Critical Factors in Localized Corrosion 5: A Symposium in Honor of Hugh Isaacs

N. MissertSandia National Laboratories Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA

S. VirtanenUniversity of Erlangen-Nuremberg Erlangen, Germany

A. J. DavenportUniversity of Birmingham Birmingham, United Kingdom

M. P. RyanImperial College London, United Kingdom

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The Electrochemical Society65 South Main Street, Building DPennington, NJ 08534-2839, USAtel 609 737 1902 fax 609 737 2743www.electrochem.org

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Vol. 3 No. 31

Corrosion

Copyright 2007 by The Electrochemical Society, Inc.All rights reserved.

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iii

PREFACE Critical Factors in Localized Corrosion 5: A Symposium in Honor of Dr. Hugh S.

Isaacs, was held at the 210th Electrochemical Society Meeting in Cancun, Mexico on October 29–November 3, 2006. Dr. Isaacs’ extensive contributions to the field of localized corrosion over the past 34 years have furthered our understanding of the mechanisms associated with various aspects of pitting in passive metals, passive film growth, dissolution, chromate, and Ce inhibitors. He has pioneered several in-situ techniques to study these aspects of corrosion, including scanning electrodes for current density and potential mapping, scanning AC impedance, x-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy, and visualizing corrosion through pH mapping, and optical image analysis. Personally, Dr. Isaacs has had a tremendous influence on at least three generations of corrosion scientists as a mentor, a colleague, and a friend.

In order to celebrate these accomplishments, researchers came together from all corners of the globe. A total of 83 invited, oral, and poster presentations were given, representing the frontiers of localized corrosion science from 14 countries. This issue of ECS Transactions contains 55 papers that span the range of topics covered at the meeting: in-situ studies of localized corrosion and oxidation, pitting mechanisms in stainless steels, inhibitors and coatings for Al alloys, intergranular corrosion, hydrogen absorption, pitting corrosion in Al and Al alloys, porous anodic films, corrosion of Mg and Mg alloys, corrosion resistant alloys, dealloying, passive film thickness effects, novel techniques, impedance, microstructural effects, and corrosion resistant coatings for steels and iron.

In addition to the outstanding scientific quality of the presentations and the lively discussions afterwards, another high point of the symposium was the banquet held in Dr. Isaacs’ honor. Roger Newman gave a highly entertaining tribute to Dr. Isaacs’ career, sharing stories and pictures that had Dr. Isaacs, his wife Sheila, and rest of the audience laughing heartily. Following Roger’s tribute, several colleagues shared their heartfelt memories of time spent at Brookhaven working with Dr. Isaacs, emphasizing the warm hospitality extended by Dr. Isaacs and his wife, Shelia, as well as the opportunities presented by interacting with the scientists and using the facilities at Brookhaven. Several pictures taken at the symposium and the banquet follow the text of this preface.

The organizers would like to extend their thanks to the presenters at the symposium, and especially to the authors of the manuscripts collected in this issue of ECST. These contributions provided a stimulating experience in Cancun, and the manuscripts document the state-of-the-art in the field. We would also like to thank Brookhaven National Laboratory, Applicable Electronics, Gamry Instruments, and the ECS Corrosion Division for their generous contributions that enabled the attendance of invited speakers and defrayed the cost of the banquet. Finally, we would like to thank the ECS staff, especially Valerie Yacko, John Lewis, Amir Zaman, and Stephanie Plassa, for their invaluable assistance in making sure the symposium and banquet ran smoothly in Cancun, and for their expertise in publishing these Transactions.

Nancy Missert, Sanna Virtanen, Alison Davenport, and Mary Ryan

iv

Dr. Isaacs sharing his interconnecting threads during the symposium.

v

Roger Newman giving his tribute to Dr. Isaacs’ career.

vi

Dr. Isaacs, Sheila and everyone enjoying the banquet.

vii

Bob and Linda Frankenthal, Jerry Frankel, and Dr. Isaacs and Sheila are all smiles at the banquet.

ix

ECS Transactions, Volume 3, Issue 31 Critical Factors in Localized Corrosion 5: A Symposium in Honor of Hugh Isaacs

Table of Contents Preface iii

Chapter 1 In-Situ Studies of Localized Corrosion and Oxidation

In Situ Corrosion Studies:Tracing Interconnecting Threads * H. S. Isaacs

3

A Study on Thermal Formation and Electrochemical Reduction of Copper Oxide using Difference Viewer Imaging Technique R. Huang, C. Lin, R. Lillard and H. S. Isaacs

15

pH Mapping of Localized Corrosion in Confined Electrolytes by Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy F. Loete, B. Vuillemin and R. Oltra

23

Electrochemical Characterization of Submicrometer Structures T. Suter, P. Schmutz and O. von Trzebiatowski

29

In Situ Investigation of the Passive Films Formed on Chromium in Aqueous (pH8.4) Borate Buffer and Aqueous Chloride Solutions F. Wang, S. Harrington and T. M. Devine

