.0% 20 CE 0 2 2 80 12 7662 1.0% 0.2%

HS = Hemorrhagic septicemia; BQ = Black quarters; ANT = Anthrax; SGPX = Sheep and goat pox; LSD = Lumpy skin disease; AHS = African horse sickness; PPR = Peste des petits ruminants; RAB = Rabies; FMD = Foot and mouth disease; NCD = Newcastle disease; CBPP = Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia; CCPP = Contagious caprine pleuropneumonia; TRYP = Trypanosomosis; FCHO = Fowl cholera; STRE = Streptothricosis; BAB = Babesiosis; MCF = Malignat catarrhal fever; FTYP = Fowl typhoid; CPOX = Cow pox; BRUC = Brucelosis; CE = Contagious echthyma; ANA = Anaplasmosis; AI = Avian influenza; OB = Outbreak; PAR = Population at risk; Morb = Morbidity; Mort = Mortality.


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PAGE 14

Although there is a regular follow up of disease outbreaks at grass root levels, monthly livestock disease reporting is inconsistent with only 47% of Woredas sending reports each month (Fig 1). However, international standards require a national reporting rate of at least 80% i.e. each Woreda of the country is expected to send at least 10 quality reports per annum.

To curb the problem, APHRD has prepared a national strategy to improve disease surveillance and reporting at national level. The main objectives of the strategy are:

• To design a system for collecting monthly animal health information from Woreda animal health services, regional laboratories, and major city municipal and export abattoirs and

• To create linkages between field and laboratory services so that reported outbreaks are properly investigated and confirmed.

In March 16, 2010, a consultative workshop was organized by APHRD to discuss on the proposed strategy. The workshop gathered 45 public staff participants from Regional BoAs, Regional laboratories, NVI, NAHDIC, veterinary faculties, quarantine stations (Adama, Dire Dawa, etc) and export abattoirs. The following comments/enrichments were made to the proposed disease reporting strategy.

• Woredas to prepare the report in five copies for APHRD, Regional BoA, Zonal administartions, Regional laboratories and one copy to remain at each Woreda,

Fig 1: Average annual reporting rate, % (2007/8 – 2009/10)




• In July every year, Woredas, Regional laboratories, municipal and export abattoirs to be provided reporting forms, envelops and pre-paid stamps enough for a year,

• APHRD to consolidate monthly reports on national basis and send feedback reports to Regions; in turn Regions to send feedback reports to each Woreda,

• APHRD to look for incentive mechanisms for improving disease reporting rate at Regional and National levels,

• The strategy components to have detailed action plan with timing for implementation and follow up,

• APHRD to closely work together with Regional and Woreda municipal abattoirs to devise reporting mechanisms,

• Disease reporting to include poultry multiplication and livestock feeding and breeding centers,

• APHRD to consider organizing annual animal health forums, alternatively, at Regional and Federal levels,

• Each region to assign a responsible expert to coordinate disease reporting rate at Regional level,

• Regions to set up a mechanism for monitoring and evaluating disease reporting progress at least at 3 months interval,

• The strategy to includes CAHWs as reporting agents in remote pastoral areas of the country,

• Professional societies, EVA and EAVA, to play their roles in enhancing disease reporting rate at national level.

In addition, MoU was prepared by APHRD to be signed by nine Regions, two city administrations and APHRD. Its aim is to strengthen the existing smooth working relationship between APHRD and the Regions in TADs surveillance, reporting and emergency responses. The MoU was discussed and agreed during the consultative workshop organized by APHRD in March 16, 2010. Accordingly, all Regions have signed the MoU and has become effective strating from the date of signiture. Apart from this, APHRD routinely prints and distributes reporting formats with envelops and pre-paid stamps, in order for disease outbreak reports not to incur additional costs to Woredas. With the exception of Harari, all Regions have collected formats enough for three or more years (Table 10).


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Table 10:

Number of reporting formats, envelops and stamps distributed to Regions

Repotting format Envelop Stamp Region

Total* 2008 2009 2010 2008 2009 2010 2008 2009 2010 Total**

Addis Ababa 120 1000 1000 Afar 360 1116 465 372 1116 Amhara 1668 5316 6096 5436 2190 3230 2265 1764 1836 3624 16848 Ben. Gumuz 288 1000 300 240 1000 Dire Dawa 12 36 15 12 36 Gambela 132 470 500 205 195 165 156 970 Harari 24 0 Oromia 3732 14340 11086 10048 4495 4195 4015 3588 3205 3192 35474 SNNP 1668 4500 7326 2400 2766 4390 2726 11826 Somali 612 1000 2400 360 1348 300 298 3400 Tigray 432 1404 2592 585 1080 468 1384 3996 Total 22176 26744 25746 7735 11770 10604 6192 9480 10008

* = Total no. of formats required per year and per Region; ** = Total no. of formats collected by Regions over the last three years Due to high staff turnover, Woredas often recruit fresh graduates who are neither trained on filling disease outbreak formats nor informed on the importance of reports at local, national and international levels. Earlier assessments carried out by MoA have shown that disease outbreak reporting rates increase quite considerably following training of Woreda animal health staff. Based on this, APHRD has trained a total of 925 animal health personnel from all the Regions (Table 11). The training programs focused on importance of surveillance data, international reporting requirements, filling disease outbreak formats and APHRD strategies to improve disease surveillance and reporting at national levels.

Table 11: No of animal health personnel trained on disease reporting

S/n Region No of staff trained 1 Somali 431 2 Tigray 36 3 Amhara 112 4 Oromia (Guji Zone) 236 5 Other Regions 110

Total 925

3.2. Disease prevention, control and eradication The whole purpose of veterinary services is to prevent, control and eradicate livestock diseases so that the health and productivity of the livestock resource is reliably protected and the socio-economic loss they incur is effectively minimized. The first line of defense against livestock diseases is avoidance of contact of healthy herds with infected ones. Infections may arise from local or from incursion of exotic diseases through live animals, products or other means. Vaccination is considered as the major mode of assuring protection of healthy herds from unforeseeable disease hazards.




In Ethiopia, vaccination practices in livestock has a long history which started by the Italians. In late 1880s and early 1890s, Italians established a veterinary laboratory by the name of Instituto Siero Vaccinogeno in Asmara. The laboratory was producing vaccines to be used against livestock diseases. In 1920, it started producing rabies vaccine to be used in humans and livestock. The Italians also established a veterinary laboratory in 1939 in Addis Ababa, at Gulelle area, in the premises of the former Institute of Pasteur for the production of vaccines and provision of various treatments. A major change in vaccine production started following the establishment, in 1963/4, of the National Veterinary Institute at Debre-Zeit with intensified production of the necessary vaccines at amounts and varieties never recorded in the country. More than 15 bacterial and viral vaccines are currently being produced by the NVI (Table 12-15). In some types of vaccines, production has outstripped local demands and is being exported to other countries (Table 16). NVI periodically revises unit cost of vaccines as indicated in Fig. 3.

Table 12:

Veterinary vaccine production (in ‘000 doses) at the NVI 2007/08-2009/10

Dose per calendar year Vaccine Domestic markets A. Bacterial 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 Total

Export*

CBPP 11866.1 8385.3 15949.9 36201.3 14221.7 Anthrax 8467.6 5258.45 7083.2 20809.25 Blackleg 7338.15 3904.55 4760.45 16003.15 2095 Ovine pasteurellosis 4658.55 5963.95 6582.8 17205.3 Bovine pasteurellosis 4009.85 4233.55 5980.7 14224.1 109 CCPP 300.7 633.2 778.4 1712.3 58 Fowl typhoid 761 416.1 1177.1 Bacterial sub-total 37401.95 28795.1 41135.45 107332.5 16483.7 B. Viral Lumpy skin disease 5627.7 5298.1 4041.4 14967.2 3820.1 Sheep pox 4173 6893.4 10473.9 21540.3 918 Pest des petits ruminants 4698.1 17826.25 22933.75 45458.1 10977.5 Foot & mouth disease 84.75 64.12 4 152.87 African horse sickness 1285.25 1143.9 1549.65 3978.8 Newcastle disease 4405.51 3822.25 16428.15 24655.91 16100 Fowl pox 469.2 314.13 293 1076.33 Gumboro - 499.8 2100.9 2600.7 Rabies - 31.97 - 31.97 Viral sub-total 20743.51 35893.92 57824.75 114462.18 31815.6 Total of bacterial and viral 58145.46 64689.02 98960.2 221794.68 48299.3 *The export are part of the total production


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Table 13: Vaccine distribution per Region in ‘000 doses (2007/08)

