from the mind to the body, and back again mindworld action body perception body
TRANSCRIPT
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From the mind to the body,and back again
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Mind World
ActionBody
Perception
Body
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• Descartes: immunity from error
• James: “same old body always
there”
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Mind World
Action
Perception
Body
Body
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VisualBody
Body representations mediating touch
Primary Touch
TactileObject
Description
Tactile Stimulus
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Viewing the body enhances touch
Penfield & Rasmussen (1950)
Weinstein (1968)
Two-point discrimination threshold
One!
Two!
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Summary of conditions
Darkness View of ArmMagnified View
of ArmView of Neutral
Object
Control for effects of visuo-spatial attention
Kennett, Taylor-Clarke & Haggard, Current Biology, 2002Kennett, Taylor-Clarke & Haggard, Current Biology, 2002
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**
***
Kennett, Taylor-Clarke & Haggard, Current Biology, 2002
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Visual presetting of touch: TMS studyFiorio & Haggard, European Journal of Neuroscience, 2005
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Visual presetting of touch: TMS studyFiorio & Haggard, European Journal of Neuroscience, 2005
Index fingertip: grating Orientation Test
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Visual presetting of touch: TMS studyFiorio & Haggard, European Journal of Neuroscience, 2005
Enhancement of touch when viewing the hand (1) ……is abolished by prior TMS to SI (2)
**
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Top-down (2):Pre-existing body image
Bottom-up (1):
Multisensory correlation
Tsakiris & Haggard, J. Exp. Psychol.: HPP (2005)
“Body Ownership”
Building a bodily self
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Rubber Hand Illusion
Synchronous Asynchronous
feel
see
Congruent Synchronous
(CS)Con
grue
ntIn
cong
ruen
t
Congruent Asynchronous
(CA)
Incongruent Asynchronous
(IA)
Incongruent Synchronous
(IS)
Bottom-up T
op-d
own
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ruler
ruler45
53rulerruler
rulerruler45
53
Proprioceptive measure of body ownership =
perceived position of subject’s hand after stimulation minus
perceived position at pre-test
Time
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-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
me
an
dri
ft t
ow
ard
s t
he
ru
bb
er
ha
nd
(c
m)
CS CA IS IAViewing Congruent
Rubber HandViewing Incongruent
Rubber Hand
Synchronous Asynchronous Synchronous Asynchronous
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A general, top-down factor in body awarenessTsakiris and Haggard, J. Exp. Psychol. (2005)
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Vie
w O
bje
ct
Neu
tral
Obj
ect
Rub
ber
Han
d
TMS No TMS TMS No TMS
rTPJ Vertex (Control)
TMS Site
Electrical stimulation of TPJ induces out-of-body experienceBlanke et al., Nature, 2002
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Vie
w O
bje
ct
Neu
tral
Obj
ect
Rub
ber
Han
d
TMS No TMS TMS No TMS
rTPJ Vertex (Control)
TMS Site
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rTPJ: a brain centre for constructing the bodily self Costantini, Tsakiris and Haggard (in prep.)
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rTPJ: a brain centre for constructing the bodily self Costantini, Tsakiris and Haggard (in prep.)
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rTPJ: a brain centre for constructing the bodily self Costantini, Tsakiris and Haggard (in prep.)
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Neural bases of body awareness
• Mental representation of our ‘reference’ body• Specific brain substrate in right TemporoParietal junction• Enhances and integrates new bodily sensations• Constructs a bodily self, distinct from the external world
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Mind World
Action
Perception
Body
Body
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605
10
15
20
2530
35
40
45
50
55
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605
10
15
20
2530
35
40
45
50
55
“23”
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Neural preparation and conscious intentionV
olta
ge a
t Cz
(V
)
Time (s)0Movement Onset
-1
• Readiness potential
• M judgement: conscious awareness of action
-86 ms-206 ms
• W judgement: conscious awareness of intention
??
|+
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1. Pre-SMA 2. Dorsal prefrontal 3. IntraParietal
Neural correlates of conscious intention(Lau, Rogers, Haggard, Passingham, Science 2004)
• Judge time of intention – judge time of action
These areas are involved in choice and action selection
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Haggard & Eimer, Exp.
Brain Res.
Free selectionLeft or Right actions
C4C3
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Haggard & Eimer, Exp.
Brain Res.
Free selectionLeft or Right actions
Distribution of Awareness Times
C4C3
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Haggard & Eimer, Exp.
Brain Res.
Free selectionLeft or Right actions
Distribution of Awareness Times
Neural correlates ofAwareness should have
same distribution
C4C3
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C4C3
Con
tral
ater
alIp
sila
ter
al
Free selectionLeft or Right actions
Lateralisation: selection of specific body part to
perform the action
Conscious intention is bodily-specific
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Cz
Non-lateralised midline readiness potential does
not correlate with conscious awareness
Non-lateralised readiness potential
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Intentional BindingHaggard, Clark & Kalogeras, Nature Neuroscience, 2002
Time
Action
Awareness
of Action
Time
Action Effect(Beep)Shifted
Awareness
of Action
Perceptual Shift:
+15 ms
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Time
Beep
Awareness
of Beep
Time
Action Effect(Beep)Shifted
Awareness
of Beep
Perceptual Shift:
-46 ms
Intentional BindingHaggard, Clark & Kalogeras, Nature Neuroscience, 2002
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Shifted
Awareness
of Action
+15
Intentional BindingHaggard, Clark & Kalogeras, Nature Neuroscience, 2002
Action Effect (beep)
250 ms Reality
189 ms JudgementShifts
Beep Awareness
Individual Judgements
Action Awareness
Shifted
Awareness
of Beep
-46
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+15
Intentional BindingHaggard, Clark & Kalogeras, Nature Neuroscience, 2002
Action Effect (beep)
250 ms Reality
189 ms Voluntary Action-46
-27 308 ms
Involuntary TMS-induced twitch
+31
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Mind WorldBody
Mechanisms of Intentional Binding
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Mind WorldBody
Mechanisms of Intentional Binding
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Mind WorldBody
1. Predictive preconstruction
Mechanisms of Intentional Binding
2. Inferential reconstruction
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Beep Awareness
Individual Judgements
Action Awareness
+12Action + Effect
50%
50% +5 ???
+13Action + Effect
75%
25% +11 ???
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Conclusions
• The brain contains mental representations of our body
• These representations mediate our actions and our
perceptions of the external world
• Our awareness of action links our body to the external
world, in a temporal ‘atom’ of experience
• The neural bases of bodily sensation and bodily action
offer an experimental window into self-consciousness
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Thanks
Family
Teachers
Colleagues
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Thanks
Family
Teachers
Colleagues