References

94

REFERENCES

Abbas A.K, Lichtman A.H & Pober J.S (1994) Cellular and Molecular Immunology, 2nd edn. WB, Saunders, Philadelphia.

Advani R (1981) Seasonal fluctuations in the feeding ecology of the Indian false vampire bat Megaderma lyra lyra. Z.Saugetierkd 46: 90-93.

Alcock J (1989). Animal Behaviour, 4th edn. New York, Sinauer Associations Inc.

Aldridge H (1986) Maneuverability and ecological segregation in the little brown (Myotis lucifugus) and Yuma (Myotis yumanensis) bats (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology 64: 1878-1882.

Alexander R.D (1974) The evolution of social behavior. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 5: 325-383.

Allen P.J, Amos W, Pomeroy P.P & Twiss S.D (1995) Microsatellite variation in grey seals (Halichoerus grypus) shows evidence of genetic differentiation between two British breeding colonies. Molecular Ecology 4: 653-662.

Altringham J.D (1996) Bats, Biology and Behavior, Oxford University Press, University of Leeds, New York.

Amos W, Twiss S, Pomeroy P.P & Anderson S.S (1993) Male mating success and paternity in the grey seal, Halichoerus grypus: a study using DNA fingerprinting. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences 252: 199-207.

Apanius V, Penn D, Slev P, Ruff L.R & Potts W.K (1997). The nature of selection on the major histocompatibility complex. Critical Reviews in Immunology 17: 179-224.

Armour J.A.L, Neumann R, Gobert S & Jeffreys A.J (1994) Isolation of human simple repeat loci by hybridization selection. Human Molecular Genetics 3: 599-605.

Arnold M.L, Buchner C.M & Robinson J.J (1991) Pollen mediated introgression and hybrid speciation in Louisiana irises. Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences USA 88: 1398-1402.

Audet D, Krull D, Marimuthu G, Sumithran S & Singh J.B (1991) Foraging behaviour of the Indian false vampire bat, Megaderma lyra (Chiroptera: Megadermatidae). Biotropica 23: 63-67.

Axelrod R & Hamilton W.D (1981) "The Evolution of Cooperation". Science 211: 1390-96.

Balasingh J, Subbaraj R & Suthakar I.S (1994) Sexual segregation in the Indian false vampire bat, Megaderma lyra (Microchiroptera). Bat Research News 35: 7-9.

Balasingh J, Suthakar I.S & Subbaraj R (1992) A convenient device for tagging bats in the field. Bat Research News 33: 6.

95

Balasingh J, Suthakar I.S, Singaravel M, Gopukumar N & Subbaraj R (1998) Parturition and mother-infant relations in the Indian false vampire bat Megaderma lyra. Behavioural Processes 44: 45-49.

Balcombe J.P (1990) Vocal recognition of pups by mother Mexican free-tailed bats, Tadarida brasiliensis mexicana. Animal Behaviour 39: 960-966.

Bannikova V.A, Matveev V.A & Kramerov D.A (2002) Using inter-SINE–PCR to Study mammalian phylogeny. Russian Journal of Genetics 38: 714-764.

Barbara S.F, Gillam E & Fenton M.B (2006) Vocalizations emitted during mother-young interactions by captive eastern red bats Lasiurus borealis (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae). Acta Chiropterologica 8: 477-484.

Barrett L & Henzi S.P (2001) The utility of grooming in baboon troops. In: Economics in nature: social dilemmas, mate choice and biological markets (Eds: Noë R, J.A.R.A.M. van Hooff & Hammerstein P) pp. 119-145. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Bates P.J.J & Harrison D.L (1997) Bats of the Indian Subcontinent. Harrison Zoological Museum Publications, Sevenoaks, United Kingdom. 258 pp.

Batzer M.A & Deininger P.L (2002) Alu repeats and human genomic diversity. Nature Review Genetics 3: 370-379.

Batzer M.A, Stoneking M, Hartman A.M, Bazan H, Kass D.H, Shaikh T. H, Novick G. E, Ioannou P.A, Scheer W. D, Herrera R. J & Deininger P. L (1994). African origin of human specific polymorphic Alu insertions. Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences USA 91: 12288-12292.

Beaumont M.A & Bruford M.W (1999) Microsatellites in Conservation Genetics. In Microsatellites: Evolution and Applications. (Eds: Goldstein D.B & Schlotterer C). pp. 165-182, Oxford University Press, Oxford.

Beck A.J & Lim B.L. (1973) Reproductive biology of Eonycteris spelaea, Dobson (Megachiroptera) in West Malaysia. Acta Tropica. 30: 251-26.

Bell G.P (1985) The sensory basis of prey location by the California leaf nosed bat Macrotus californicus (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 16: 343-347.

Bertram B.C (1976) Kin selection in lions and evolution. In : Growing points in ethology (Eds: Bateson P.P.G & Hinde R.A) pp: 281-301, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Boston.

Billoud B, Guerucci M.A, Masselot M & Deutsch J.S (2000) Cirripede phylogeny using a novel approach: molecular morphometrics. Molecular Biology and Evolution 17: 1435-1445.

Birgersson B, Ekvall K & Temrin H (1991) Allosuckling in fallow deer, Dama-dama. Animal Behaviour 42: 326-327.

96

Bize P, Roulin A, Tella J.L, Bersier L.F & Richner H (2004) Additive effects of ectoparasites over the reproductive attempts in the long-lived Alpine swifts. Journal of Animal Ecology 73: 1080-1088.

Bohn K.M, Wilkinson G.S & Moss C.F (2007) Discrimination of infant isolation calls by greater spear-nosed bats, Phyllostomus hastatus. Animal Behaviour 73: 423-432.

Boness D.J (1990) Fostering behavior in Hawaiian monk seals: is there a reproductive cost? Behavioural Ecology and Sociobiology 27: 113-122.

Borodulina O.R & Kramerov D.A (2005) PCR based approach to SINE isolation: Simple and complex SINEs. Gene 349: 197-205.

Boulesteix M, Weiss M & Biemont C (2006) Changes in genome size between closely related species: Drosophila melanogaster species subgroup. Molecular Biology and Evolution 23: 162-167.

Bowman A.S, Coons L.B, Needham G.R & Sauer J.R (1997) Tick saliva: recent advances and implications for vector competence. Medical and Veterinary Entomology 11: 277-285.

Boyd I.L (1998) Time and energy constraints in pinniped lactation. American Naturalist 152: 717-728.

Bradbury J.W & Vehrencamp S.L (1977) Social organization and foraging in emballonurid bats, III. Mating systems. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 2: 1-17.

Bradbury J.W (1977) Social organization and Communication. In: Biology of bats. Volume 3 (Ed: Wimsatt W. A) pp. 2-72, Academic Press, New York.

Brooke A.P (1997) Social organization and foraging behaviour of the shing bat, Noctilio leporinus (Chiroptera: Noctilionidae). Ethology 103: 421-436.

Brooks D.R & McLennan D.A (1993) Parascript: In. Parasites and the Language of Evolution. pp. 429. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington.

Brosset A (1962) Bats of central and Western India. Journal of Bombay Natural History Society 59: 608-613.

Brown P (1976) Vocal communication in the pallid bat, Antrozous pallidus. Zeitschrift fur Tierpsychologie. 41: 34-54.

Brown P.E, Grinnel A.D & Harrison J.B (1978) The development of hearing in the pallid bat, Antrozous pallidus. Journal of comparative physiology 126: 169-182.

Bruke T, Davies N.B, Bruford M.W & Hatchwell B.J (1989) Parental care and mating behaviour of polyandrous dunnocks Prunella modularis related to paternity by DNA fingerprinting Nature. 338: 249-251.

Bruns V, Burda H & Ryan M.J (1989) Ear morphology of the frog-eating bat (Trachops cirrhosus, Family: Phyllostomidae): apparent specializations for low-frequency hearing. Journal of Morphology 199: 103-118.

97

Burland T.M & Wilmer J.W (2001) Seeing in the dark: Molecular approaches to the study of bat populations. Biological Reviews 76: 389-409.

Buschiazzo E & Gemmell N.J (2006) The rise, fall and renaissance of microsatellites in eukaryotic genomes. BioEssays 28: 1040-1050.

Cameron E.Z, Stafford K.J, Linklater W.L & Veltman C.J (1999) Suckling behaviour does not measure milk intake in horses, Equus caballus. Animal. Behaviour 57: 673-678.

Cantrell M.A, Scott L, Brown C.J, Martinez A.R & Wichman H.A (2008) Loss of LINE-1 activity in the megabats. Genetics 178: 393-404.

Carlson J.E, Tulsieram L.C, Glaubitz J.C, Luk V.W.K, Kauffeldt C & Rutledge R (1991) Segregation of random amplified DNA markers in F1 progeny of conifers. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 83: 194-200.

Chambers G.K & MacAvoy E.S (2000) Microsatellites: consensus and controversy Comparative Biochemical Physiology 126: 455-476.

Ching L.M & Marshall A.G (1968) The breeding biology of the bat-fly Eucampispoda sundaicum Theodor, 1955 (Diptera: Nycteribiidae). Malayan Nature Journal 21: 171-180.

Christe P, Arlettaz R & Vogel P (2000) Variation in intensity of a parasitic mite (Spinturnix myoti) in relation to the reproductive cycle and immunocompetence of its bat host (Myotis myotis). Ecology Letters 3: 207-212.