Vaccines Oromiya Amhara Tigray SNNP Somali Afar Total CBPP 1723 428.8 137 567 - - 2856 Anthrax 2336 1661 500 1310 500 160 6467 Blackleg 2374 1218 450 1096 - 200 5338 O. Pasteurellosis 1690 1041 629 648.9 450 200 4659 B. Pasteurellosis 1710 930 300 719.8 150 200 4010 CCPP 166.4 2 40 92.3 - - 300.7 Fowl typhoid 681 70.8 - 9.2 - - 761 LSD 2275 1297 600 925.3 - - 5098 Sheep pox 1916 798.5 750 709 - - 4173 PPR 947.3 585.2 825 678.1 - 1000 4036 FMD 84.75 - - - - - 84.75 AHS 789 326.4 25 144.9 - - 1285 ND 2444 1282 119.6 560.1 - 58.2 4464 FP 444.2 - 25 - - - 469.2 Total 19580 9641 4401 7461 1100 1818 44000

O. pasteurellosis = Ovine pasteurellosis; B. pasteurellosis = Bovine pasteurellosis; IBD = Infectious bursal disease; ND = Newcastle disease;

Table 14: Vaccine distribution per Region in ‘000 doses (2008/09) Vaccines Oromiya Amhara Tigray SNNP Somali Afar Total CBPP 1753 357.7 50 362.8 350 300 3173.6 Anthrax 2001 1200 800 493 410 20 4924.1 Blackleg 1661 838.7 600 369.3 240.3 100.3 3809.5 O. Pasteurellosis 1146 600 1206 332 2479 200.1 5963 B. Pasteurellosis 1687 504 800 238.2 851 44.1 4124.1 CCPP 100 60 - 115.2 300 - 575.2 Fowl typhoid 362.5 42 - 11.6 - - 416.1 LSD 2348 1242 800 608.3 300 50 5348.1 Sheep pox 1912 1469 899.99 184.3 100 1560 6125.4 PPR 1732 925.9 675 278.8 1300 2600 7511.3 FMD 59.66 0.72 - 0.53 3.2 - 64.11 AHS 581.8 153.8 150 258.3 - - 1143.9 ND 1505 1253 350.5 714 - - 3822.3 FP 206 0.21 100.87 7.07 - - 314.13 IBD (imported) 158.8 260 - 81 - - 499.8 Rabies (imported) 5.95 3.36 20 1.1 1.55 - 31.96 Total 17220 8909 6452.4 4055 6335 4874 47846




Table 15: Vaccine distribution per Region in ‘000 doses (2009/10)

Vaccine Tigray Afar Amhara Oromia Somali SNNP Total CBPP 300 20 57 2331.4 1200 399.2 4307.6 Anthrax 102 81.3 1448.4 2186.2 3160.3 625.7 7603.9 Blackleg 1 24.85 617.3 2562.95 1435 571 5212.1

O. Pasteurellosis 103 92.15 866.9 1328.05 2841.75 1291.15 6523

B. Pasteurellosis 1 20 394.9 2284.1 1180.2 643.2 4523.4 CCPP - 8.1 12.3 271.812 35 118.6 445.812 Fowl typhoid 30 - 12.3 271.812 35 118.6 467.712 LSD 900 - 481.3 2087.96 750 718.8 4938.06 Sheep and goat pox 1050 442.2 2966.09 1733.24 2050 168.91 8410.44 PPR 800 1456.8 1178 2348.65 1250 3705.5 10738.95 FMD - - 2.2 169.36 - 155.4 326.96 AHS - - 130.5 837.82 - 129.4 1097.72 ND conventional 20 - 448.8 1118.45 - 363.2 1950.45 ND Thermo-stable 29.75 - 928.4 938.863 - 685 2582.013 Fowl typhoid - - 20.96 337.52 - 40.79 399.27 Infectious bursal disease 31.7 - 281.8 317.35 - 366.6 997.45 Rabies - - 5.72 7.787 - 0.57 14.077 Total 3368.45 2145.4 9852.87 21133.32 13937.25 10101.62 60538.91

0.12

0.12

0.15

0.15

0.15

0.20

0.20

0.25

0.25

0.25

0.30

0.40

0.40

0.45

0.50

0.50

1.35

2.40

3.25

6.95

7.00

7.00

12.00

17.00

43.00

0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00 45.00 50.00

NCD (Lasota)

NCD (HB1)SGP

NCD (thermostable)

Gunboro (imported)Fowl typhoid

Fowl pox

CBPP T1Anthrax

PPR

LSDOvine pasteurellosis

Bovine pasteurellosisAHS

BlacklegNCD (inactivated)

CCPP

Saline (vial)Saline (liter)

FMD

Rabies (imported)Saline (Jeri can 1 L)Saline (Jeri can 5 L)

Saline (Jeri can 10 L)Saline (Jeri can 20 L)

Fig. 3: Price (Birr) of vaccine and saline water per dose/unit in domestic markets (2009/10)


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Table 16: Doses of vaccines exported in 2009/10 (in ‘000)

Planned Performance Vaccine/saline Unit

Unit price (USD) Dose Price (Birr) Dose % Price (Birr) %

CBPP T1/44 Dose 0.031 7900 2765 9668.5 122 4322.98 156

Anthrax " 0.031 2500 875 1110 44 431.47 49 Blackleg " 0.06 2000 1200 60 3 48.749 4 Bovine pasteurellosis " 0.06 500 250 125 25 101.56 41 LSD " 0.031 5000 1750 - - - -

SGP " 0.02 1000 200 1202 120 320.55 160

PPR " 0.031 8000 2800 6300 79 2482.94 89 ND, Themostable " 0.017 8575 1629.25 56.7 1 11.41 1 CCPP “ 0.25 143.2 533.55 Saline Liter 0.04 28.688 803.264 1.332 5 44.58 6

Key areas of success in disease eradication include the country’s freedom from rinderpest which has been achieved after many decades of concerted efforts and millions of dollars in investments. The country is now certified by the OIE as free from rinderpest as of May 2008.




3.3. Emergency preparedness and response plans Ethiopia is prone to extreme weather patterns. These include recurrent drought and regular onsets of heavy rain. These are often linked with high movement of people and their livestock and cause outbreaks of trans-boundary animal diseases (TADs). TADs are of particular importance to the country’s food security and sustained economic development and international trade. In addition to existing written procedures to certify importation of animal and animal products, the country is developing an import quarantine regulation to counter the introduction and spread of TADs through importation of commodities and live animals such as meat and dairy products and day old chicken, etc. Ethiopia has emergency preparedness plans for rinderpest, Rift Valley fever and Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (Fig. 5). MoA has also allocated none specific emergency funds which the Director of APHRD can also access to rapidly respond to emergency disease outbreaks. 3.3.1. Rinderpest As Ethiopia is currently free of rinderpest, the country had ceased vaccinating cattle for rinderpest in 1995. This means, all cattle in the country are non-immunized and

Fig 4: OIE certificate provided to Ethiopia to certify rinderpest free status

Ethiopia’s freedom from rinderpest In 1983, KSA banned cattle exports from and through Somalia as a result of rinderpest. This ban indirectly affected Ethiopian cattle export trade. Since 1989, systematic control and eradication activities implemented through PARC and PACE projects successfully eradicated rinderpest from Ethiopia. APHRD prepared a dossier to verify that Ethiopia is free from rinderpest infection on a countrywide basis. A 59 page comprehensive RP eradication verification and application dossier was submitted to the OIE Scientific Commission for Animal Diseases. The Commission in its 19-21 February meeting concluded that Ethiopia fulfils the conditions to be considered free from rinderpest in accordance with Article 2.2.12.2. of the Terrestrial Animal Health Code. A letter was sent to all OIE Delegates giving them 60 days to question this decision should they wish to do so. There was no objections during that period of time and the Scientific Commission submitted the recommendation to the International Committee for approval at the May 2008 General Session.”


YEARBOOK 2009/10


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highly susceptible to the disease. If rinderpest emerged once again, it would cause tremendous epidemics and may destroy a large proportion of cattle in Ethiopia. This may in turn cripple crop production and cause serious socio-economic disruptions in the country. To prevent a probable emergence of the disease, MoA has developed a national rinderpest emergency plan since February 2000. The emergency preparedness plan has two fundamental components: an early warning of disease epidemics and an early reaction capability. The plan also includes National Rinderpest Emergency Task Force which advises the Director of APHRD for an appropriate and timely action against the rinderpest or rinderpest like diseases. Ethiopia is involved in the SERECU II program of the AU/IBAR and the main component of the Ethiopian program includes implementation of the National Rinderpest Emergency Plan. The SERECU project was established in 2006 as a specialized project within the larger Pan African Program for the Control of Epizootics (PACE) to coordinate the final effort to secure OIE accreditation of freedom from rinderpest in the Somali Ecosystem. 3.3.2. Rift Valley fever The purpose of the plan is to assist monitoring the situation of RVF in Ethiopia and surrounding countries and to strengthen inter-institutional collaboration for early detection and rapid response to the disease. The plan provides due considerations to the provisions in the OIE International Animal Health Code for Rift Valley fever. In general, the plan contains the principles and strategic options required for the prevention, control and elimination of RVF, should it occur in Ethiopia and neighboring countries. It also includes details of the resources needed in terms of personnel, equipment and other facilities that are crucial for tackling emergencies as a result of the disease as well as contact addresses and action plans for efficient and rapid deployment of both human and material resources. Based on the plan, NAHDIC and Regional veterinary laboratories are conducting annual surveillance programs and collecting and testing substantial amounts of samples along high risk areas of the country. 3.3.3. Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Ethiopian poultry production is primarily from small-scale backyard flocks with minimal bio-security level. Small to large commercial poultry production system contributes only 2% of the total production and it is increasing in importance. HPAI might reach Ethiopia by migratory birds flying into Ethiopia from countries where HPAI is endemic and also through the importation of day-old chicks by commercial operators. If HPAI is established in commercial and government farms producing day old chicks, it would obviously enhance the risk of transmission between flocks as bio-security in village production systems is absent. Therefore, there is an eminent risk of HPAI for Ethiopia.




