from organic waste and residues to valuable bio-based fuels and products · 2019-05-24 · from...
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From organic waste and residues to valuable bio-based fuels and productsJulien Meyer
Department for Environmental Industrial Processes
Urban Green Growth Seminar, BI, Nydalen, Oslo23.05.2019
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Challenges of growing urban areas
Waste and residues from urban areas
Solving the waste problem and creating value
The biogas value chain
Solid waste incineration
Closing the loop using bio-CO2
Outline
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Growing urban areas
• Today, 55% of the world’s population lives in urban areas (4.2 billion in 2018)
• This proportion is expected to increase to 68% by 2050
• 90% of this increase is taking place in Asia and Africa
Source: United Nations
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Tokyo, Japan
New Dehli, India
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Challenges of growing urban areas
• Sustainable urbanization is key to successful development
• Many countries will face challenges in meeting the needs of their growing urban populations, including for• housing• transportation• energy systems• other infrastructures like waste handling
• Waste handling in urban area has to be part of the solutionSource: United Nations
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Lagos, Nigeria
Sao Paulo, Brasil
Sao Paulo, Brasil
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Waste and residues from urban areas
• Sewage (waste water)
• Municipal Solids Waste (MSW)• Food• Paper and cardboard• Glass• Plastics• Metals• Garden waste• Wood• Textiles• Rubber
• Waste from nearby industries• Food, beverage, agricultural industries ++
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H. Jouhara et al. / Energy, 139 (2017), 485-506
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Solving the waste problem and creating value • To meet sustainability,
• Avoid landfilling• Reduce the carbon footprint of cities and their emissions to air• Create value
• The Waste to Energy approach meets these requirements• Heat and electricity for households• Biofuels for transportation• Bio-products for recycling
• The challenge is to put in place a proper waste collection and sorting system
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The biogas value chain
• Biogas is produced in a close system in anaerobic digestors or bioreactors
• Typical biogas composition is 60% CH4and 40% CO2
• Biogas is typically produced from
• Sewage sludge• Food, animal and agriculture waste
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d
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The biogas value chain 8
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The biogas value chain 9
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Other uses for biogas/biomethane
• Biomethane can be used as a substitute for fossil natural gas and therefore contribute to reduce the carbon footprint of products produced from natural gas
• One of these products is hydrogen (H2)
• Conversion of biogas/biomethane to H2 can contribute to the production of green hydrogen and to the early decentralized implementation of this market
• The use of green H2 in the transportation sector in Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEV) will allow to increase the efficiency (+10-15%) and to reduce NOx emissions in urban areas
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Conversion of biogas/biomethane to hydrogen
• Uses the reforming route• Requires gas cleaning and usually an additional upgrading step• Converts methane to green H2 and bio-CO2
• H2 purification step is necessary
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Biogas Gas clean-up Shift
CO2separation
H2purification
Reforming H2
H2S, siloxanesCO2
Upgrading
CO2 + eventually N2, O2, H2, CO
Steam
Energy
CH4 + H2O -> CO + H2 CO + H2O -> CO2 + H2
Physical or chemical
absorptionConverts CH4 Converts CO
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Conversion of digestate from anaerobic digestion• Uses the pyrolysis route (heating without the presence of oxygen)• Produces valuable gas, bio-oil and bio-char• Combined with reforming and cracking, pyrolysis converts residual organic matter
to green H2, bio-CO2, bio-fuels and bio-char
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PyrolysisDigestate
from anaerobic digestion
Energy(heat) Cracking
Fluid Catalytic CrackingHydrocracking
BioFuels
Bio-char
Gas clean-up Shift
CO2separation
H2purification
Reforming H2GasH2 , CO, CO2, CH4, H2O, + impurities
CO2Bio-oil
Steam
Energy
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Methanation of bio-CO2
• Converts bio-CO2 to synthetic methane by reacting it with hydrogen• Hydrogen produced from excess renewable power• Methanation can also be applied to convert bio-CO2 contained in biogas• Use of synthetic methane as green chemical for substitution of fossil natural gas
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Bio-CO2 Gas clean-up
Electrolysis
CH4 purificationMethanation CH4
CO2 + 4H2 -> CH4 + 2H2O
Water
Renewable power
H2
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Closing the loop using the bio-CO2
• Using bio-CO2 generated from waste will allow closing the loop contributing to sustainable development in urban areas and value creation
• Use of bio-CO2 in greenhouses• food to waste to food: vegetables
• Use of bio-CO2 to produce synthetic methane or methanol for petro-chemical and refining industries• plastics to waste to plastics: PE, PP, PVC
• Challenges• Building the value chains• Value chain economy: reduce the cost of technologies, policies
16Food
WasteDigestion
Green-houses Consumption
CO2
Plastics
Use
Waste
Petro-chemistry
Incineration
Methanation
CO2
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IFE’s research in the field17
• Hydrogen production from biogas with CO2 capture
• Development of a new reforming process using high temperature CO2 capture with solid sorbents: Sorption-Enhanced Reforming (SER)
• Extract more than twice the amount of bio-CO2 than conventional technology
• Production of bio-methanol from biomass
• Enhanced methanation• Technological developments to improve the efficiency of the
methanation process and reduce its cost (catalyst, membranes, reactor design)
https://member-co2.com/content/home
http://www.converge-h2020.eu