Christe P, Bruyndonckx N, Dubey S & Ruedi M (2009) Molecular cophylogenetic relationships between European bats and their mites (Acari, Spinturnicidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 51: 227-237.

Christe P, Glaizot O, Evanno G, Bruyndonckx N, Devevey G, Yannic G, Patthey P, Maeder A, Vogel P & Arlettaz R (2007) Host sex and ectoparasites choice: preference for and higher survival on female hosts. Journal of Animal Ecology 76: 703-710.

Clutton-Brock T.H (1989) Mammalian mating systems. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B 236: 339-372.

Clutton-Brock T.H (1991) The evolution of parental care. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey.

Clutton-Brock T.H, Albon S.D & Guinness F.E (1989) Fitness costs of gestation and lactation in wild mammals. Nature 337: 260-262.

Coltman D.W, Bancroft D.R, Robertson A, Smith J.A, Clutton-Brock T.H & Pemberton J.M (1999a) Male reproductive success in a promiscuous mammal: behavioural estimates compared with genetic paternity. Molecular Ecology 8: 1199-1209.

Coltman D.W, Smith J.A, Bancroft D.R, Pilkington J, MacColl A.D.C, Clutton-Brock T.H & Pemberton J.M (1999b) Density-dependent variation in lifetime breeding success and natural and sexual selection in Soay rams. American Naturalist 154: 730-746.

98

Coltman D.W, Bowen W.D & Wright J.M (1998) Male mating success in an aquatically mating pinniped, the harbour seal (Phoca vitulina) assessed by microsatellite DNA markers. Molecular Ecology 7: 627-638.

Corneo G, Ginelli E & Polli. E (1967) A satellite DNA isolated from human tissues. Journal of Molecular Biology 23: 619-622.

Cruz F, Perez M & Presa P (2005) Distribution and abundance of microsatellites in the genome of bivalves. Gene 346: 241-247.

Daly M (1979) Why don’t males lactate? Journal of Theoretical Biology 78: 325-345.

Daniels G.R & Deininger P.L (1985) Repeat sequence families derived from mammalian tRNA genes. Nature 317: 819-822.

Davis R.B, Herreid C.F.I & Short H.L (1962) Mexican free-tailed bats in Texas. Ecological Monographs 32: 311-346.

Davis W.H, Barbour.R.W & Hassell.M.D (1968) Colonial behaviour of Eptesicus fuscus. Journal of Mammology 49: 44-50.

de Almeida L.M & Carareto C.M (2005) Multiple events of horizontal transfer of the Minos transposable element between Drosophila species. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 35: 583-94.

de Fanis E & Jones G.J (1995) Post-natal growth, mother–infant interactions and development of vocalizations in the vespertilionid bat Plecotus auritus. Journal of Zoology 235: 85-97.

de Fanis E & Jones G.J (1996) Allomaternal care and recognition between mothers and young Pipistrelle bats (Pipistrellus pipistrellus). Journal of Zoology 249: 781-787.

De Ruiter J.R & Geffen E (1998) Relatedness of matrilines, dispersing males and social groups in long tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis). Proceedings of Royal Society of London B 265: 79-87.

Dechmann D.K. N, Kalko E.K. V, König B & Kerth G (2005) Mating system of a Neotropical roost-making bat: the white-throated, round-eared bat, Lophostoma silvicolum (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 58(3) 316-325.

Deininger P & Daniels G (1986) The recent evolution of mammalian repetitive DNA elements. Trends in Genetics 2: 76-80.

Deininger P, Sherry S.T, Risch G, Donaldson C, Robichaux M.B, Soodyall H, Jenkins T, Sheen F, Swergold G, Stoneking M & Batzer M (1999) Interspersed repeat insertion polymorphisms for studies of human molecular anthropology. In: Genomic Diversity: Applications in Human Population Genetics. (Eds: Papiha & Deka) pp 201-212. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York.

Deininger P.L & Batzer M.A (2002) Mammalian retroelements. Genome Research 12: 1455-1465.

99

Deininger P.L (1989) SINEs: short interspersed repeated DNA elements in higher eukaryotes. In: Mobile DNA (Eds: Berg D.E & Howe M.M) pp 619-636, American Society of Microbiology, Washington, DC.

Deininger P.L, Batzer M.A, Hutchinson C.A III & Edgell M. H (1993) The generation of sequence similarity in SINEs and LINEs: a reply. Trends in Genetics 9: 38-39.

Deininger P.L, Moran J.V, Batzer M.A & Kazazian H.H. Jr (2003) Mobile elements and mammalian genome evolution. Current Opinion in Genetics & Development 13: 651-658.

Dewannieux M, Esnault C & Heidmann T (2003) LINE-mediated retro transposition of marked Alu sequences. Nature Genetics 35: 41-48.

Dick C.W & Gettinger D (2005) A faunal survey of streblid bat flies (Diptera: Streblidae) associated with bats in Paraguay. Journal of Parasitology 91: 1015-1024.

Dick C.W & Patterson B.D (2008) An excess of males: skewed sex ratios in bat flies (Diptera: Streblidae). Evolutionary Ecology 22: 757-769.

Diniz F.M, Maclean N, Paterson I.G & Bentzen P (2004) Polymorphic tetra nucleotide microsatellite markers in the Caribbean spiny lobster, Panulirus argus. Molecular Ecology Notes 4: 327-329.

Donehower L.A, Slagle B.L, Wilde M, Darlington G & Butel J.S (1989) Nucleic Acids Research. 17: 699-710.

Durden L.A, Polur R.N, Nims T, Banks C.W & Oliver J.H (2004) Ectoparasites and other epifaunistic arthropods of sympatric cotton mice and golden mice: comparisons and implications for vector-borne zoonotic diseases. Journal of Parasitology 90(6):1293-1297.

Durrant C.J, Trevor J, Beebee C, Greenaway F & Hill D.A (2009) Evidence of recent population bottlenecks and inbreeding in British populations of Bechstein’s bat, Myotis bechsteinii Conservation Genetics 10: 489-496.

Dwyer P.D (1970) Social organization in the bat, Myotis adversus. Science 168: 1006-1008.

Eales L, Bullock P.J & Slater P.J.B (1988) Shared nursing in captive Pipistrelles (Pipistrellus pipistrellus)? Journal of Zoology 216: 584-587

East M.L, Hofer H & Wickler W (1993) The erect `penis' as a flag of submission in a female-dominated society: greeting in Serengeti spotted hyenas. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 33: 355-370.

Eickbush T.H & Furano A.V (2002) Fruit flies and humans respond differently to retrotransposon. Current Opinion in Genetics and Development 12: 669-674.

Ekvall K (1998) Effects of social organization, age and aggressive behaviour on allosuckling in wild fallow deer. Animal Behaviour 56: 695-703.

Ellegren H (2000) Heterogeneous mutation processes in human microsatellite DNA sequences. Nature Genetics 24: 400-402.

100

Ellegren H (2004) Microsatellites: simple sequences with complex evolution. Nature Review Genetics 5: 435-445.

Emlen S.T & Oring L.W (1977) Ecology, sexual selection and evolution of mating systems. Science 197: 215-223.

Entwistle A.C (1994). Roost ecology of the brown long-eared bat (Plecotus auritus, Linnaeus, 1758) in North-east Scotland. Ph.D. thesis, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland.

Estoup A, Garnery L, Solignac M & Cornuet J.M (1995a) Microsatellite variation in honey bee (Apis melifera L.) Populations: hierarchical genetic structure and test of the infinite allele and stepwise mutation model. Genetics 140: 679-695.

Estoup A, Largiader C.L, Perrot E & Chourrout D (1996) Rapid one-tube DNA extraction for reliable PCR detection of fish polymorphic markers and transgenes. Molecular Marine Biology and Biotechnology 5: 295-298.

Estoup A, Tailliez C, Cornuet J.M & Solignac M (1995b) Size homoplasy and mutational processes of interrupted microsatellites in two bee species, Apis mellifera and Bombus terrestris (Apidae). Molecular Biology and Evolution 12: 1074-1084.

Fenton M.B (1984) Echolocation: Implications for ecology and evolution of bats. Quarterly Review of Biology 59: 33-53.

Fenton M.B (1990) The foraging behaviour and ecology of animal eating bats. Canadian Journal of Zoology 68: 411-422.

Fenton M.B, Merriam H.G & Holroyd G.L (1983) Bats of Kootenay, Glacier, and Mount Revelstoke national parks in Canada: identification by echolocation calls, distribution, and biology. Canadian Journal of Zoology 61: 2503-2508.

Fenton M.B, Rautembach I.L, Smith S.E, Swanepoel C.M, Grospell J & Vanjaarveld J (1994) Raptors and bats – threats and opportunities. Animal Behaviour 48: 9-18.

Ferguson M (1995) The role of molecular genetic markers in the management of cultured fish. In: Molecular Genetics in Fisheries (Eds. Carvalho G.R & Pitcher T.J) pp 81-104, Chapman & Hall, London.

Feschotte C & Pritham E.J (2007) DNA Transposons and the Evolution of Eukaryotic Genomes Annual Review Genetics 41: 331-68.

Fiedler J (1979) Prey catching with and without echolocation in the Indian false vampire (Megaderma lyra). Behavioural Ecology and Sociobiology 6: 155-160.

Fitze P.S, Clobert J & Richner H (2004) Long-term life-history consequences of ectoparasite-modulated growth and development Ecology 85 : 2018-2026.