To curb the problem, MoA has developed an Emergency Preparedness Plan for HPAI since 2006. An outbreak simulation exercise was carried out between September - October, 2008 with an aim of improving the national Emergency Preparedness and Response Plan (EPRP) for HPAI. A total of 24 participants from regional and federal lab and field veterinary services and stakeholders from public health and commercial poultry sector attended the workshop. Based on the outcomes of the simulation exercise, the plan is revised and enriched. 3.3.4. Emergency fund proposal (for all TADs) The availability of emergency funds and the power of the CVO to access these funds to rapidly respond to emergency disease outbreaks will certainly minimize the negative impacts of TADs on food security, sustained economic development and international trade and help to save major expenditure afterwards. Based on this, APHRD has prepared a plan entitled “Emergency Preparedness and Response to Minimize the Impacts of Trans-boundary Animal Diseases in Ethiopia”. The document was prepared as part of the overall emergency and response plan of the MoA against emergencies related with TADs, flood, crop pest and forest fire. The plan is aimed at securing government and donor funds for an early warning and predefined effective early reaction capabilities. APHRD is now entitled to access emergency funds allocated to MoA in time of emerging and re-emerging animal diseases of trade and livelihood importance.


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3.4. Control of veterinary drugs, biological products and animal feed In 1999, the Ethiopian Government established a Drug Administration and Control Authority (DACA) under the Ministry of Human Health with an aim of promoting and protecting public and animal health by ensuring the safety, efficacy, and quality of human and veterinary drugs. Although DACA has made significant progresses in setting standards at national level, the necessary structures and staffing needed to manage and regulate

Fig 5: Emergency preparedness and response plans




veterinary drugs and biological products lie within the MoA. Therefore, the Government believed that moving the administration and control of veterinary drugs and biological products to MoA will assist to better ensure and regulate the distribution and use of veterinary drugs and biological products at grass root levels. Having a single agency may offer opportunities for rationalizing certain issues such as common administration, avoidance of duplication of efforts, etc. However, these advantages can also be achieved under separate ministries through good co-operation and collaboration between MoA and MoH. In August 2009, the Minister for Human Health convened meeting with the State Minister for Agriculture to decide on “who should administer veterinary drugs and biological products”. During the meeting, the Ministers agreed to transfer the administration of veterinary drugs to MoA. The decision was, later, endorsed by the House of Representatives during a public hearing session chaired by the Chairperson of the Social Standing Committee of the Parliament. As a follow up, APHRD has prepared draft proclamation for administering and controlling veterinary drugs, biological products and also animal feed. A workshop to discuss on the Proclamation for the Administration and Control of Veterinary Drugs, Biological Products and Animal Feed was held from December 31, 2009 - January 1, 2010. A total of 120 participants from the nine Regional States and the two City Administrations, FAO, livestock projects of the USAID, Civic Societies such as the Ethiopian Veterinary Association (EVA), the Ethiopian Animal Health Assistants Association, the Ethiopian Pharmacists Association, drug importers and senior veterinarians attended the workshop. The participants had critically commented and enriched the proclamation. Based on the comments, the proclamation was finalized and submitted to the Council of Ministers for endorsement.


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4 Inspection and Quarantine Services

HE purpose of inspection and quarantine service is to ensure that meat and live animals used for human consumption are safe. Inspection involves ante-mortem

and post-mortem inspections of animals and meat whilst quarantine covers all restrictions on the movement of infected or suspect animals or materials to effectively prevent the

introduction and spread of disease(s) within and between countries. The inspection service in abattoirs which produce meat for local consumption is under the mandates of the Regional municipalities while that of export abattoirs and live animal quarantine services are the mandates of the Ministry of Agriculture. 4.1. Meat inspection in export abattoirs The data presented in this report is from all seven export abattoirs in the country. These include HELMEX, ELFORA Debre Zeit, ELFORA Metehara, Mojo Modern, Luna, Organic and Aberegelle export abattoirs. 4.1.1. Ante-mortem inspection In 2009/10, veterinary inspection teams of export abattoirs have performed ante-mortem inspections over 1,391,358 animals and a total of 1,354,696 animals were fit for slaughter (Table 17). A total of about 36,659 animals were found to be unfit for slaughter. Major causes of rejection and rejection rates by species and abattoir are presented as follows (Fig 6-7; Table 18).

Table 17:

Total number of animals inspected, passed and rejected in export abattoirs (2009/10)

S/n Species Total inspected Passed Rejected Cause of rejection 1 Bovine 5310 4854 456 Injury, pneumonia, under weight 2 Ovine 522876 514069 8814 Diarrhea 3 Caprine 863155 835763 27382 Emaciation, ORF, lameness 4 Camel 17 10 7 Foot root, ORF, Mange

Total 1,391,358 1,354,696 36,659

T




NB: Inj = Injury; Pn = Pneumonia; Uwt = Under weight; Dia = Diarhea; Ema = Emaciation; Orf = Orf; Lame = Lameness; Ftrt = Foot root; Man = Mange

Table 18: Number of animals inspected, passed and rejected by export abattoir (2009/10)

S/n Abattoir Species Total

Inspected Passed Rejected Rejection

rate Cause of rejection Bovine 987 987 0 0% Emaciation Ovine 78500 78311 189 0% Diarrhea

1 Luna

Caprine 337103 336053 1050 0% Pneumonia Ovine 344611 343643 968 0% Death, Difficult to breath 2 Mojo

Modern Caprine 42500 42388 112 0% lameness Ovine 17980 17775 205 1% Foot root,ORF,Mange 3 Metehara

ELFORA Caprine 108208 106895 1313 1% Lymphadenitis, Ovine 21430 21228 202 1% Emaciation, ORF, Lameness 4 Organic

Caprine 98103 97913 190 0% Bovine 2512 2512 0 0% Ovine 296 296 0 0%

5 Abergele

Caprine 1251 1251 0 0%

Bovine 1811 1355 456 25% Injury, Pneumonia, under weight

Ovine 45269 38026 7243 16% injury, emaciation, pneumonia

Caprine 166300 141573 24727 15% stress

6 Hashim

Camel 17 10 7 41% Bovine 2550 2270 280 11% Ovine 19692 14790 4902 25%

7 Debre Zeit ELFORA

Caprine 111590 109690 1900 2%

Lameness, Emaciation, Skin lesion, Sevior Coughing

Total 1,400,710 1,356,966 43,744 3%

Fig 6: Number of animals rejected in export abattoirs by causes (2009/10)


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4.1.2. Post-mortem inspection A total of 1,261,886 animals were slaughtered in all export abattoirs in 2009/10. Out of these animals, 814,761 were fit for slaughter while the rest were rejected. A total of 772,863 different organs and/or body parts were reported to be found affected with different diseases and abnormalities which made them unfit for export markets (Table 19-20). The organs which were found affected with disease and abnormalities were mostly liver and lung and they accounted for 49.1% and 43.5% of the total rejections (Fig.8). A total of 3,048 whole carcasses were also condemned.