39

The Role of Chloride in Al Oxide Surface Transformations and Pitting—An AFM Study N. Vasiljevic, R. G. Copeland and N. A. Missert

59

Chapter 2 Pitting Mechanisms in Stainless Steels - Nucleation, Prediction and

Microstructural Effects Passivity Breakdown and the Evolution of Localized Corrosion Damage on Type 316L Stainless Steel S. Yang and D. D. Macdonald

73

x

Effect of the Metallurgical Parameters on the Relevant Electrochemical Criterion for Localized Corrosion Resistance of Stainless Steels B. Baroux and B. Malki

81

Influence of Cold Working on the Resistance of Stainless Steels to Pitting Corrosion L. Peguet, B. Malki and B. Baroux

89

Local Mechanical-Electrochemical Behaviour of Duplex Stainless Steels: A Novel Approach for Mapping Precursor Sites for Pitting Corrosion V. Vignal, O. Delrue, J. Peultier and R. Oltra

99

Coupled Multi-Electrode Investigation of Crevice Corrosion of 316 Stainless Steel and NiCrMo Alloy 625 F. Bocher, F. J. Presuel-Moreno, N. D. Budiansky and J. Scully

105

Chapter 3 Inhibitors and Coatings for Aluminum Alloys

Corrosion Inhibition of AA2024-T3 by Vanadates * V. M. Iannuzzi and G. Frankel

127

The Effect of Borate on Cerium Film Formation * A. J. Aldykiewicz, A. J. Davenport and H. S. Isaacs

143

Simplified Analysis of EIS for Conversion Coated Aluminum Undergoing Pitting * M. W. Kendig

153

Chapter 4 Intergranular Corrosion and Hydrogen Absorption

Effect of Heat Treatment on Grain Boundary Nanostructure and Corrosion of Low Copper AlMgSi Alloy M. Hurlen Larsen, J. C. Walmsley, O. Lunder and K. Nisancioglu

167

Surface Processes Accompanying Corrosion-Induced Hydrogen Absorption into Aluminum S. Adhikari, J. Lee and K. Hebert

173

Degradation of the Mechanical Strength of Al Alloys by Electrochemically Introduced Hydrogen S. Fujimoto, T. Kouno, T. Tsuji and T. Haruna

185

xi

Chapter 5 Corrosion Division Award Lecture

Understanding Localized Corrosion through Electrochemical Measurements G. T. Burstein

193

Chapter 6 Pitting Corrosion in Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys —Stability,

Nanostructure and Copper Redistribution Programming Void Populations in the Passive Oxide of Aluminum in an Attempt to Correlate Evolving Nanostructure with Passivity Loss K. R. Zavadil, P. Kotula, J. Soltis and D. Krouse

207

Following Corrosion-Driven Relocation of Electrically-Connected Copper on AA2024 using Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence (ECL) Imaging H. N. McMurray and Z. Barrett

219

Dissolution Characteristics of Al2Cu and Al-4Cu Thin Films

N. A. Missert, H. S. Isaacs, G. Copeland, B. Ingham, R. Huang and N. Vasiljevic

227

Chapter 7 Critical Factors in Localized Corrosion 5: Posters

Corrosion Initiation and Anodic-Cathodic Alternation of Localized Corrosion of SiC-Reinforced Aluminum Composites in NaCl Solution H. Ding and L. H. Hihara

237

Simple Fabrication of a Silver Epoxy Coated Microelectrode for SECM Imaging in Small Volumes L. F. Diaz-Ballote and D. O. Wipf

249

Crevice Corrosion of Ni-Cr-Mo Alloys P. Jakupi, D. Zagidulin, J. Noël and D. W. Shoesmith

259

Modeling of Metastable Pitting: Towards a Better Understanding of the Effect of Alloying Elements B. Malki and B. Baroux

273

Electrochemical Testing of Exfoliation Corrosion Sensitivity of Aluminum Alloys T. Marlaud, B. Malki, A. Deschamps, M. Reboul and B. Baroux

285

xii

SRET Evaluation of the Corrosion Behavior of Thixocast AZ91 Magnesium Alloy in Dilute NaCl Solution at Room Temperature S. Jin, E. Ghali, C. Blawert and W. Dietzel

295

A Hybrid Scanning Probe Technique for In Situ Imaging Surface Topography and Corrosion Potential of Localized Corrosions C. Lin, Y. Li and X. Zhuo

313

Determination of the Diffusivity of Cation Vacancy in the Passive Film on Ni H. Jang, S. Ahn and H. Kwon

319

Examination of Corrosion Products and the Alloy Surface after Crevice Corrosion of Alloy C-22 X. Shan and J. H. Payer

333

Predictive Model for Cut-Edge Corrosion of Galvanized Steels F. Thebault, B. Vuillemin, R. Oltra, C. Allely, F. Dosdat and K. Ogle