Flanders J.O.N, Jones G, Benda P, Dietz C, Zhang S, Li G, Sharifi M & Rossiter S.J (2009) Phylogeography of the greater horseshoe bat, Rhinolophus ferrumequinum: contrasting results from mitochondrial and microsatellite data. Molecular Ecology 18:306-318.

101

Flemming T.H (1971) Artibeus jamaicensis: delayed embryonic development in a neotropical bat. Science 171: 402-404.

Floyd C.H, Martínez J.J.F, Herrera M.L.G, Mejia O & May B (2009) Conserving the endangered Mexican fishing bat (Myotis vivesi): genetic variation indicates extensive gene flow among islands in the Gulf of California. Conservation Genetics 11: 813-822.

Fraser M.J (1986) Transposon-mediated mutagenesis of baculoviruses: transposons shuttling and implications for speciation. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 79: 733-783.

Fritz G.N (1983) Biology and ecology of the bat flies (Diptera: Streblidae) on bats of the genus Carollia. Journal of Medical Entomology 20: 1-10.

Fuhrman S, Deininger P.L, La Porte P.P, Friedmann T.T & Geiduschek P (1981) Analysis of Transcription of the Human Alu Family of Ubiquitous Repeating Element by Eukaryotic RNA Polymerase III. Nucleic Acid Research 9: 6439-6455.

Furmankiewicz J & Altringham J.D (2007) Genetic structure in a swarming brown long-eared bat (Plecotus auritus) population: evidence for mating at swarming sites. Conservation Genetics 8: 913-928.

Gelfand D.L & McCracken G.F (1986) Individual variation in the isolation calls of Mexican free-tailed bat pups (Tadarida brasiliensis mexicana). Animal Behaviour 34: 1078-1086.

Geoffroy E (1810) Sur les Phyllostomes et les Mégadermes Annalés Muséum National D'Histoire Naturelle, par les professeurs de cet éstablissement. Paris 15: 157-198.

Gilbert C, Schaack S, Pace J.K.II, Brindley P.J & Feschotte C (2010) A role of host-parasite interactions in the horizontal transfer of transposons across phyla. Nature 464: 1347-1350.

Gilbert N & Labuda D (1999) CORE-SINEs: eukaryotic short interspersed retroposing elements with common sequence motifs. Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences. USA 96: 2869-2874.

Giorgi M.S, Arlettaz R, Christe P & Vogel P (2001). The energetic grooming costs imposed by a parasitic mite (Spinturnix myoti) upon its bat host (Myotis myotis). Proceedings of Royal Society of London Series B 268: 2071-2075.

Giorgi M.S, Arlettaz R, Guillaume F, Nusslé S, Ossola C, Vogel P & Christe P (2004) Causal mechanisms underlying host specificity in bat ectoparasites. Oecologia 138: 648-654.

Girardet A, Moncla A, Hamamah S & Claustres M (2005) Strategies for preimplantation genetic diagnosis of Angelman syndrome caused by mutations in the UBE3A gene. Reproductive Biomedicine Online 10: 519-526.

Girman D.J, Mills M.G.L, Geffen E & Wayne R.K (1997) A molecular genetic analysis of social structure, dispersal and interpack relationships of the African wild dog (Lycaon pictus). Behavioural Ecology and Sociobiology 16: 177-184.

102

Gittleman J.L & Thompson S.D (1988) Energy allocation in mammalian reproduction. American Zoologist 28: 863-875.

Gittleman J.L & Oftedal O (1987) Comparative growth and lactation energetic in carnivores. Symposium of the Zoological Society of London. 57: 41-77.

Glenn T.C & Schable N.A (2005) Isolating microsatellite DNA loci. Methods in Enzymology 395: 202-222.

Glenn T.C, Cary T, Dust M, Hauswaldt S, Prince K, Ramsdell C & Shute I (2000) Microsatellite isolation manual. University of South Caroline, Columbia.

Gogolevsky K.P, Vassetzky N.S & Kramerov D.A (2009) 5S rRNA-derived and tRNA-derived SINEs in fruit bats. Genomics 93: 494-500.

Goldstein D.B, Roemer G.W, Smith D.A, Reich D.E, Bergman A & Wayne R.K (1999) The use of microsatellite variation to infer population structure and demographic history in a natural model system. Genetics 151: 797-801.

Gompper M.E, Gittleman J.L & Wayne R.K (1997) Genetic relatedness, coalitions and social behavior of white nosed coatis, Nasua narica. Animal Behaviour 53: 781-797.

Gopalakrishna A & Badwaik N (1989) Breeding habits and associated phenomena in some Indian bats. Part XII-Megaderma lyra lyra (Geoffrey) (Megadermatidae) at different latitudes. Journal of Bombay Natural History Society 86: 42-45.

Gopalakrishna A (1964) Post-partum pregnancy in the Indian fruit bat, Rousettus leschenaulti. Current Science 35: 558-559.

Gottelli D, Zubiri S.C, Applebaum G.D, Roy M.S, Girman D.J, Garcia Moreno J, Ostrander E.A & Wayne R.K (1994) Molecular genetics of the most endangered canid: The Ethiopian wolf Canis simensis. Molecular Ecology 3: 301-312.

Goudet J, Perrin N & Waser P (2002) Tests for sex-biased dispersal using bi-parentally inherited genetic markers. Molecular Ecology 11: 1103-1114.

Goymann W, Leippert D & Hofer H (1999) Parturition, parental behaviour and pup development in Indian false vampire bat, Megaderma lyra. Z. Säugetierkunde 64: 321-331.

Goymann W, Leippert D & Hofer H (2000) Sexual segregation, roosting, and social behaviour in a free-ranging colony of Indian false vampires (Megaderma lyra). Z. Säeugetierkd 65: 138-148.

Griffin D.R (1958) Listening in the Dark: the acoustic orientation of bats and man. New Haven, Yale University Press.

Grover A, Aishwarya V & Sharma P.C (2007) Biased distribution of microsatellite motifs in the rice genome. Molecular Genetics and Genomics 277: 469-480

Guppy A & Coles R.B (1983) Feeding behaviour of the Australian ghost bat, Macroderma gigas (Chiroptera: Megadermatidae) in captivity. Australian Journal of Mammology 6: 97-99.

103

Guppy A & Coles R.B (1988) Acoustical and neural aspects of hearing in the Australian gleaning bats, Macroderma gigas and Nyctophilus gouldi. Journal of Comparative Physiology A.162: 653-658.

Gustin M.K & McCracken G.F (1987) Scent recognition between females and pups in the bat Tadarida brasiliensis mexicana. Animal Behaviour 35: 13-19.

Habersetzer J (1983) Ethoökologisch Untersuchungen an echoortenden Fledermausen Sudindiens. Ph.D thesis, University of Frankfurt, Germany.

Haig S.M, Bowman R & Mullins T.D (1996) Population structure of red–cockaded woodpeckers in South Florida – RAPDs revisited. Molecular Ecology 5: 725-734.

Hamdi H.K, Nishio H, Tavis J, Zielinski R & Dugaiczyk A (2000) Alu-mediated phylogenetic novelties in gene regulation and development, Journal of Molecular Biology 299: 931-939.

Hamilton M.B, Pincus E.L, Fiore D.A & Flesher R.C (1999) A universal linker and ligation procedures for construction of genomic DNA libraries enriched for microsatellites. Biotechniques 27: 500-507.

Hamilton W.D (1964) The genetical evolution of social behaviour I. Journal of Theoretical Biology 7: 1-16.

Hammock E & Young L.J (2005) Microsatellite instability generates diversity in brain and socio behavioral traits. Science 308: 1630-1634.

Hancock J.M (1999) Microsatellites and other simple sequences: genomic context and mutational mechanisms. In Microsatellites: evolution and applications (eds. Goldstein D. B &. Schlötterer C) pp. 1-9, Oxford University Press, Oxford, U.K.

Hart B.L (1992) Behavioral Adaptations to Parasites: An Ethological Approach. The Journal of Parasitology 78: 256-265.

Hartl D.L, Lohe A.R & Lozovskaya E.R (1997) Modern thoughts on an ancient marinere: function, evolution, regulation. Annual Review of Genetics 31: 337-358.

Hatzaki A, Loukopoulos D, Spiliopoulou H. & Koutselinis A (1995) A study of five variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) loci in the Greek population. Molecular and Cellular Probes 9(2): 129-133.

Hayssen V (1993) Empirical and Theoretical Constraints on the Evolution of Lactation. Journal of Dairy Science 76 (10): 3213-3233.

Hecht M.M, Nitz N, Araujo P.F, Sousa A.O, Rosa A.C, Gomes D.A, Leonardecz E & Teixeira A.R.L (2010) Inheritance of DNA transferred from American trypanosomes to human hosts. Public Library of Science ONE 5, e9181.

Heckel, G & Helversen V.O (2003) Genetic mating system and the significance of harem associations in the bat Saccopterynx bilineata. Molecular Ecology 12: 219-227.

Heffner R.S & Heffner H.E (1992) Visual factors in sound localization in mammals. Journal of comparative Neurology 317: 219 -226.

104

Hill J.E & Smith J.D (1984) Bats, a natural history, British Museum (Natural History). London.

Hillis D.M, Mable B.K, Larson A, Davis S.K & Zimmer E.A (1996) Nucleic acids IV: Sequencing and cloning In Molecular Systematics: (Eds: Hillis D.M, Moritz C & Mable B.K) pp. 321-381 2nd .edn. Sunderland: Sinauer Associates Inc.