Table 19: Number of carcass inspected, passed and rejected in export abattoirs 2009/10

Rejected S/n Species

Total Inspected Passed Carcass Liver Lung Heart Kidney Tongue

Red offal*

1 Bovine 4854 4833 18 4212 4165 266 138 14 2 Ovine 198418 117375 170 90612 46021 1800 2634 4593 3 Caprine 1058604 692543 2860 284691 286344 3743 10948 29624 4 Camel 10 10 2 6 2 Total 1,261,886 814,761 3,048 379517 336536 5809 13722 14 34217

* Not disaggregated by organ

Fig 7:

Rejection rate of animals by abattoir (2009/10)




Table 20: Post-mortem inspection results of export abattoirs (2009/10)

Rejection

Abattoir Species Total

Inspected Passed Carcass Liver Lung Heart Kidney Tongue Red

offal

Luna Bovine 987 987 10 736 550 213 Ovine 78311 20 43336 9493 1103 Caprine 336053 898 66837 41951 Mojo Modern Ovine 31841 31833 8 9836 12697 370 Caprine 281140 281048 92 41465 66117 2724 Metehara ELFORA Ovine 13953 13779 40 4593 Caprine 91087 88873 1258 29624 Organic Ovine 21201 21185 16 10316 1957 327 401 Caprine 97810 97725 85 31328 28838 1014 3026 Abergele Bovine 2512 2512 2969 3145 148 15 Ovine 296 296 77 268 Caprine 1251 1251 963 1730 5 Hashim Bovine 1355 1334 8 507 470 53 123 14 Ovine 38026 37247 28 19479 15814 1733 Caprine 141573 137563 169 62359 64968 6702 Camel 10 10 2 6 2 Debre Zeit ELFORA Ovine 14790 13035 58 7568 5792 500 Caprine 109690 86083 358 81739 82740 1220

Total 1,261,886 814,761 3,048 379,517 336,536 5,957 13,722 14 34,217

Fig 8:

No. of rejections by carcass and offal in export abattoirs (2009/10)

*

* Not disaggregated by organ


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NB = Metehara ELFORA is not included here as organ rejections are provided as red offal 4.2. HACCP accreditation Importing countries in MENA are tightening their food safety legislation and demanding Ethiopia to apply rigorous inspection, examination and certification procedures. In more recent years, the UAE is requesting that regulations with regard to quality control, such as the Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) be implemented in all export abettors of the country so that abattoirs are fully responsible for the quality and safety of the product they produce. Several trainings were given to the public meat inspection services and export abattoirs on HACCP and related issues by MoA projects. MoA is also working to meet ISO and quality assurances systems in disease diagnosis and vaccine production areas to complement disease prevention and control efforts and SPS certification system of the country. In line with this, Mojo Modern and LUNA export abattoirs were selected for introducing HACCP system as of January 2010. A local consulting firm is hired to assist both export abattoirs. The consulting firm is responsible for activities such as introduction of HACCP principles, initiation of actual implementation of the HACCP plan and assisting the abattoirs to be accredited for HACCP at international levels. In addition to gap assessment and facility installation, renovation and maintenance, the progress made in both export abattoirs include: • A total of 30 employees from both export abattoirs were trained on food safety

management systems, covering which underscore topics of food safety and basic requirements of HACCP, major steps in the implementation of HACCP, HACCP plan development and implementation, benefits of HACCP and guidelines for implementing GMP. On job training on procedures writing and implementation, compulsory and other system level procedures and preparation methods was

Fig 9: Percent of liver (pie chart) and carcass (bar chart) rejections by export abattoir (2009/10)




also provided to 21 employees in both abattoirs. In addition, 120 employees from both abattoirs and APHRD were trained on HACCP system audit.

• Technical assistance was provided to both export abattoirs on HACCP documentation and implementation procedures. As a result, document control and technical information centers were established and document and record control procedures prepared, reviewed, endorsed by the management and implemented.

• The following written programs (procedures, criteria documents, work instructions and operating formats) have been prepared in both export abattoirs. These include GMP; shipping, receiving and storage; sanitation; equipment maintenance; pest control and water safety.

• In both export abattoirs, hazard analyses have been conducted, CCP identified and control and verification methods established. In general, the HACCP system is being implemented in both export abattoirs simultaneously with regular non-conformity assessments and corrective actions.

• In both export abattoirs, the following monitoring activities are being carried out for subsequent corrective actions. These include, chilling temperature (chillers, product surface and bone temperature and meat trucks cooling systems); stockinet sterilization temperature control, sanitation performances, solid waste disposal procedures and waste water treatment plans.

• At Luna export abattoir, chlorine dosing pump adjustment, chilling related problems and preparation of landfill for solid waste disposal are cleared. While stockinet sterilizer adjustment and relocation and introduction of organic acid spray procedures are in progress, production floor and drainage construction is still pending. In Mojo Modern export abattoir, boiler adjustment and production of hot water, chilling associated problems, room ventilation, equipment and sterilizing oven adjustment and preparation of landfill for solid waste disposal procedures are cleared. Chlorine dosing pump adjustment, preparation of separate cooling room for offal incinerator adjustment and introduction of organic acid spray are in progress.

• In both export abattoirs, pending issues include an internal audit by in-house management review, compliance audit (final assessment with the objective of self declaration of conformity and to rectify the observed non conformities before certification audit), review, approval and implementation of some written programs and floor and drainage work at Luna export abattoir.

Fig 10: Export abattoir with sample weekly HACCP data


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4.3. Abattoir hygiene and sanitation and management practices in feedlots In order to provide APHRD inspectors with the means on which to base their regulatory practices, APHRD has prepared checklist for supervising, routinely, meat hygiene and sanitation in export abattoirs and bio-security, animal handling and waste management practices in feedlot. For fruitful implementation of the checklists, an understanding is reached between the Ministry of Trade and Industry (MoTI) and MoA in the issuance and renewal of licenses for live animal and meat export establishments so that MoTI can complement MoA’s efforts to implement importing countries’ requirements. From now on, MoTI will check compliance certificates issued by MoA before it renews or issues new licenses for export abattoirs and feedlots. 4.4. Quarantine services There are about 12 public quarantine stations and check posts in Metema, Mille, Dire Dawa, Jijiga, Bole Airport, Adama, Moyale, Dolo Odo, Ferfer, Geladin, Gashamo and Dewele (Fig 11).

Fig 11:

Location of approved border inspection posts




4.4.1. Quarantine and inspection During the last three years, different services such as laboratory testing, vaccination and treatments were given at quarantine stations for a total of 498,253 animals of which 33%, 45% and 22% were cattle, shoats and camels, respectively (Table 21). There is huge discrepancy between APHRD and Customs office data and one reason is that there are no APHRD inspectors where ever there are Custom offices.

Table 21:

No of export animals inspected and processed at quarantine stations

Activity

Treatment and vaccination

Lab examination

APHRD Total4

Custom office Total5

S/n

Year

Cattle

Sheep and goat

Camel

Cattle

Sheep and goat

Camel

1 2007/08 54,297 43,939 31,972 5031 - 1,6441 130,208 297,644 2 2008/09 58,104 60,338 19,281 3292 13,1162 11,2752 137,723 214,683 3 2009/10 52,073 121,830 56,419 4,5663 3,2223 - 230,322 333752

Total 164,474 226,107 107,672 5,398 16,338 12,919 498,253 846,079 1 Brucellosis and trypanosomosis; 2 Brucellosis; 3 FMD and CBPP; 4 Totals of treatment and vaccination; 5Customs office export data for live animals. 4.4.2. Establishment of quarantine facilities Authorities in MENA countries had expressed their willingness to accept Ethiopian meat and live animals provided that animals are certified as free from trade related diseases based on 21-day quarantine period. However, Ethiopia does not have standard quarantine facility and live animals of Ethiopian origin are being exported with Djibouti or Somali health certificates as if they originate from those countries. In order to bring the existing practice to an end and secure the country’s proprietary rights, the GOE has authorized the development of large quarantine facilities at Mille and Haroressa areas. Since both these areas are closer to Djibouti and Somali seaports, there will be minimal risk of contamination when transporting quarantined animals to the ports. Currently, the GoE has put aside more than 40 million birr for constructing the facilities. A total of 600 ha of land is secured in each of Mille and Haroressa areas. Design for establishing the proposed quarantine facilities have been finalized (Fig. 12). APHRD Director made exchange visits to Djibouti quarantine facility and South African feedlots in order to obtain first hand information on location, design, management and bio-security procedures that can be applied to the proposed quarantine facility in Ethiopia.


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4.4.3. Relocation of feedlots

Currently it is estimated that a total of 200 feedlots of various sizes exist in Adama and surrounding areas. The larger feedlots produce about 2,000 to 3,000 heads of cattle a year while the smaller ones hold about 10 to 20 heads at any one time. As the feedlots are located in urban and peri-urban areas, high concentration of animals gives rise to a number of problems, which include environmental pollution, high cost of managing wastes, livestock diseases and foul odor. Poor hygiene and sanitation practices may also damage the country’s image as a potential exporter of live animals and meat.

To curb this problem, feedlot relocation coordinating committee was established in 2008. The committee, chaired by MoA and comprising of representatives from Oromia Region, ELTA, EMDTI and SPS-LMM, has succeeded in relocating a total of 21 feedlots out of Adama town. APHRD has supported feedlot owners in the preparation of feedlot design with due consideration to waste management, bio-security and animal handling.

In 2009/10, a total of 95 workers in these feedlots attended on job training on pre-purchase inspection techniques, bio-security procedures, animal handling and feedlot waste management systems. The training was provided by APHRD and collaborative partners. The training was provided as an overall package of cattle feedlot management systems aimed at disseminating information to raise the awareness and hence competitiveness and profitability of Ethiopian livestock exporters.