343

Effects of Sliding Wear at Various Loading Conditions on the Local Mechanical-Electrochemical Behavior of Duplex Stainless Steels H. Krawiec, V. Vignal, P. Ponthiaux and F. Wenger

355

Chapter 8 Porous Anodic Films

Anodic Oxide Nanotubes on Ti Alloys H. Tsuchiya, J. Macak, A. Ghicov and P. Schmuki

365

Model for the Steady-State Growth of Porous Anodic Alumina Films J. E. Houser and K. Hebert

375

Chapter 9 Corrosion of Mg and Mg Alloys

Localized Corrosion of Magnesium in Chloride Containing Electrolyte Studied by a Scanning Vibrating Electrode Technique G. Williams and H. N. McMurray

389

xiii

Chapter 10 Corrosion Resistant Alloys-Kinetics, Crevice Corrosion and Passivity

Kinetic Stability Diagrams D. D. Macdonald

403

The Influence of Potential and Temperature on the Kinetics of Oxygen Reduction on Alloy 22 in Neutral Chloride Solutions. D. Zagidulin, P. Jakupi, B. Sherar, J. J. Nöel and D. W. Shoesmith

419

Oxygen Electro-Reduction on C22 and C276 Nickel Metal Alloy S. P. Rogers, D. F. Gervasio and J. H. Payer

431

An Analytical Modeling Method for Calculating the Current Delivery Capacity of a Thin-Film Cathode and the Stability of Localized Corrosion under Atmospheric Environments Z. Chen, F. Cui and R. G. Kelly

443

Modeling the Effects of Crevice Former, Particulates, and the Evolving Surface Profile in Crevice Corrosion A. S. Agarwal, U. Landau, X. Shan and J. H. Payer

459

The Effect of Anions on the Passive Film Properties and Localized Corrosion Behavior of Alloy C-22 P. Pharkya, X. Shan and J. H. Payer

473

Corrosion Resistances of Iron-Based Amorphous Metals with Yttrium and Tungsten Additions in Hot Calcium Chloride Brine & Natural Seawater: Fe48Mo14Cr15Y2C15B6 and W-Containing Variants

J. C. Farmer, J. J. Haslam, S. D. Day, T. Lian, C. K. Saw, P. D. Hailey, J. Choi, N. Yang, C. A. Blue, W. H. Peter, J. H. Payer and D. J. Branagan

485

Chapter 11 Dealloying

Insights into the Parting Limit for De-Alloying from Reconsideration of Atomistic Considerations D. Artymowicz, R. Newman and J. Erlebacher

499

xiv

Chapter 12 Passive Film Thickness Effects

The Influence of Irradiated Defect Structures on the Corrosion Behavior of Nickel O. von Trzebiatowski, T. Suter and S. Virtanen

509

The Nature and Thiknesses of Passive Films on Interface Cu/ NaOH+Alanine S. A. Kaluzhina, E. Orlova and N. Andreeva

519

Chapter 13 Novel Techniques

Use of Coupled Electrode Arrays to Elucidate Copper Pitting as a Function of Potable Water Chemistry H. Cong, N. D. Budiansky, H. Michels and J. Scully

531

Studies of Electron Transfer at Aluminum Alloy Surfaces by Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy M. Jensen, T. Bjordahl, D. E. Tallman and G. Bierwagen

545

Effect of Mg Alloying Addition on Dissolution Behavior of Oxide Films in Al-Si-Mg Alloys M. A. Pech-Canul, M. I. Pech-Canul, M. Echeverría and M. Montoya-Dávila

557

Chapter 14 Impedance

The Apparent CPE Behavior of a Disk Electrode with Faradaic Reactions: A Global and Local Impedance Analysis V. Huang, V. Vivier, M. E. Orazem, N. Pebere and B. Tribollet

567

Chapter 15 Microstructural Effects and Corrosion Resistant Coatings for Steels and Iron Corrosion of the Braze Affected Zone in Stainless Steel C. Jeffcoate and M. Pohlman

589

The Effect of Magnesium Additions on the Microstructure and Cut Edge Corrosion Resistance of Zinc Aluminum Alloy Galvanized Steel J. Elvins, J. A. Spittle and D. A. Worsley

601

xv

Localized Corrosion Resistance of LTCSS-Carburized Materials to Seawater Immersion

F. J. Martin, E. Lemieux, T. Newbauer, R. Bayles, P. Natishan, H. Khan, G. Michal, F. Ernst and A. Heuer

613

Macroscopic and Local Electrochemical Studies of Austempered Ductile Iron in Various Aqueous Solutions H. Krawiec, V. Vignal and J. Banaś

623

Localized Corrosion of Chromium Coated Steel X. Zhang, P. Beentjes, J. M. Mol, H. Terryn and J. de Wit

631

Electrochemical Behavior of AF1410 High-Strength Secondary Hardening Steel with/without Cd plating Y. Yoon and D. C. Hansen

639

Author Index 651 * = invited paper

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