Holmes E.C, Urwin R & Maiden M.C.J (1999) The influence of recombination on the population structure and evolution of the human pathogen Neisseria meningitides. Molecular Biology and Evolution 16: 741-749.

Hoogland J.L, Tamarin R.H & Levy C.K (1989) Communal nursing in prairie dogs. Behavioural Ecology and Sociobiology 24: 91-95.

Hubby J.L & Lewontin R.C (1966) A molecular approach to the study of genetic heterozygosity in natural populations. I. The number of alleles at different loci in Drosophila pseudoobscura. Genetics 54: 577-594.

Hughes C (1998) Integrating molecular techniques with field methods in studies of social behavior: a revolution results. Ecology 79: 383-399

Hurwood D.A, Hughes J.M, Bunn S.E & Cleary C (2003) Population structure in the freshwater shrimp (Paratya australiensis) inferred from allozyme and mitochondrial DNA. Heredity 90: 64-70.

Hypša V (2006) Parasite histories and novel phylogenetic tools: alternative approaches to inferring parasite evolution from molecular markers. International Journal for Parasitology 36: 141-155.

Jacobsen B.H, Hansen M.M & Loeschcke V (2005) Microsatellite DNA analysis of northern pike (Esox lucius L.) populations: Insights into the genetic structure and demographic history of a genetically depauperate species. Biological Journal of Linnean Society 84: 91-101.

Jagadeeswaran P, Forget B.G & Weismann S.M (1981) Short interspersed repetitive DNA elements in eukaryotes: Transposable DNA elements generated by reverse transcription of RNA pol III transcripts? Cell 26: 141-142.

Jarne P & Lagoda P.J.L (1996) Microsatellites, from molecules to populations and back. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 11: 424-429.

Jeffreys A.J, Wilson V & Thein S.L (1985) Hypervariable 'minisatellite' regions in human DNA. Nature 314: 67-74.

Jepsen G. L (1966) Early Eocene bat from Wyoming. Science 154: 1333-1339.

Jepsen G.L (1970) Bat origins and evolution. In: Biology of bats (Ed: Wimsatt W.A) pp 1-64 vol. 1, Academic Press, New York.

Jobling B (1949) Host-parasite relationship between the American Streblidae and the bats, with a new key to the American genera and a record of the Streblidae from Trinidad, British West Indies (Diptera). Parasitology 39: 315-329.

105

Jones C (1967) Growth, development, and wing loading in the evening bat, Nycticeius humeralis (Rafinesque) Journal of Mammology 48: 1-19.

Jones K, Purvis A, MacLaron A, Emonds B.O & Simmons N (2002) A phylogenetic super tree of the bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera). Biological Reviews 77: 223-259.

Jones O & Wang J (2009) COLONY: a program for parentage and sibship inference from multilocus genotype data. Molecular Ecology Resources 10: 551-555.

Jurka J (2008) Conserved eukaryotic transposable elements and the evolution of gene regulation Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences 65: 201-204.

Kachroo P, Leong S.A & Chattoo B.B (1995) Mg-SINE: A short interspersed nuclear element from the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 92: 11125-11129.

Kacsoh B, Meyers J.S, Crowley W.R & Grosvenor C. E (1990) Maternal modulation of growth hormone secretion in the neonatal rat: involvement of mother–offspring interactions. Journal of Endocrinology 124: 233-240.

Kajikawa M & Okada N (2002) LINEs mobilize SINEs in the eel through a shared 30 sequence. Cell 111: 433-444.

Kandpal R.P, Kandpal G & Weissmann S.M (1994) Construction of libraries enriched for sequence repeats and jumping clones, and hybridization selection for region-specific markers. Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences 91: 88-92.

Kanuch P, Janeckova K & Kristin A (2005) Winter diet of the noctule bat Nyctalus noctula. Folia Zoologica 54: 53-60.

Kashi Y & King D.G (2006) Simple sequence repeats as advantageous mutators in evolution Trends in Genetics 22: 253-9.

Kashyap V.K, Ashma R, Gaikwad S, Sarkar B.N & Trivedi R (2004) Deciphering diversity in populations of various linguistic and ethnic affiliations of different geographical regions of India: analysis based on 15 microsatellite markers. Journal of Genetics 83: 49-63.

Katti M.V, Ranjekar P.K & Gupta V.S (2001) Differential distribution of simple sequence repeats in eukaryotic genome sequences. Molecular Biology and Evolution 18: 1161-1167.

Kazazian H.Jr (2004). Mobile elements: drivers of genome evolution, Science 303: 1626.

Kerth G & Reckardt K (2003) Information transfer about roosts in female Bechstein’s bats: an experimental field study. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences 270: 511-515.

Kerth G, Kiefer A, Trappmann C & Weishaar M (2003) High gene diversity at swarming sites suggests hot spots for gene flow in the endangered Bechstein’s bat. Conservation Genetics 4: 491-499.

106

Kijas J.M.H, Fowler J.C.S, Garbett C.A & Thomas M.R (1994) Enrichment of microsatellites from the citrus genome using biotinylated oligonucleotide sequences bound to streptavidin-coated magnetic particles. Biotechniques 16: 656-62.

Kim M.S, Jeong E.G, Ahn C.H, Kim S.S, Lee S.H & Yoo N.J (2008) Frame shift mutation of UVRAG, an autophagy-related gene, in gastric carcinomas with microsatellite instability. Human Pathology 39: 1059-63.

Koay G, Kearns D, Heffner R.S & Heffner R.S (1998) Passive sound localization ability of the big brown bat (Eptesicus fuscus). Hearing Research 119: 37-4.

Kohany O, Gentles A.J, Hankus L & Jurka J (2006) Annotation, submission and screening of repetitive elements in Repbase: Repbase Submitter and Censor. BMC Bioinformatics 7: 474.

Koopman K.F (1993) Order Chiroptera. In: Mammal species of the world (eds. D.E. Wilson and D.M.Reeder). pp. 137-232 Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington DC.

Kramerov D, Vassetzky N & Serdobova I (1999) The evolutionary position of dormice (Gliridae) in Rodentia determined by a novel short retroposon. Molecular Biology and Evolution 16: 715-717.

Kramerov D.A & Vassetzky N.S (2005) Short retroposons in eukaryotic genomes. International review of cytology 247: 165-221.

Kriegs J.O, Churakov G, Kiefmann M, Jordan U, Brosius J & Schmitz J (2006) Retroposed elements as archives for the evolutionary history of placental mammals. Public Library of Science Biology 4: e91.

Krishna A & Dominic C.J (1983) Reproduction in the female short nosed fruit bat Cynopterus sphinx (Vahl). Periodicum Biologorum 85: 23-30.

Krishna A & Dominic C.J (1984) Reproductive cycle in the male fruit bat Cynopterus sphinx. Vahl. Lynx 22: 19-26.

Krishna A (1985) Reproduction in the Indian pigmy Pipistrelle bat Pipistrellus mimus. Journal of Zoology 206: 41-51.

Kulzer E (1969) African fruit-eating cave bats. Part I. African Wildlife 23: 39-46.

Kunz T.H (1974) Feeding ecology of a temperate insectivorous bat (Myotis velifer). Ecology 55: 693-711.

Kunz T.H (1976) Observations on the winter ecology of the bat fly Trichobius corynorhini Cockerell (Diptera: Streblidae) Journal of medical Entomology 12: 631-636.

Kunz T.H, Whitaker, J.O.Jr & Wadanoli M.D (1995). Dietary energetics of the insectivorous Mexican free-tailed bat (Tadarida brasiliensis) during pregnancy and lactation. Oecologia 101: 407-415.

Kunz T.H & Pierson E.D (1994) Introduction. In: Walker’s bats of the world (ed. R.W. Nowak) pp. 1-46, John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.

107

Kunz T.H (1973) Population studies of the cave bat (Myotis velifer): reproduction, growth and development. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Natural History University of Kansas 15: 1-4.

Kunz T.H, Allgaier A.L, Seyjagat J & Caligiuri R (1994a) Allomaternal care: helper-assisted birth in the Rodriguez fruit bat, Pteropus rodricensis (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae). Journal of Mammalian Evolution 2: 57-78.

Kurta A, Bell G.P, Nagy K.A & Kunz T.H (1989) Energetics of pregnancy and lactation in free-ranging little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus). Physiological Zoology 62: 804-818.

Kurta A, Kunz T.H & Nagy K.A (1990) Energetics and water flux of free-ranging big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus) during pregnancy and lactation. Journal of Mammology 71: 59-65.

La Rota M, Kantety R.V, Yu J-K & Sorrells M.E (2005) Nonrandom distribution and frequencies of genomic and EST-derived microsatellite markers in rice, wheat and barley. BMC Genomics 6: 23.

Labrador M & Corces V (2002) Interactions between transposable elements and the host genome, in Mobile DNA II (Eds. Craig N.L, Craigie R & Lambowitz A.M) pp. 1008-23, ASM Press, Washington DC, USA.

Lacy R.C & Sherman P.W (1983) Kin recognition by phenotype matching. American Naturalist 121: 489-512.

Laha T, Pinlaor P, Mulvenna J, Sripa B, Sripa M, Smout M.J, Gasser R.B, Brindley P.J & Loukas A (2007) Gene discovery for the carcinogenic human liver fluke, Opisthorchis viverrini. BMC Genomics 8: 189.