Fig. 12: Schematic diagram of the quarantine facilities at Mille and Haroressa areas

Fig 13




5 International trade of livestock and livestock products

IVESTOCK and livestock products export trade with MENA countries is important source of foreign exchange earning for Ethiopia. However, the presence of Rift Valley fever in neighbouring countries and the widespread

distribution of FMD in the country are threatening the trade. Efforts made so far by APHRD to curb the problem and the resulting live animals and meat export performances of the country are presented as follows. 5.1. SPS certification system for Ethiopia The underlying principle of the WTO-SPS Agreement is based on the notion that exporting countries eradicate trade related animal diseases on a national or zonal basis so that they can have access to international trade in livestock and livestock products. However, neither option is financially and technically feasible for Ethiopia in the near term. For example, the eradication of rinderpest required huge resources and many years of continued efforts. Other TADs are even much more complex and costly to eradicate. For instance, FMD involves many hosts and no vaccine is currently available that protects against all strains and sub-strains of the virus.

L

Figure 14: Ethiopian SPS certification system for live animals and meat

Fortunately, the OIE Code is now re-considering the principles of “Compartmentalization” and “Commodity Based Trade” which are based on the idea that • if livestock are raised under strict

management and bio-security procedure and

• if proper ante-mortem inspection is carried out on slaughter animals with removal of the head, pharynx, major lymph nodes and blood clots and if a carcass is chilled for 24 hrs at RH of 90-95%, temperature 2-40C and pH below 5.8 followed by de-boning procedures, live animals and meat produced in this manner pose little disease risk irrespective of the occurrence of TADs in the country or zone of origin.

Therefore, MoA has developed a Certification System based on these concepts. The certification system has been discussed and agreed with national and international scientific experts and inspectors from importing countries.


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5.2. Development of SOPs and guidelines Ethiopian SPS certification system is all abut SOPs and guidelines. SOPs and guidelines are formal written instructions for standardizing livestock and meat inspection and certification procedures across all live animal and meat export value chain. The development and use of these documents minimizes procedural variations and promotes quality practices within the certification system. In other words, they assure the quality and consistency of measures and services to be taken or provided by APHRD and hence, enable APHRD to achieve good practice at all times, even if there are temporary or permanent personnel changes. Accordingly, APHRD has prepared a total of 13 SOPs and guidelines (Fig 15).

5.3. Performance of Veterinary Services (OIE PVS Tool) According to the OIE, the prevention and control of trans-boundary animal diseases depends on the quality of the Veterinary Services of a respective member country. APHRD is mandated, among many other tasks, to facilitate access to international markets in animal and animal products trade. To meet these challenges, the decisions of the Directorate need to be based on scientific principles. The Directorate should also be technically independent and immune from political pressures from all sources. The OIE has set a benchmark to help member country veterinary services meet these new challenges. The benchmark, known as “Performance of Veterinary Services (PVS Tool)”, is used to judge the quality and effectiveness of veterinary services at international levels. This has important implications for trade as importing countries require OIE standards to be met. The PVS is not simply an evaluation method but it is also a development pathway to identify failings and weaknesses and thus help in the preparation of plans in order to treat these deficiencies.

These include:

• Pre-purchase inspection • Animal handling • Bio-security • Construction guidelines (export

abattoirs) • Construction guideline (feedlots i.e. in

terms of SPS) • Ante-mortem inspection • Hygienic dressing and carcass

handling guideline • Post-mortem/meat inspection • Meat handling and cold chain

management • Inspectors guide to regulate export

abattoirs • Meat transport and storage • Meat handlers personal hygiene • Quarantine station operational

guideline

Fig 15: SOPs and guidelines




APHRD had organized a consultative workshop in March 2008 to conduct self evaluation of the Ethiopian Veterinary Services using the OIE PVS Tool. APHRD analyzed the results of the assessment and prioritized intervention areas for improving veterinary services in Ethiopia. As a result, the Directorate has prepared a five years Strategic and Performance Plan to fill its gaps. The plan was discussed and agreed during a consultative workshop organized in March 15, 2010. A total of 45 participants coming from Regional BoAs, Regional laboratories, NVI, NAHDIC, veterinary faculties, quarantine stations (Adama, Dire Dawa, etc) and export abattoirs attended the workshop. The plan contains Ethiopian veterinary services mission, vision, goals and objectives. The objectives are categorized under three broad goals, namely,

• establishment of competent and credible veterinary services, • monitoring the health of Ethiopian livestock populations and • ensuring international marketability of Ethiopian livestock and livestock

products. As a follow up, OIE experts will visit Ethiopia in November 2010 to evaluate the veterinary services of the country using the PVS tool. 5.4. Export of live animals and meat During the last five years, a total of 1,242,729 cattle, sheep, goats and camels were exported from Ethiopia (Fig 16). The average annual growth was 24 percent. In 2009/10, live animal export by number and value was the highest over the last five years. During this year, sheep, cattle, camels and goats accounted for 41%, 31%, 24% and 3%, respectively. In this year, UAE, Egypt, Sudan, Somalia, KSA and Yemen accounted for 48%, 15%, 12%, 12%, 5% and 3% of the total export volume, respectively. However, there is still huge livestock resource which is being exported through the informal channel. Similarly, 37,904 ton of meat and meat products was exported from Ethiopia during the last five years (Fig. 17). The average annual growth was 36 percent. In 2009/10, the volume of meat export reached record levels and UAE and KSA took the highest proportions as 50% and 40% of the total export volume, respectively.


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Fig 17: Meat export by volume (ton) and value (‘000 USD) Source: Ethiopian Customs Authority

Fig 16: Live animal export by number and value (‘000 USD) Source: Ethiopian Customs Authority




6 Animal Health Institutions and Projects 6.1. Institutions 6.1.1. National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center (NAHDIC) The National Animal Health Diagnostic and investigation Centre (NAHDIC) was established in 1995. It is located at Sebata at about 25 km west of Addis Ababa. In 1997, the centre was moved to the Ethiopian Agricultural Research Organization (EARO) with a mandate of animal health research. As of 2006, the centre was again transferred back to MoA to serve as a national referral lab. It also coordinates national surveillance programs for TADs such as HPAI, RVF, FMD, etc. Depending on the need, the centre actively collects samples from the field but in most of the cases, it receives samples from the Regional animal health services and Regional veterinary laboratories. Apart from NVI, NAHDIC is the only laboratory in the country which performs serological techniques and is able to confirm viral diseases.

Currently, SPS-LMM and GTZ are providing assistance to NAHDIC in establishing Quality Management System (QMS) as required by ISO 17025 standards. QMS documents and SOPs have been developed as prerequisites for consistent quality management and for ultimate accreditation/certification for trade important tests in relevant laboratories. A check list of laboratory tests for which accreditation/certification is sought has been prepared. NAHDIC’s QMS experience and accreditation/certification process will also serve for standardizing diagnostic tests at regional laboratories. In June 2010, a consultant from Texas, has carried out an external audit of NAHDIC’s Quality Management System.

Fig 18: NAHDIC and the inauguration ceremony of the Bio-safety Level III laboratory (BSL III) systems for HPAI built by FAO/USAID/DFID


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In addition, NAHDIC has been capacitated by FAO/USAID/DFID and SPS-LMM funded AI projects to undertake confirmative diagnostic assays with the development of separate Bio-safety Level III (BSL III) systems for HPAI. Lack of regular flow of consumables and supplies used in disease diagnosis and investigation is one of the most important problems impacting negatively on the performances of the Federal and Regional laboratories. Some of these consumables and supplies have a very short shelf life and require newer supplies at short intervals. Therefore, Federal and Regional laboratories are required to cope up with the increasing demand for veterinary services. Collection of service charge for testing will relieve problems associated with shortages of supplies as they can procure by themselves essential laboratory inputs. This will enhance efficiency of laboratories and timely delivery of laboratory test results. Cost recovery will make Federal and Regional veterinary laboratories more sustainable and less dependent on government budget allocations. To this background, NAHDIC has developed proposal for a cost recovery scheme for testing of samples against TADs of trade importance. The document was reviewed by staff of APHRD and NAHDIC and consensus was reached to rewrite the proposal to better indicate the anticipated advantages of the new approach. A consultative meeting is planned involving stakeholders and representatives of the regional veterinary services to discuss and agree on the proposed document and come up with policy options for decision makers at higher levels. 6.1.2. The National Veterinary Institute (NVI) The National Veterinary Institute (NVI) is located in Debre Zeit at about 45 km southeast of Addis Ababa. NVI was established in 1963 with the help of the French Government. Until the year 2000, it was administered by the Ministry of Agriculture. Since then, it got the status of an enterprise and operates on a cost recovery basis. The institute has increased its vaccine production capability from three to sixteen different types of vaccines. The NVI also hosts the Pan African Vaccine Centre (PANVAC) which was established in 1986 by AU-IBAR. The objectives of PANVAC are to:

• promote the availability of affordable veterinary vaccines; • promote veterinary vaccine quality control in Africa and in the standardization

of veterinary vaccines in the region; • promote the transfer of appropriate vaccine production technologies to Africa

and • provide training and technical support to vaccine production and quality

control laboratories in Africa; NVI is ISO 9001-2008 certified (Fig 19).