Lawson M & Zhang L (2006) Distinct patterns of SSR distribution in the Arabidopsis thaliana and rice genomes. Genome Biology 7: R 14.

Lee P.C (1997) The meanings of weaning: growth, lactation, and life-history. Evolutionary Anthropology 5: 87-96.

Leippert D (1994) Social behaviour on the wings in the false vampire, Megaderma lyra. Ethology 98: 111-127.

Lewis P.O & Zaykin D (2001) Genetic data analysis: computer program for the analysis of allelic data. Version 1.0 (d16c). Free program distributed by the authors via the internet from http://hydrodic tyon.eeb.uconn.edu/people/plewis/software.php.

Lewis S.E (1995) Roost fidelity of bats: A review. Journal of Mammology 76: 481-496.

Li L, Victoria J.G, Wang C, Jones M, Fellers G.M, Kunz T.H & Delwart E (2010) Bat guano virome: predominance of dietary viruses from insects and plants plus novel mammalian viruses. Journal of Virology 84(14): 6955-65.

Li Y.C, Korol A.B, Fahima T, Beiles A & Nevo E (2002) Microsatellites: genomic distribution, putative functions and mutational mechanisms: a review. Molecular Ecology 11: 2453-2465.

108

Litt M & Luty J.A (1989) A hypervariable microsatellite revealed by in vitro amplification of a dinucleotide repeat within the cardiac muscle actin gene. American Journal of Human Genetics 44: 397-401.

Liu F, Lu J, Hu W, Wang S.Y, Cui S.J, Chi M, Yan Q, Wang X.R, Song H.D, Xu X.N, Wang J.J, Zhang X.L, Zhang X, Wang Z.Q, Xue C.L, Brindley P. J, McManus D.P, Yang Y.P, Feng Z, Chen Z & Han Z.G (2006) New perspectives on host-parasite interplay by comparative transcriptomic and proteomic analyses of Schistosoma japonicum. Public Library of Science Pathogens 2: e29.

Lively C.M (1996) Host-parasite coevolution and sex-do interactions between biological enemies maintain genetic variation and cross-fertilization? Bioscience 46: 107-114.

Loudon A.S.I, McNeilly A.S & Milne J.A (1983) Nutrition and lactational control of fertility in red deer. Nature 302: 145-147.

Loughry W.J & McCracken G.F (1991) Factors influencing Female-pup scent recognition in Mexican free-tailed bats. Journal of Mammology 72: 624-626.

Lučan R (2006) Relationships between the parasitic mite Spinturnix andegavinus (Acari: Spinturnicidae) and its bat host, Myotis daubentonii (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae): seasonal, sex- and age-related variation in infestation and possible impact of the parasite on the host condition and roosting behaviour. Folia Parasitologica 53: 147-152.

MacKay G.M (1973) Behavior and ecology of the Asiatic elephant in southeastern Ceylon. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 125: 1-113.

Madhavan A (1978) Breeding habits and associated phenomena in some Indian bats. Part V Pipistrellus dormeri (Dobson) Vespertilionidae. Journal of Bombay Natural History Society 75: 426-433.

Maestripieri D (1993) Vigilance costs of allogrooming in macaque mothers. The American Naturalist 141: 744-753

Marcela D, Cameron N.G & Jacobson J.W (1998) Measuring similarity among hispid cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus) of known relatedness with DNA fingerprinting. Journal of Mammology 79: 594-603.

Marimuthu G & Neuweiler G (1987). The use of acoustical cues for prey detection by the Indian false vampire bat, Megaderma lyra. Journal of comparative Physiology A 160: 509-515.

Marimuthu G, Habersetzer J & Leippert D (1995) Active acoustic gleaning from the water surface by the Indian false vampire bat, Megaderma lyra. Ethology 99: 61-74.

Marracci S, Batistoni R, Pesole G, Citti L & Nardi I (1996) Gypsy/Ty3-like elements in the genome of the terrestrial Salamander hydromantes (Amphibia, Urodela). Journal of Molecular Evolution 43: 584-93.

Marshall A.G (1971). The ecology of Basilia hispida (Diptera: Nycteribiidae) in Malaysia. Journal of Animal Ecology 40: 141-154.

109

Marshall A.G (1982) Ecology of insects ectoparasitic on bats. In Ecology of bats (ed. Kunz T. H) pp. 369-401, Plenum Press, New York.

Marshall A.G (1981) The ecology of ectoparasitic insects. Academic Press, London.

Marshall A.G (1985) Old World phytophagous bats (Megachiroptera) and their food plants: a survey. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 83: 351-369.

Marshall T.C (1998) Inbreeding and fitness in wild ungulates. PhD Thesis, University of Edinburgh.

Masters W.M, Jacobs S.C & Simmons J.A. (1991) The structure of echolocation sounds used by the big brown bat, Eptesicus fuscus: some consequences for echo processing. Journal of the Acoustic Society of America 89: 1402-1413.

Matthiesen L, Berg G, Ernerudh J & Hakansson L (1996) Lymphocyte subsets and mitogen stimulation of blood lymphocytes in normal pregnancy. American Journal of Reproductive Immunology 35: 70-79.

Mattingly D.K & McClure P.A (1985) Energy allocation during lactation in cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus) on a restricted diet. Ecology 66: 928 937.

Mayolo G.A, Mayolo A.A, Mayolo P.A, Papiha S.S, Hammer M, Yunis J.J, Yunis E.J, Damodaran C, Pancorbo M.D.M, Caeiro J.L, Puzyrev V. P & Herrera R.J (2002) Phylogenetics of worldwide human populations as determined by polymorphic Alu insertions. Electrophoresis 23: 3346-3356.

Mayr E (1957) Species concepts and definitions. In The Species Problem. (Ed. Mayr E) pp. 1-22. American Association for the Advancement of Science, Washington.

McClure P.A (1987) The energetics of reproduction and life histories of cricetine rodents (Neotoma floridana and Sigmodon hispidus). In: Reproductive Energetics of Mammals (Eds: Loudon A. S. I & Racey P.A) pp. 241-255, Oxford Scientific Publications, Oxford.

McCracken G.E & Bradbury J.W (1977) Paternity and genetic heterogeneity in the polygynous bat, Phyllostomus hastatus. Science 198: 303-306.

McCracken G.F & Bradbury J.W (1981) Social organization and kinship in the polygynous bat Phyllostomus hastatus. Behavioural Ecology and Sociobiology 8: 11-34.

McCracken G.F & Gustin M.K (1991) Nursing behavior in Mexican free-tailed bat maternity colonies. Ethology 89: 305-321.

McCracken G.F & Wilkinson G.S (2000) Bat mating systems. In: Reproductive Biology of Bats (Eds: E. G. Crichton & Krutzsch P. H) pp. 321-362, Academic Press, New York.

McCracken G.F (1984) Communal nursing in Mexican free-tailed bat maternity colonies. Science 233: 1090-1091.

110

McCracken G.F, Butghardt G.M & Houts S.E (1999) Microsatellite markers and multiple paternity in the garter snake. Thamnophis sirtalis. Molecular Ecology 8: 1475-1479.

McKenna J.J (1981) Primate infant care giving behavior. In Parental Care in Mammals (Eds. Gubernick D. J &. Klop-fer P. H.) pp. 389-416, Plenum Press, New York.

McLean J.A & Speakman J.R (1997) Non-nutritional maternal support in the brown long-eared bat. Animal Behaviour 54: 1193-1204.

McNAb B.K (1982) Evolutionary alternative in the physiological ecology of bats. In: Ecology of Bats. (Ed: Kunz T.H.) pp 151 -200, Plenum Press, New York.

McWilliam A.N (1987) The reproductive and social biology of Coleura afra in a seasonal environment. In: Recent advances in the study of bats (Eds: Fenton M. B, Racey P. & Rayner J. M.V.) pp. 324-350, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Metzgar D.J, Bytof & Wills C (2000) Selection against frame shift mutations limits microsatellite expansion in coding DNA. Genome Research 10:72-80.

Millar J.S (1977) Adaptive features of mammalian reproduction. Evolution 31: 370-386.

Millar J.S (1978) Energetics of reproduction in Peromyscus leucopus: the cost of lactation. Ecology 54: 1055-1061.

Miller D.W & Miller L.K (1982) A virus mutant with an insertion of a copia-like transposable element. Nature 299: 562-564.

Millers L.A (1983) How insects detect and avoid bats. In: Neuroethology and behavioural physiology. (Eds: Huber F & Markl H) pp 251- 266, Berlin: Springer, Verlag.

Mohres C.F & Neuweiler G (1966) Die Ultraschallorientierung der Grossblatt-Fleder-mause (Megadermatidae). Zeitschrift für vergleichende Physiologie. 53: 195-197.

Møller A.P (1993) Ectoparasites increase the cost of reproduction in their hosts. Journal of Animal Ecology 62: 309-322.

Mooring M.S & Hart B.L (1995) Differential grooming rate and tick load of terrestrial male and female impala. Behavioural Ecology 6: 94-101.

Muhlbock O (1959) Factors influencing the life-span of inbred mice. Gerontologia 3: 177-183.

Murata S, Takasaki N, Saitoh M & Okada N (1993) Determination of the phylogenetic relationships among Pacific salmonids by using short interspersed elements (SINEs) as temporal landmarks of evolution. Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences USA 90: 6995-6999.

Murphy R.W, Sites J.W, Buth D.G & Haufler C.H (1996) Protein isozyme electrophoresis. In Molecular systematics (Eds: Hills D.M, Moritz C & Mable B.K) pp 51-120, Sunderland: Sinauer Associates Inc.

111

Myers P (1977) Patterns of reproduction of four species of vespertilionid bats in Paraguay. University of California publications of zoology 107: 1-41.

Nagy M, Heckel G, Voigt C.C & Mayer F (2007) Female-biased dispersal and patrilocal kin groups in a mammal with resource-defense polygyny. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, Biological Sciences 274: 3019-3025.

Neilan B.A, Leigh E, Rapley E & McDonald B (1994) Microsatellite genome screening: Rapid non-denaturing, non-isotopic dinucleotide repeats analysis. Biotechniques 17: 708-711.

Nelson J.E (1965) Behaviour of Australian Pteropodidae (Megachiroptera). Animal Behaviour 13: 544-557.

Neuweiler G (1989) Foraging ecology and audition in echolocating bats. Naturwissenschaften. 71: 446-455.

Newman J (1995) How breast milk protects new borns, some of the molecules and cells in human milk actively help infants stave off infection. Scientific American 58-61.

Nikaido M, Rooney A.P & Okada N (1999) Phylogenetic relationships among cetartiodactyls based on insertions of short and long interspersed elements: Hippopotamuses are the closest extant relatives of whales. Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences. USA 96: 10, 261-10, 266.

Nishihara H, Terai Y & Okada N (2002) Characterization of novel Alu- and tRNA related SINEs from the tree shrew and evolutionary implications of their origins. Molecular Biology and Evolution 19: 1964-1972.

Norberg U.M & Rayner J.M (1987) Ecological morphology and flight in bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera): wing adaptations, flight performance, foraging strategy and echolocation. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 316: 335-427.

Novacek M.J & Wyss A.R (1986) Higher-level relationships of the recent eutherian orders: morphological evidence. Cladistics 2: 257-287.

Nowak R.M (1994) Walker's Mammals of the World. Maryland, Press II (Eds: K. Behrensmeyer, Behrensmeyer K & Alroy J).Johns Hopkins University

O’Brien T.G (1993) Allogrooming behaviour among adult female wedge-capped capuchin monkeys. Animal Behaviour 46: 499-510.

O’Shea J.T (1980) Roosting, social organization and the annual cycle in a Kenya population of the bat Pipistrellus nanus. Zeitschrift fur Tierpsychologie. 53: 171-95.

Obrist M (1995) Flexible bat echolocation: the influence of individual habitat, and conspecifics on sonar signal design. Behavioural Ecology and Sociobiology 36: 207-219.

Oftedal O.T (1985) Pregnancy and lactation. In: Bioenergetics of Wild Herbivores (Eds: Hudson R &White R) pp. 215-238. Boca Raton, CRC Press. Florida.

112

Ohshima K & Okada N (2005): SINEs and LINEs: symbionts of eukaryotic genomes with a common tail. Cytogenetic and Genome Research 110: 475-490.

Ohshima K, Hamada M, Terai Y & Okada N (1996) The 3′ ends of tRNA-derived short interspersed repetitive elements are derived from the 3′ ends of long interspersed repetitive elements. Molecular and Cellular Biology 16: 3756-3764.

Okada N (1991) SINEs. Current Opinion in Genetics and Development 1: 498-504.

Organ C.L, Shedlock A.M, Meade A, Pagel M & Edwards S.V (2007) Origin of avian genome size and structure in non avian dinosaurs. Nature 446:180-84.

Ostrander E.A, Jong P.M, Rine J & Duyk G (1992) Construction of small-insert genomic DNA libraries highly enriched for microsatellite repeat sequences. Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences 89: 3419-3423.

Overal W.L (1980a) Host-relations of the bat fly Megistopoda aranea (Diptera: Streblidae) in Panama. University of Kansas Science Bulletin 52: 1-20.

Overal W.L (1980b) Biology and behaviour of North American Trichobius bat flies (Diptera: Streblidae). Dissertation, The University of Kansas.

Pace J. K II, Gilbert C, Clark M. S & Feschotte C (2008) Repeated horizontal transfer of a DNA transposon in mammals and other tetrapods. Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences USA 105: 17023-17028.

Packer C, Gilbert D.A, Pusey A.E & O’Brien S.J (1991) A molecular genetic analysis of kinship and cooperation in African lions. Nature 351: 562-565.

Packer C, Lewis S & Pusey A (1992) A comparative analysis of non-offspring nursing. Animal Behaviour 43: 265-281.

Padian K (1987) A comparative phylogenetic and functional approach to the origin of vertebrate flight. In:Recent advances in study of bats. (Eds Fenton M.B, Racey P.A. & Rayner J.M.V) pp 3 -22, Cambridge University Press Cambridge.

Paetkau D & Strobeck C (1994) Microsatellite analysis of genetic variation in black bear populations. Molecular Ecology 3: 489-495.

ParkY.H, Alabady M.S, Ulloa M, Sickler B, Wilkins T.A, Yu J, Stelly D.M, Kohel R.J, Shihy O.M.E & Cantrell R.G (2005) Genetic mapping of new cotton fiber loci using EST-derived microsatellites in an interspecific recombinant inbred line cotton population. Molecular Genetics and Genomics 274: 428-441.

Pereira M.J.R, Salgueiro P, Rodrigues L, Manuela M.C & Palmeirim J.M (2009) Population Structure of a Cave-Dwelling Bat, Miniopterus schreibersii: Does It Reflect History and Social Organization? Journal of Heredity 100: 533-544

Perry S (1996) Female-female social relationships in wild white-faced capuchin monkeys, Cebus capucinus. American Journal of Primatology 40: 167-182.

Petersen F.T, Meier R, Kutty S.N & Wiegmann B.M (2007) The phylogeny and evolution of host choice in the Hippoboscoidae (Diptera) as reconstructed using four molecular markers Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 45: 111-122.

113

Petit E & Mayer F (1999) Male dispersal in the noctule bat (Nyctalus noctula): where are the limits? Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences 266: 1717-1722.

Petit E, Excoffier L & Mayer F (1999) No evidence of bottleneck in the post-glacial recolonization of Europe by the noctule bat (Nyctalus noctula). Evolution 53: 1247-1258.

Petri B, Paabo S, Von Haeseler A & Tautz D (1997) Paternity assessment and population subdivision in a natural population of the larger mouse-eared bat Myotis myotis. Molecular Ecology 6: 235-242.

Pettigrew J.D (1986) Flying primates? Megabats have the advanced pathway from eye to midbrain. Science 231: 1304-1306.

Pettigrew J.D (1991) Wings or brain? Convergent evolution in the origins of bats. Systematic zoology 40: 199-216.

Pettigrew J.W, Jamieson B.G.M, Robson S.K, Hall L.S, McAnally K.I & Cooper H.M (1989) Phylogenetic relationships between microbats, megabats and primates (Mammalia: Chiroptera and Primates). Proceedings of Royal Society of London B 325: 489-559.

Pierson E.D & Rainey W.E (1992) The biology of flying foxes of the genus Pteropus: A review. In: Proceedings of the Pacific Island Flying Fox Conservation Conference (Eds Wilson D. & Graham G) pp. 1-17, USFWS Biology. Report. No. 90, Washington, DC.

Piskurek O & Okada N (2007) Poxviruses as possible vectors for horizontal transfer of retroposons from reptiles to mammals. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 104: 12046-12051.

Plumbi S.R & Baker C.S (1994) Contrasting population structure from nuclear intron sequences and mtDNA of humpback whales. Molecular Biology and Evolution 11: 426-435.

Pond C.P (1977) The significance of lactation in the evolution of mammals. Evolution 31: 177-199.

Porta J, Porta J.M, Martínez R.G & Alvarez M.C (2006) Genetic structure and genetic relatedness of a hatchery stock of Senegal sole (Solea senegalensis) inferred by microsatellites. Aquaculture 251: 46-55.

Poulin R (1998) Comparison of three estimators of species richness in parasite component communities, Journal of Parasitology 84: 485-490.

Poulin R (1998a) Comparison of three estimators of species richness in parasite component communities, Journal of Parasitology 84: 485-490.

Prentice A.M & Prentice A (1988). Energetic costs of lactation. Annual Review of Nutrition 8: 63-79.

Pusey A.E & Packer C (1994) Non-offspring nursing in social carnivores: minimizing the costs. Behavioural Ecology 5: 362-374.

114

Queller D.C, Stassmann J.E & Hughes C.R (1993) Microsatellites and kinship Trends in Ecology and evolution 8: 285-288.

Quentin Y (1994) A master sequence related to a free left Alu monomer (FLAM) at the origin of the B1 family in rodent genomes. Nucleic Acids Research 22: 2222-2227.

Racey P.A & Speakman J.R (1987) The energy costs of pregnancy and lactation in heterothermic bats. Symposium of the Zoological Society of London 57: 107-125.

Racey P.A (1982) Ecology of bat reproduction. In: Ecology of Bats (ed. Kunz T.H) pp. 57-104. Plenum Press, New York.

Raghuram H & Marimuthu G (2006) Development of prey capture in the Indian false vampire bat Megaderma lyra Ethology 113: 555-561.

Raghuram H, Chattopadhyay B, Nathan P.T & Sripathi K (2006) Sex ratio, population structure and roost fidelity in a free-ranging colony of Indian false vampire bat, Megaderma lyra, Current Science 91: 965-968.