6.1.3. Regional veterinary laboratories Rapid response to the incursion of TADs requires the development and maintenance of high quality diagnostic laboratory services. One of the ways to increase and maintain the country’s credibility at international levels is to assess its laboratory testing capabilities by performing international proficiency tests. Ethiopian veterinary laboratories are required to be accredited to international levels for laboratory test results to be recognized worldwide. Without accreditation, APHRD cannot prove the safety of the food consumed locally and cannot provide strong justification for the phytosanitary certificates it issues. NAHDIC is striving towards ISO 17025 accreditation. In line with this, NAHDIC has successfully carried out proficiency tests in four selected Regional veterinary laboratories on FMD ELISA. These include Assela, Bahir Dar, Mekelle and Dire Dawa. These laboratories were selected based on their proximities to export abattoirs and/or quarantine facilities. Similar efforts are also being exerted to include Semera and Jijiga veterinary laboratories. Prevention, control or eradication of TADs such as rinderpest, RVF, HPAI, etc have strengthened linkages between the Federal and Regional animal health services and laboratories. However, regional laboratories are facing inconsistent flow of diagnostic inputs and other capacity gaps. The gaps vary in magnitude among laboratories but are of greatest concern in newly established ones such as Afar and Somali. To solve the problem, NAHDIC/APHRD have initiated harmonization activities of the national and regional laboratories through organizing a biannual national LABNET in order to plan for improved capacities in export livestock testing (selected regional laboratories), introduction of Quality Management Systems and to set priorities/modalities for TAD surveillance and reporting. There are 13 Regional veterinary laboratories in Ethiopia (Fig. 20).

Figure 19: NVI with ISO 9001-2008 certificate


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6.1.4. National Tsetse and Trypanosomosis Investigation and Control Center Before 1960's, trypanosomoses had relatively little impact on the economy of Ethiopia. After 1960's, the magnitude of the problem has increased enormously and still it is increasing due to a number of factors which include mainly, overpopulation and overstocking of the highlands which forces people and their livestock to use the tsetse infested lowlands and brings in to direct contact with tsetse flies, the advance of tsetse flies in to previously un-infested areas, development of a widespread drug resistance by trypanosome parasites over the different types of trypanocidal drugs which are in use in Ethiopia. The growing concern of the problem due to tsetse/ trypanosomoses had brought about the initiation of the following main events. • In 1971, a mobile trypanosomoses control unit was established by the

Government for the first time at Shola, in Addis Ababa. • In 1977, the clinic was moved from Shola to Debre Zeit (about 50km away from

Addis on the South) and it was named as Trypanosomoses Control Services (TCS).

Fig 20:

Distribution Regional Veterinary Laboratories in Ethiopia




• In 1985, TCS was again moved from Debre Zeit to Bedelle (a tsetse infested area on the West and 480km away from Addis) and it was renamed as National Tsetse and Trypanosomoses Investigation and Control Centre (NTTICC)

Since the establishment of the TCS and moved from Debre Zeit to Bedelle, it was concentrating on the following main activities under the new name of NTTICC. • Studying the distribution of tsetse and trypanosomoses in Ethiopia, • Assessment of the risk of trypanosomoses in different areas of the country, • Screening chemoresistant trypanosome strains and, • Provision of general technical back-stopping to field veterinary personnel on

aspects of trypanosomoses control. The NTTICC is located in Bedelle town at a strategic point of tsetse belt of the country which is 480 km west of Addis Ababa. The center hosts considerable trained manpower and have conducted tsetse and trypanosomoses distribution and prevalence studies and have prepared control strategies for implementation in different parts of the country. Moreover, the center provides theoretical and practical training on tsetse and trypanosomoses biology and control. 6.2. Projects 6.2.1. SPINAP AU/IBAR implements the Support Program to Integrated National Action Plans on Avian and Human Influenza in Africa (SPINAP) which is financed by European Union (EU). The goal of the project is to contribute to the reduction of the socioeconomic impact of avian and human influenza and the potential loss of human lives by preventing and controlling avian influenza in animals as well as preparing for a possible human influenza pandemic. The Objective is Strengthen national capacities to prevent and control avian and human influenza. Partners to the project include ALive, FAO, OIE, WHO, World Bank, CEMAC, COMESA, ECCAS, SADC, ECOWAS and IGAD. The total budget for the Ethiopian program is 600,000 USD with a starting date of May 2007 and ending August 2010. 6.2.2. SERECU II SERECU dynamically manages a scientific, coordinated and time-bound regional program to ensure and verify freedom from rinderpest as well as accreditation by OIE for the entire Somali ecosystem countries. The project is funded by EU and covers the Somali ecosystem comprising southeastern Ethiopia, northeastern Kenya and southern Somalia. The overall management and coordination of SERECU lies on IBAR and implementers are Somali Eco System Courtiers. The total budget for the Ethiopian program is 743,000 EURO. The goal of the project is to reduce poverty in people involved in livestock farming by enhancing livestock development and trade opportunities.


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The first phase of the project was funded within the PACE program. SERECU II project started in May 2008 and ended in March 2010. Partners to the project are Governments of Ethiopia, Kenya and Somalia, FAO/GREP, OIE, EU. The beneficiaries are livestock farmers, traders, public and private sector animal health service providers, national and regional authorities, CVOs of the livestock sub-sector.

6.2.3. SPS-LMM The Ethiopian Sanitary and Phytosanitary Standards and Livestock and Meat Marketing Program (SPS-LMM) is a three-year USAID funded project with a national mandate for increasing meat and live animal exports from Ethiopia. These increased exports will support market-led economic growth, poverty reduction and improved livelihoods for Ethiopian livestock producers. The GOE gives priority to increasing meat exports in order to capture the added value from hides, byproducts and job creation. Therefore, SPS-LMM Program emphasizes increasing meat exports but the SPS and market development activities will also benefit live animal exports. SPS-LMM promotes collaboration and cooperation among regional and federal government agencies with the private sector producers, traders and meat exporters. Activities are organized under two principal objectives:

• Objective 1. Improve the capacity of Ethiopian veterinary services to

undertake SPS and related activities in support of increased livestock and meat exports, with emphasis on establishing an internationally credible SPS certification system.

• Objective 2. Improve Ethiopia’s capacity and competitive advantage for meat and livestock exports, with emphasis on improving and increasing meat production for export and expanding market opportunities in Middle East, North Africa and other international markets.

SPS-LMM supports the development of technical and institutional capacity required to establish an internationally credible SPS certification system for meat exports. Activities include evaluating technical feasibility and cost-effectiveness for SPS certification systems, training and technical assistance at federal and regional levels to improve effectiveness of surveillance, monitoring, diagnosis and reporting of trans-boundary diseases, and developing strategy for meeting livestock vaccine requirements. These activities are undertaken in collaboration with MoA, USAID-supported partners, and other organizations, including the Ethiopian Veterinary Association (EVA).

6.2.4. Pastoral Livelihood Initiative (PLI) The implementation of the PLI project started in October 2005 with a maximum duration of two years and a total budget of 29 million USD. The project was implemented through a number of NGOs and focused on the lowland pastoralist areas of the country. The overall objective of the project was to mitigate the impact of




drought and other shocks through sustainable improvement of the livelihoods and incomes of pastoralists. The project had four intermediate results:-

• Stocking rates and production of livestock optimized in the extensive grazing

areas of Somali, Afar and the pastoral lowlands of Oromia Regional states. • Pastoralists prepared for droughts and other shocks through the

establishment of livestock specific early warning and response mechanisms in Somali and Afar regions.

• Pastoralist incomes, in Somali, Afar and the pastoral lowlands of Oromia regional state, increased through efficient off-take of livestock and livestock products through improved access to well-organized livestock markets, and

• Harmonization of technical and policy processes strengthened to support the preparedness, livelihoods and incomes of pastoralists.

6.2.5. Southern Tsetse Eradication Project (STEP) The project was established jointly by the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (FDRE) and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) in 1997. STEP is a ten years tsetse eradication project with two phases each having a duration of five years. STEP is envisaged to supplement the national effort of tsetse and trypanosomosis management using an area wide eradication approach of the resident fly species: Glossina Pallidipes, in the Rift Valley of southern Ethiopia using the Sterile insect Technique (SIT).

The project has two main components: (1) establishment of sterile insect production plant, which is centrally organized and operated and (2) the actual field operation of the fly suppression using conventional techniques and eventual eradication process, which is implemented at regional level. 6.3. Livestock working group Ethiopia has a well established livestock working group, a platform which brings together all development partners and other stakeholders. Members include FAO, EU, WB, USAID, a number of USAID funded livestock projects and other stakeholders. The forum is chaired by the Director of APHRD of the Ministry of Agriculture. The group advices government on policy issues related to livestock development in the country and ensures harmonization of the various livestock interventions. Ethiopia is active member of AU-IBAR and IGAD and can use these continental and regional organizations to harmonize activities with neighboring countries. Moreover, Ethiopia has established ministerial commissions with most of its neighbors to deal with development and security issues.