Rajan K.E & Marimuthu G (1999) Postnatal growth and age estimation in the Indian false vampire bat (Megaderma lyra). Journal of Zoology 248: 529-534.

Rajan K.E & Marimuthu G (2006) A preliminary examination of genetic diversity in the Indian false vampire bat Megaderma lyra. Animal biodiversity and conservation 29: 109-115.

Ramakrishna P.A (1951) Studies on the reproduction of bats.I.Some aspects of reproduction in the oriental vampires, Lyroderma lyra lyra (Geoff) and Megaderma spasma (Linn.). Half-yearly Journal of Mysore University 11: 107-118.

Ray D.A (2007) SINEs of progress: Mobile element applications to molecular ecology. Molecular Ecology 16: 19-33.

Ray D.A, Pagan H.J, Thompson M.L & Stevens R.D (2007) Bats with hATs: evidence for recent DNA transposon activity in genus Myotis. Molecular Biology and Evolution 24: 632-639.

Raymond M & Rousset F (2002) Genepop version 3.3 (Online). Available at http://wbiomed.curtin.edu.au/genepop.

Reckardt K & Kerth G. (2006) The reproductive success of the parasitic bat fly Basilia nana (Diptera: Nycteribiidae) is affected by the low roost fidelity of its host, the Bechstein’s bat (Myotis bechsteinii) Parasitology Research 98: 237-243.

Riedman M.L (1982) The evolution of alloparental care and adoption in mammals and birds. Quarterly Review of Biology 57: 405-435.

Rienzo D.A, Peterson A.C, Garza J.C, Valdes A.M, Slatkin M & Freimer N.B (1994) Mutational processes of simple-sequence repeat loci in human populations. Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences USA 91: 3166-3170.

Rivers N.M, Butlin R.K & Altringham J.D (2005) Genetic population structure of Natterer’s bats explained by mating at swarming sites and philopatry. Molecular Ecology 14:4299-4312.

115

Robertson H.M (2002) Evolution of DNA transposons In: Mobile DNA II (Eds: Craig N.L, Craigie R, Gellert M & Lambowitz A.M) pp. 1093-110, American Society for Microbiology Press, Washington, DC.

Roitt L, Brostoff J & Male D (1996) Immunology, 4th edn. Mostby, London.

Rose M.R & Doolittle W.F (1983) Molecular biological mechanisms of speciation. Science 220: 157-162.

Ross A (1961) Biological studies on bat ectoparasites of the genus Trichobius (Diptera: Streblidae) in North America, North of Mexico. Wasmann Journal of Biology 19: 229-246.

Rossiter S.J, Jones G, Ransome R.D & Barratt E.M (2000) Parentage, reproductive success and breeding behaviour in the greater horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus ferrumequinum). Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B 267: 545-551.

Rossiter S.J, Ransome R.D, Faulkes C.G, Comber L.S.C & Jones G (2005) Mate fidelity and intra-lineage polygyny in greater horseshoe bats. Nature 437: 408-411.

Rossiter S.J, Ransome R.D, Faulkes C.G, Dawson D.A & Jones G (2006) Long-term paternity skew and the opportunity for selection in a mammal with reversed sexual size dimorphism. Molecular Ecology 15: 3035-3043.

Rossiter S.J, Ransome R.D, Faulkes C.G, Dawson D.A & Jones G (2006) Long-term paternity skew and the opportunity for selection in a mammal with reversed sexual size dimorphism Molecular Ecology 15: 3035-3043.

Roulin A & Heeb P (1999) The immunological function of allosuckling. Ecology Letters 2: 319-324.

Roulin A (2002) Why do lactating females nurse alien offspring? A review of hypotheses and empirical evidence. Animal Behaviour 63: 201-208.

Roy M.S, Geffen E, Smith D, Ostrander E.A & Wayne R.K (1994) Patterns of differentiation and hybridization in North American wolf like canids, revealed by analysis of microsatellite loci. Molecular Biology and Evolution 11: 553-570.

Rubsamen R, Neuweiler G & Sripathi K (1988) Comparative colllicular tonotopy in two bat species adapted to movement detection, Hipposideros speoris and Megaderma lyra. Journal of comparative physiology A 163: 271-285.

Ryberg O (1947) Studies on bats and bat parasites. Bokförlaget Svensk Natur, Stockholm, Sweden.

Safi K & Kerth G (2003) Secretions of the interaural gland contain information about individuality and colony membership in the Bechstein’s bat. Animal Behaviour 65: 363-369.

Safi K & Kerth G (2007) Comparative analyses suggest that information transfer promoted sociality in male bats in the temperate zone. American Naturalist 170: 465-472.

116

Sakamoto K & Okada N (1985) Rodent type 2 Alu family, rat identifier sequence, rabbit C family and bovine or goat 73-bp repeat may have evolved from tRNA genes. Journal of Molecular Evolution 22: 134-40.

Sambrook J, Fritsch E.F & Maniatis T (1989) Molecular Cloning. A Laboratory Manual, 2nd Edn. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, New York.

San José C & Braza F (1993). Adoptive behaviour in fallow deer (Cervus dama). Z. Saugetierkd 58: 122-123.

Scherrer J.A & Wilkinson G.S (1993) Evening bat isolation calls provide evidence for heritable signatures. Animal Behaviour 46: 847-860.

Schlötterer & Tautz D (1992) Slippage synthesis of simple sequence DNA. Nucleic Acids Research 20: 211-215.

Schlötterer C (1998) Genome evolution: are microsatellites really simple sequence repeats? Current Biology 8: R132-R134.

Schlötterer C (2004) The Evolution of Molecular Markers – Just a Matter of Fashion? Nature Review Genetics 5: 63-69.

Schmidt U (1972) Social calls of juvenile vampire bats (Desmodus rotundus) and their mothers. Bonners Zoologiske Beitraege 4: 310- 316.

Selkoe K.A &. Toonen R.J (2006) Microsatellites for Ecologists: A practical guide to using and evaluating microsatellite markers. Ecology Letters 9: 615-629.

Sen S.K, Han K, Wang J, Lee J, Wang H, Callinan P.A, Dyer M, Cordaux R, Liang P, Batzer M.A (2006) Human genomic deletions mediated by recombination between Alu elements. American Journal of Human Genetics 79: 41-53.

Sharifi M, Mozafari F, Taghinezhad N & Javanbakht H (2008) Variation in ectoparasite load reflects life history traits in the lesser mouse-eared bat Myotis blythii (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) in Western Iran. Journal of Parasitology 93: 622-62.

Shedlock A.M & Okada N (2000) SINE insertions: powerful tools for molecular systematics. BioEssays 22: 148-160.

Shriver M.D, Jin L, Chakraborty R & Boerwinkle E (1993) VNTR allele frequency distributions under a stepwise mutation model: A computer simulation approach. Genetics 134: 983-993.

Silva J.C & Kidwell M.G. (2000) Horizontal transfer and selection in the evolution of P elements. Molecular Biology and Evolution 17: 1542-57.

Simmons N.B (2005) Order Chiroptera. In: Mammal species of the world: A taxonomic and geographic reference (Eds: Wilson D.E & Reeder D.M) pp 312-529, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.

Singer M.F (1982) SINEs and LINEs: Highly repeated short and long interspersed sequences in mammalian genomes. Cell 28: 433-434.

117

Slagel V.K & Deininger P.L (1989) In vivo transcription of a cloned prosimian primate SINE sequence. Nucleic Acids Research 17: 8669-8682.

Slatkin M (1985) Gene flow in natural populations. The Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 16: 393-430.

Smit A.F & Riggs A.D (1995) MIRs are classic tRNA-derived SINEs that amplified before the mammalian radiation. Nucleic Acids Research 23: 98-102.

Smith J.D. & Madkour G. (1980) Penial morphology and the question of chiropteran phylogeny. Proceedings of the Fifth International Bat Research Conference (Eds: Wilson D.E. & Gardner A.L) pp. 347-365, Texas Technical Press, Lubbock.

Smith J.M (1977) Group selection. Quarterly Review of Biology 52: 277-283.

Speiser P.G.E (1900) Ueber die Strebliden, Fledermausparasiten aus der Gruppe der pupiparen Dipteren. Archive der Naturgesellschaft 66: 31-70.

Sprinzl M, Hartmann T, Weber J, Blank J & Zeidler R (1989) Compilation of tRNA sequences and sequences of tRNA genes. Nucleic Acids Research 17 (Suppl.) r1-r172.

Sripathi K, Raghuram H, Rajasekar R, Karuppudurai T & Abraham S.G (2004) Population size and survival in the Indian false vampire bat Megaderma lyra. Acta Chiropterologica 6: 145-154.

Stoddard P.K & Beecher M.D (1983) Parental recognition of offspring in the cliff swallow. Auk 100: 795-799.

Storz J.F, Bhat H.R & Kunz T.H (2000) Social structure of a polygynous tent- making bat, Cynopterus sphinx (Megachiroptera). Journal of Zoology 250: 151-165.

Subirana J.A & Messeguer X (2008) Structural families of genomic microsatellites. Gene 408: 124-132.

Subramanian S, Mishra R.K & Singh L (2003) Genome-wide analysis of microsatellite repeats in humans: their abundance and density in specific genomic regions. Genome Biology 4: R13.

Sugg D.W, Chesser R.K, Dobson F.S & Hoogland J.L (1996) Population genetics meets behavioral ecology. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 11: 338-342.

Takasaki N, Yamaki T, Hamada M, Park L & Okada N (1997) The salmon SmaI family of short interspersed repetitive elements (SINEs): interspecific and intraspecific variation of the insertion of SINEs in the genomes of chum and pink salmon. Genetics 146: 369-380.

Tautz D (1989) Hyper variability of simple sequences as a general source for polymorphic DNA markers. Nucleic Acids Research 17: 6463-6471.

ter Hofstede H.M & Fenton M.B (2005) Relationships between roost preferences, ectoparasite density and grooming behaviour of neotropical bats. Journal of Zoology 266: 333-340.

118

ter Hofstede H.M, Fenton M.B & Whitaker J.O, Jr ( 2004 ) Host and host-site specificity of bat flies (Diptera: Streblidae and Nycteribiidae) on Neotropical bats (Chiroptera). Canadian Journal of Zoology 82: 616-626.

Theodor O (1957) Parasitic adaptation and host-parasite specificity in the pupiparous Diptera. In: First symposium on host specificity among parasites of vertebrates. (Ed: Mayr E) pp. 50-63, Institut de Zoologie, Université de Neuchâtel, Switzerland.

Thomas D.W, Fenton M.B & Barclay R.M.R (1979) Social behaviour of the little brown bat, Myotis lucifugus I. Mating behaviour. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 6: 129-136.

Thompson J.N (1994) The Coevolutionary Process, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, London pp. 1-387.

Thompson S.D (1992) Gestation and lactation in small mammals: basal metabolic rate and the limits to energy use. In: Mammalian Energetics Interdisciplinary Views of Metabolism and Reproduction (Eds: Tomasi T.E & Horton T.H) pp. 213-260. Ithaca New York, Comstock.

Thomson D.E, Fenton M.B & Barclay R.M.R (1985) The role of infant isolation calls in mother-infant reunions in the little brown bat, Myotis lucifugus. Canadian Journal of Zoology 63: 1982-1988.

Tóth G, Gáspári Z & Jurka J (2000) Microsatellites in Different Eukaryotic Genomes: Survey and Analysis. Genome Research 10: 967-981.

Trillmich F (1981) Mutual mother–pup recognition in Galapagos fur seals and sea lions-cues used and functional significance. Behaviour 78: 21-42.

Turner D.C (1975) The vampire bats. The John’s Hopkins University Press London.

Ullu E & Tschudi C (1984) Alu sequences are processed 7SL RNA genes. Nature 312: 171-172.

Van Valen L (1973) A new evolutionary law. Evolutionary Theory 1: 1-30.

Vaughan T.A & Vaughan R.P (1986) Seasonality and behaviour of the African yellow-winged bat. Journal of Mammology 67: 91-102.

Vaughan T.A & Vaughan R.P (1987) Parental behavior of the African yellow-winged bat (Lavia frons); Journal of Mammology 68: 217-223.

Veith M, Beer N, Kiefer A, Johannesen J & Seitz A (2004) The role of swarming sites for maintaining gene flow in the brown long-eared bat (Plecotus auritus). Heredity 93: 342-349.

Vidal F, Mougneau E, Glaichenhaus N, Vaigott P, Darmon M & Cuzin F (1993) Coordinated posttranscriptional control of gene expression by modular elements including Alu-like repetitive sequences. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 90: 208-212.

119

Vonhof M.J, Barber D, Fenton M.B & Strobeck C (2006) A tale of two siblings: multiple paternity in big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus) demonstrated using microsatellite markers. Molecular Ecology 15: 241-247.

Wang X, Tedford R.H & Taylor B.E (1999) Phylogenetic systematics of the Borophaginae (Carnivora: Canidae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 243: 1-391.

Watkins L.C & Shump K.A (1981) Behaviour of the evening bat, Nycticeius humeralis, at a nursery roost. American Midland Naturalist 105: 258-268.

Watkins W.S, Rogers A.R, Ostler C.T, Wooding S, Bamshad M.J, Brassington A.M, Carroll M.L, Nguyen S.V, Walker J.A, Prasad B.V, Reddy P.G, Das P.K, Batzer M.A & Jorde L.B (2003) Genetic variation among world populations: Inferences from 100 Alu insertion polymorphisms. Genome Research 13: 1607-1618.

Watson D.L (1980) Immunological functions of the mammary gland and its secretion-comparative review. Australian journal of biological Sciences 33: 403-422.

Webb J.P & Loomis R.B (1977) Ectoparasites. In Biology of the New World Leaf-Nosed Bats, Part II. (Eds: Jones J.K, Jr. Carter D.C &. Baker R.J) pp. 57-119, Misc. Publ. Museum, Texas Tech University, Texas.

Weber J.L & Broman K.W (2001) Genotyping for human whole-genome scans: past, present and future. Advances in Genetics 42: 77-96.

Weber J.L & May P.E (1989) Abundant class of human DNA polymorphisms which can be typed using the polymerase chain reaction. American Journal of Human Genetics 44: 388-396.

Weiner A.M, Deininger P.L & Efstratiadis A (1986) Nonviral retroposons: genes, pseudogenes, and transposable elements generated by the reverse flow of genetic information. Annual Review of Biochemistry 55: 631-61.

Weissenbach J, Gyapay G, Dib C, Vignal A, Morissette J & Millasseau P (1992) A second-generation linkage map of the human genome. Nature 359: 794-801.

Wenzel R.L, Tipton V.J & Kiewlicz A (1966) The streblid batflies of Panama (Diptera Calypterae: Streblidae). In: Ectoparasites of Panama (Eds: Wenzel R.L & Tipton V.J) pp. 405-675. Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago.

Wilkerson R.C, Parson T.J, Albright D.G, Klien T.A & Braun M.J (1993) Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers readily distinguish cryptic mosquito species (Diptera: Culicidae: Anopheles). Insects Molecular Biology 1: 205-211.

Wilkinson G.S & Baker A.E.M (1988) Communal nesting among genetically similar house mice. Ethology 77: 103-114.

Wilkinson G.S (1984) Reciprocal food sharing in vampire bats. Nature 309: 181-184.

Wilkinson G.S (1985) The social organisation of the common vampire bat (Desmodus rotundus). I. Pattern and cause of association. Behaviour Ecology and Sociobiology 17: 111-122.

120

Wilkinson G.S (1986) Social grooming in the common vampire bat, Desmodus rotundus. Animal Behaviour 34: 1880-1889.

Wilkinson G.S (1987) Altruism and co-operation in bats. In: Recent Advances in the Study of Bats (Eds: Fenton M.B, Racey P.A & Rayner J.M.V) pp. 299-323, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Wilkinson G.S (1992) Communal nursing in the evening bat, Nycticeius humeralis. Behavioural Ecology and Sociobiology 31: 225-235.

Williams C.F (1986) Social organization of the bat, Carollia perspicillata (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae). Ethology 71: 265-282.

Williams C.E & Clair D.A (1993) Phenetic relationship and levels of variability detected by restriction fragment length polymorphism and random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis of cultivated and wild accessions of Lycopersicon esculentum. Genome 36: 619-630.

Williams J.G.K, Kubeilk A.R, Livak K.J, Rafalski J.A & Tingey S.V (1990) DNA polymorphisms amplified by arbitrary primers are useful as genetic markers. Nucleic acids Research 18: 6531-6535.

Wilmer W.J & Barratt E.M (1996) A non-lethal method of tissue sampling for genetic studies of chiropterans. Bat Research News 37:1-3.

Wilson D.E & Reeder D.M (2005) Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd edn) pp. 2142, The John’s Hopkins University Press, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, London.

Wilson D.K (1973) Reproductive biology of Neotropical bats. Periodicum Biologorum 75: 215-217.

Wohland P (2000) Grooming behavior and parasite loads in the greater horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus ferrumequinum). Diploma thesis, University of Konstanz.

Xu C, Mao D, Holer V.M, Palanca M, Cheng A.M & Molina H (2000) A critical role for murine complements regulator crry in fetomaternal tolerance. Science 287: 498-501.

Yalden D.W & Morris P.A (1975) The Lives of Bats. Demeter Press, New York Times Book Co, New York, USA.

Yang J, Wu W & Zhu J (2008) Mapping interspecific genetic architecture in host-parasite interaction system. Genetics 178: 1737-1743.

Yoshino H, Kyle N, Izawa A.M, Yokoyama J & Kawata M (2008) Genetic and acoustic population structuring in the Okinawa least horseshoe bat: are inter colony acoustic differences maintained by vertical maternal transmission? Molecular Ecology 17: 4978-4991.

Yoshiyama M, Tu Z, Kainoh Y, Honda H, Shono T & Kimura K (2001) Possible horizontal transfer of a transposable element from host to parasitoid Molecular Biology and Evolution 18: 1952-1958.

121

Zahn A & Rupp D (2004) Ectoparasite load in European vespertilionid bats. Journal of Zoology 262: 383-391.

Zhang L, Yuan D, Yu S, Li Z, Cao Y, Miao Z, Qian H & Tang K (2004) Preference of simple sequence repeats in coding and non-coding regions of Arabidopsis thaliana. Bioinformatics 20: 1081-1086.

Zhivotovsky L.A & Feldman M.W (1995) Microsatellite variability and genetic distances. Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences 92: 11549-11552.

Zhivotovsky L.A & Vavilov N.I (1999) Estimating population structure in diploids with multilocus dominant DNA marker. Molecular Ecology 8: 907-913.