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7 Veterinary Education in Ethiopia

N 1963, an Institute to train Animal Health Assistants was founded in Debre Zeit some 45 km South East of Addis Ababa. Until the foundation of the Faculty of Veterinary

Medicine of the Addis Ababa University (FVM-AAU) in Debre Zeit in 1979, veterinary students had to study in foreign countries such as in the former Soviet Union, Cuba, East Germany, Czechoslovakia, France, United Kingdom, USA,

Kenya, etc. Since 1979, the FVM-AAU was established and started a six years study program for a DVM degree at the then Debre Zeit Collage of Agriculture (now Management Institute). In 1989, the Institute of Animal Health Assistants was then integrated into the FVM-AAU. In 2003, four new veterinary faculties have been established in Haramaya, Jimma, Hawassa, SNNP and Mekelle. Between 60 students (for Hawassa and Haramaya) and 80 students (for Jimma and Mekelle) are being matriculated. Each new faculty has only between five and eight lecturers. Although a Licensing Veterinary Board does not exist in Ethiopia, draft Proclamation and Regulations are being developed for the registration and licensing of Animal Health Professionals in the country. In the meantime, the proclamation 4/1995 empowers the Ministry of Education to determine criteria for admission to higher institutions and personnel qualification requirements. In the academic year 2002/2003, the FVM-AAU started a Master Program in Tropical Veterinary Epidemiology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine. The modules include Advanced Parasitology, Advanced Pathology, Epidemiology and Economics, Microbiology, Immunology, Veterinary Public Health followed by a thesis research work in the second year. The faculty has also started a PhD program in Veterinary Parasitology, Veterinary Public Health, Animal Production and Health and Veterinary Gynaecology and Obstetrics as of 2010. As a result, the Faculty has enrolled a total of 18 students from various veterinary faculties and schools in the country.

I




7.1. Under graduate trainings Over 700 students are enrolled in veterinary schools every curriculum year of which less than 10% are females (Table 22).

Table 22:

Veterinary faculty student number at different universities in 2008/09

Students of each sex per curriculum year 1st Year 2nd Year 3rd Year 4th Year 5th Year Total

University M F T M F T M F T M F T M F T M F T Addis Ababa

148 4 152 44 19 63 43 19 62 51 5 56 54 12 66 340 59 399

Gonder 82 4 86 63 19 82 84 9 93 36 9 45 25 5 30 290 46 336 Hawassa 83 15 98 75 8 83 56 11 67 37 9 46 37 7 44 288 50 338 Haramaya 77 3 80 93 7 100 68 3 71 80 17 97 51 2 53 369 32 401 Jimma 50 10 60 48 8 56 42 7 49 41 6 47 40 5 45 221 36 257 Makalle - - 115 - - 110 - - 98 - - 60 - - - - - 383 Jijiga 42 5 47 41 9 5 - - - - - - - - - 83 14 97 Wollo 41 5 46 - - - - - - - - - - - - 41 5 46 Ambo VLT 28 24 52 - - - - - - - - - - - - 28 24 52 Total 551 70 736 364 70 499 293 49 440 245 46 351 207 31 238 1660 266 2309

M = Male; F = Female; T = Total; VLT = Veterinary laboratory technicians Source: Education Statistics Annual Abstract 2001E.C.(2008-9 G.C), Ministry of Education

7.2. Postgraduate trainings

Some universities, as mentioned earlier, have started post-graduate training courses at MSc level. The FVM-AAU is the fore runner in this venture. From 2004 until August 2010, some 237 professionals (of which 20 females) have successfully completed their courses and attained MSc degrees in their respective areas.

Fig 21: Post graduate building at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine at Debre Zeit


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7.3. Training/workshops 7.3.1. Abroad APHRD recognizes the need for continuous upgrading of the experience of its manpower so that it can keep abreast with new developments in science and technology. Over the last two years, the following on job trainings and workshops were attended abroad by APHRD and Regional animal health staff and the private (Table 23). Table 23:

Workshops/training programs over the last two years (2009/10)

s/n Type of workshop/training No of persons Country Date 1 VACNADA Project launching workshop 2 Kenya July 21-23, 2010 2 Dialogue on livestock food security and

sustainability 1 Italy June 16, 2010

3 HPAI Risk based surveillance training 2 Kenya June 14-18,2010 4 Regional Workshop on "Harmonisation of Food

Hygiene Inspections within Africa" 3 Malawi June 14-18, 2010

5 SERECU II rinderpest prevention simulation workshop

6 Kenya June 11-23, 2010

6 Sensitization on the creation/strengthening of National SPS committees in IGAD member states

2 Djibouti June 2-3, 2010

7 OIE General Assembly 4 France May 23-28, 2010 8 Workshop 1 Uganda May 18-20, 2010 9 Livestock Ministerial Meeting 1 Uganda May 6-14, 2010

10 Workshop on the European Union Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed

2 Jordan April 25-28, 2010

11 SPINAP-AHI progress evaluation workshop 3 Tanzania March 1-5, 2010 12 Rinderpest surveillance in wildlife workshop 4 Kenya Jan 19-Feb 9, 2010 13 Harmonization of food hygiene inspection within

Africa 4 Zambia December 7-11, 2009

14 TOT SPINAP-AHI communication 2 Rwanda November 16-20. 2009

15 HPAI prevention workshop 2 Tunisia November 9-13, 2009 16 Harmonization of food hygiene inspection within

Africa 3 Zambia December 7-11, 2009

17 Risk assessment training 2 Kenya October 25-31, 2009 18 SERECU II project activity evaluation workshop 5 Kenya October 28-29, 2009 19 SPINAP-AHI overall assessment workshop 3 Kenya October 12-16, 2009 20 Animal welfare training 1 Italy Sep 28 – Oct 1, 2009 21 Workshop for focal points for animal

production and food safety 1 Cameroon September 24-26, 009

22 SPINAP-AHI communication experience sharing workshop

3 Kenya August 3-7, 2009

23 SERECU II Budget planning workshop 2 Kenya March 26-27, 2009

7.3.2. Domestic SPS capacity building training workshop: From September 14-25, 2010, the Center for Computational Epidemiology, Bioinformatics and Risk Analysis (CCEBRA) at Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, Alabama, organized a training workshop involving selected African universities and organizations to build and strengthen their




Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) science-based risk assessments capacities. The workshop was attended by 20 participants from Ethiopia (both animal and plant health professionals), six participants from each of Kenya and Uganda, five participants from Tanzania, three from Egypt, two from AU/IBAR and one from each of Rwanda and Zambia. The main objectives of the workshop were:

• To provide six risk analysis and SPS workshops and one train-the-trainer session to participants from governments/universities/industries/organizations in Africa in order to promote the global trade of agricultural products.

• To provide training in risk analysis and modeling with a focus on animal, plant health, and food safety risk analysis.

• To provide risk analysis and modeling training to non-traditional learners via distance education relying on information technology (CD-ROM, the Internet, and video conference.)

• To include WTO/SPS agreements and science-based risk analysis into the curricula of Schools/Colleges of Agriculture, Veterinary Medicine, and other relevant academic programs.

• Promote fellowships for training in risk analysis of highly-promising leaders who specialize in such areas in the U.S. and other developed countries that have the capacity to further such training.

The training was provided by both Tuskegee and USDA staff and covered both animal and plant health risk analyses.

Status of cattle rustling or livestock theft in Ethiopia: With the objective to elaborate a comprehensive and up-to-date country status or position report on the problem and impact of cattle rustling or livestock theft in Ethiopia, the Institute of Security Studies based in Nairobi has facilitated a country wide study in collaboration with APHRD of MoA from September - November 2009 in seven National Regional States that share a common boundary with the neighboring countries. In December 2009, APHRD in collaboration with the Institute of Security Studies had organized a workshop entitled “Status of Cattle Rustling or Livestock Theft in

Fig 22: Training workshop on sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) and science-based risk assessments methodologies


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PAGE 50

Ethiopia”. The workshop was convened in Addis Ababa and involved a total of 120 participants from Regions and other stakeholders. The workshop discussed on Cattle Rustling or Livestock Theft assessment report carried out in various Regions of the country. The participants had recommended the following in order to mitigate the problem. • Strengthen local governance: As the local governance is the vanguard in

resolving conflicts resulting from cattle rustling, they need to be strengthened both in logistics and trained man power.

• Reduce proliferation of SALW: Programs to reduce proliferation of SALW must be in place at a country and regional level.

• Improve development interventions, social services and infrastructures: As a means of diversifying the pastoralist economy, reduce population pressure and facilitate marketing and information services improving development interventions, social services and infrastructures is highly essential.

• Capacity building: Trainings must continuously be organized to promote awareness creation work concerning the consequences of cattle raids and conflict among pastoralists.

• Empowerment of peace building committees: Establishing and strengthening the cross-border joint peace building committees, particularly those working in the area of cattle rustling with the neighboring countries, at the level of each administrative unit.

• Stimulation of dialogue: It is recommended to heal the trauma of raid and conflict victims through counseling and reconciliation to prevent revenge and counter revenge and limit hostilities.

• Strengthen confidence building: This requires bringing the community for negotiation and peace building forums.

• Partnership and linkage: To achieve the desired outcome of reduced cattle rustling and conflict, different stakeholders working in the vicinity of pastoralists including the government, investors, NGOs etc… must work hand in hand.

• Communication and Information Exchange: Communication and information exchange facilities and mechanisms must be developed.

• Early warning and preparedness plan: Annual early warning and preparedness plans must be prepared.

• Establish Harmonized Regional Livestock Identification and Traceability System (LITS): The use of harmonized LITS in East Africa compounded with the recommendations mentioned above would serve as a useful tool in the mitigation of cattle rustling and the resulting conflict in the region.




8 Animal Health Research

HE pioneer in Ethiopian animal health research was the Institute of Pathobiology of the Addis

Ababa University where both veterinary and medical professionals were working together. In this Institute, commendable research initiatives were taken in identifying remedies for the intermediate hosts of schistosomosis and fasciolosis as well as determination of the mechanisms of anaemia in trypanosomosis using radiological techniques. Trial on irradiated Dictyocaulus filaria larvae to be used as vaccine against the serious lungworm of sheep in the country was also conducted here. The late Professor Aklilu Lemma and Professor Ephraim Mamo were the prominent scientists who led the research endeavors at the beginning. The National Veterinary Institute has also made significant contribution to animal health research in the country particularly in the area of biological profile of major and trace elements in the livestock population of Ethiopia as well as identifying the species and strains of disease causing agents such as the virus types of FMD, the causal agents of CCPP and the survey and analysis of livestock feeds. Regional veterinary laboratories were also involved in the survey and investigation of problems affecting animal health at different times. The National Tsetse and Trypanosomosis Investigation and Control Centre, apart from conducting surveys and investigations on the composition and distribution of Glossina spp and Trypanosoma spp occurring in the country, it has

conducted applied research on trypanocidal drug resistance which were found to be a bottleneck in the fight against the disease. Animal health research was given special importance when the then National Animal Health Research Centre (NAHRC), currently NAHDIC, joined in 1997 the then Ethiopian Agricultural Research Organization (EARO), now Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR). Major research thrust was geared towards problem oriented applied and adaptive research to respond to pressing national needs. Diseases and other animal health problems affecting production and productivity and hampering foreign trade were given priorities. Most research topics were focused on finding effective and affordable disease control and disease diagnostic technologies. For instance, encouraging results were obtained on the control of sheep ked, a cockle-like defect on skin, using Phytolacca dodecandra extracts, and ticks using Euphorbia candelabrum and Solanum incanum. In addition, the Sheko breed was found to be more tolerant to trypanosomosis than, at least, three other local breeds. Higher learning institutions are also involved in animal health research in order to complement the teaching and learning processes.

T


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9 Miscellaneous 9.1. Ethiopia Elected as President of OIE Africa Commission

HE OIE has created five Regional Commissions to study specific problems encountered

by Veterinary Services and to organize cooperation activities at regional level. These Commissions cover Africa, Americas, Asia, Far East and Oceania, Europe and Middle East. A Regional Commission Conference is organized once every two years in one of the countries of the region. These conferences are devoted to technical items and to regional cooperation in the control of animal diseases. Regional programmes may be developed to reinforce surveillance and control of major animal diseases, especially for regions where the OIE maintains a Regional or Sub-Regional Representation. Regional Commissions report on their activities and submit recommendations to the World Assembly of Delegates. In May 2010, elections for the Bureau (President, Vice-President and Secretary General) of the Regional Commissions were held for a three-year term (Fig. 23). Accordingly, the following professional are nominated from four African countries.

Fig 23:

Current composition of the Bureau of the OIE Regional Commission

From left to right: Dr. Berhe Gebreegziabher, (Ethiopia), President; Dr. Saley Mahamadou, (Niger), Vice-President; Dr. Mohammed Abdel Razig Abdel Aziz, (Sudan), Vice-President; Dr. Marosi Molomo (Lesotho), Secretary General. 9.2. Animal health personnel

Table 24: No of public animal health personnel: Disease prevention, control and eradication

Vet staff

Vet. paraprofessionals and other technical

staff

Location

Filled posts

Vacant posts

Filled posts

Vacant posts

National SVS

3 3 0 3

Provincial - SPP

0 0 0

Tigray 21 8 217 107 Amhara 125 203 1143 517 Benshangul Gumuz

11 18 670 253

Gambella 4 12 129 - Addis Ababa

8 2 45 23

Dire Dawa 4 0 12 0 Harari 2 - 12 - Afar 16 20 307 160 SNNP 138 30 1152 128 Somali 12 - 127 - Oromia 183 153 4543 1401 Total 527 449 8357 2592

NB: Vet = Veterinary; SVS = State Veterinary Services; SPP = State para-professional.

T




Table 25:

No of public animal health personnel: Veterinary public health

Veterinary staff

Veterinary paraprofessionals

and other technical staff

Location

Filled posts

Vacant posts

Filled posts

Vacant posts

National SVS

Regional SPP

24 11 48 28

Tigray 1 1 8 - Amhara 1 9 10 40 Benshangul Gumuz

- - - 22

Gambella - - - - Addis Ababa

4 - 27 -

Dire Dawa 1 0 6 0 Harari - 1 - 2 Afar - - - - SNNP 2 19 28 - Somali - - - - Oromia 1 3 32 265 Total 34 44 159 357

Table 26: No of public animal health personnel: Veterinary laboratories/centers

Veterinary staff

Veterinary para-professionals

and other technical staff

Location

Filled posts

Vacant posts

Filled posts

Vacant posts

National SVS

38 - 142 -

Regional SPP

Tigray 3 1 4 - Amhara 11 3 17 1 Ben/ Gumuz

3 3 5 -

Gambella - - - - Addis Ababa

2 - 3 -

Dire Dawa 2 - 2 - Harari - - - - Afar 4 - 6 - SNNP 9 - 14 9 Somali 4 - - - Oromia 24 12 - 41 Total 100 19 193 51

Table 27: No of private animal health personnel

Region Number Type of practice 3 Veterinary Clinics Tigray

37 Veterinary Drug Shops 9 Veterinary Clinics 3 Veterinary Pharmacies 7 Import/Export

212 Veterinary Drug Shops

Amhara 3 Artificial Insemination

4 Veterinary Clinics Benshangul Gumuz 4 Veterinary Drug Shops Gambella 3 Veterinary Drug Shops

48 Veterinary Clinics 55 Veterinary Drug Shops 34 Import/Export

Addis Ababa 5 AI Service Dire Dawa 7 Veterinary Drug Shops

2 Drug store Harari 1 Clinic Afar 1 Drug store

2 Clinical service SNNPRS 5 Drug stores Somali - -

307 Drug store Oromia 43 Clinical service

Total 795


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References Alem W/Senbet and Solomon Gebre (2000). Retrospective Sero-Epidemiology Study of Bovine Brucellosis In Different Production System In Ethiopia, National Animal Health Research Centre, Sebeta, Ethiopia. Anon (2006): Livestock Development Master Plan Study’ document. Christopher W. Woods, Adam M. Karpati, Thomas Grein, Noel McCarthy, Peter Gaturuku, Eric Muchiri, Lee Dunster, Alden Henderson, Ali S. Khan, Robert Swanepoel, Isabelle Bonmarin, Louise Martin, Philip Mann, Bonnie L. Smoak, Michael Ryan, Thomas G. Ksiazek, Ray R. Arthur, Andre Ndikuyeze, Naphtali N. Agata, Clarence J. Peters, and the World Health Organization Hemorrhagic Fever Task Force (2002): An Outbreak of Rift Valley Fever in Northeastern Kenya, 1997–98, Emerging Infectious Diseases, Vol. 8, No. 2, February 2002. CSA (2009): Central Statistical Authority of Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. NBE (2008): National Bank of Ethiopia, 2008 LDMP (2003): Livestock Development Master Plan study. Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. African Development Fund, country Department, North East and South Region. PARC (2000): Annual report of the Pan African Rinderpest Campaign, Oranjewoud International b.v in association with RDP Livestock Services b.v. Peninah Munyua, Rees M. Murithi, Sherrilyn Wainwright, Jane Githinji, Allen Hightower, David Mutonga, Joseph Macharia, Peter M. Ithondeka, Joseph Musaa, Robert F. Breiman, Peter Bloland, AND M. Kariuki Njenga (2010): Rift Valley Fever Outbreak in Livestock in Kenya, 2006–2007; Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 83 (2_Suppl), 2010, pp. 58-64. Rufael T., Sahle M., G/Egziabher B., Ferris N., King D. and Statham B. (2010): Foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv) survillance in Ethiopia during 2007–2010 towards national control pathway in risk reduction approach, WRL, Pirbright, UK. USDS (2010): US Department of State, Bureau of African Affairs, 2010, Background Note on Ethiopia, http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2859.htm#econ

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