from ndltd to technology for digital libraries: progress and challenges ricoh july 27, 1999 edward...
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From NDLTD to Technology for Digital Libraries:
Progress and Challenges
RicohJuly 27, 1999
Edward A. Fox [email protected]
CC CS DLRL Internet TIC
Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
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Acknowledgements (Selected)
Trip Support: Kobe, NAIST, NEC, Ricoh, ULIS
Sponsors: ACM, Adobe, IBM, Microsoft, NSF, OCLC, US Dept. of Education, …
Co-PIs: Marc Abrams, Robert Akscyn, John Eaton, Brian Kleiner, Gail McMillan
Students: Fernando Das Neves, Robert France, Neill Kipp, Paul Mather, Constantinos Phanouriou, James Powell, Ohm Sornil, David Watkins, Chang Zhang, Jianxin Zhao
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Virginia Tech Background Largest university in Virginia, land-grant, town population
35K plus 25K students Blacksburg Electronic Village, since 1992, with 80% of
community on Internet Net.Work.Virginia, largest ATM network, with over 600 sites,
for education, research, govt LMDS, Local Multipoint Distribution Service, gigabit wireless
networking - 1/3 of Virginia Math Emporium, 500 workstations Faculty Development Initiative, round 2
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Virginia Tech CS Department of CS focussed on HCI $2M labs: usability, group decisions, info access Faculty (+ Abrams, Kafura, Shaffer, …)
– Barfield (ISE - wearable)– Carroll (design, scenarios)– Ehrich (equipment, graphics)– Hartson (theory & methodology, remote evaluation)– Hix (usability, VR/CAVE)– Rosson (object orientation/languages, collaboration)– Williges (ISE - experimentation, meta-evaluation)
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ACITC Advanced Communications and Information Technology
Center, opening summer 2000 Connects to the library, with a focus on IT 1/3 high-tech (multimedia) classrooms 1/3 digital/electronic library (reading room) 1/3 research labs: 10, including:
– Digital Library Research Laboratory (DLRL)– Center for Applied Technologies in the Humanities– HCI; HPC; Multimedia; Visualization (CAVE), …– Spaces for industry-supported labs, visitors
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OUTLINE Challenges to CS Opportunities for education 5S framework NDLTD case study Technical progress DL as industrial success
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Digital Libraries --- Objectives
World Lit.: 24hr / 7day / from desktop Integrated “super” information systems: 5S: streams,
structures, spaces, scenarios, societies Ubiquitous, Higher Quality, Lower Cost Education, Knowledge Sharing, Discovery Disintermediation -> Collaboration Universities Reclaim Property Interactive Courseware, Student Works Scalable, Sustainable, Usable, Useful
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DLs: Why of Global Interest? National projects can preserve antiquities and heritage:
cultural, historical, linguistic, scholarly Knowledge and information are essential to economic and
technological growth, education DL - a domain for international collaboration
– wherein all can contribute and benefit
– which leverages investment in networking
– which provides useful content on Internet & WWW
– which will tie nations and peoples together more strongly and through deeper understanding
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Why of Interest in Computing? Next step in fields of DBMS, HT, IR, MM Efficiency requires advances in, e.g.,
– algorithms and data structures (ex., MPHF)– networking (ex., HTTP-NG)– OS (ex., support for streams)
Effectiveness requires advances in, e.g.,– AI (ex., multilingual texts, user adaptation)– HCI (ex., visualization, DLs embedded in activities)
CS Educ. can benefit; CS can aid Dist. Educ.
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Digital Libraries --- Virginia Tech
MARIAN (NLM) CS DL Prototype - ENVISION (NSF, ACM) TULIP (Elsevier, OCLC) BEV History Base (NSF, Blacksburg) DL for CS Education - EI (NSF, ACM) WATERS, NCSTRL (NSF) NDLTD (SURA, US Dept. of Education) CSTC (NSF, ACM), CRIM (NSF, SIGMM) WCA (Log) Repository (W3C) VT-PetaPlex-1 (Knowledge Systems)
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OUTLINE Challenges to CS Opportunities for education 5S framework NDLTD case study Technical progress DL as industrial success
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DLs Shorten the Chain from
Editor
Publisher
A&I
Consolidator
Library
Reviewer
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DLs Shorten the Chain to
Editor
A&I
Digital
LibraryReviewer
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DLs --- Educational Implications Support distance education Level the playing field by giving everyone access to high
quality resources Enrich learning by giving access to primary rather than
secondary materials/objects Integrate simulations, visualizations, and multi-modal
presentations to enhance learning Allow learn-at-your-own-pace, ensuring success Allow specialized interfaces, or embedded DL for rich
support of learning activities
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How do universities anddigital libraries relate?
Each U. will have its own digital library. Hence there will be large numbers (i.e., critical mass).
All students will learn how to use and how to “feed” digital libraries (and bring those habits to future work as needs and skills).
All digital library problems (esp. federation, flexibility, personalization) appear at U’s (so they are a good type of testbed, with willing collaborators in-place for developing solutions).
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SMETE Library(from www.dlib.org)
Context: Global movement toward Digital Libraries (see April 1998 CACM)
NSF effort: Science, Mathematics, Engineering, and Technology Education Digital Library (focussed on undergraduates)– 3 workshops, yearly increasing funds / new calls
SMETE Library likely to operate as distributed federation, with separate parts for each key discipline, and to lead to a global effort
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Enhancing Learning with DLs
DigitalLibraries
In te ra c tiveExperiences
E n hanc ingL earn ing
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Enhancing Learning with DLs
DigitalLibraries
A u th o ring(te x t, m a rku p ,h yp e rm e d ia ,
ca ta lo g in g -D C )
S u b m itt ingW o rk (E T D )(M e tad a ta ,P D F , X M L)
P re se rv in g(u s in g s td s,m ig ra tin g ,
ve rs io n in g )
A d d in g toD ig ita lL ib ra ry
(s tu d e n t)
D isco ve rin g ,B ro w s in g ,S e a rch in g ,R e trie v in g
A n n o ta tin g ,D o w n lo a d in g ,
In s ta llin g ,F e e d b a ck
5 S F ra m e w o rk:S o c ie tie s ,S ce n a rio s,
S tre a m s ,S pa ce s,S tru c tu res
U s in gD ig ita l L ib ra ry
(d ire c t)(in fo lite ra cy )
In d ire c tly U s ingD ig ita l L ib ra ry(e m b ed d e d,b y ag e nt, ...)
U s in g D LC o n te n ts (to o ls,d a ta se ts , e n v 's,co u rse w a re , ...)
C o lla b o ra tion(in /a ro u n d DL
a n d its a rt ifa c ts -d is ta n ce e d u c .)
O th e rIn te ra c tiveL e a rn ingA c tiv it ie s
In te ra c tiveExperiences
E n hanc ingL earn ing
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Enhancing Learning with DLs
6 0 m em b e rsU S D ep t. E d .
A u s tra liaG e rm a ny
In te rfa ces2 D , 3 D ,C A V E ,
IB M ,O C L C ,...
N D L T DN e tw o rke d DL
o f T h ese s &D isse rta tio n s
S tu de n tP o rtfo lios
A C MD ig ita lL ib ra ry
w w w .a cm .o rg
"E d u ca tionIn n o va tio n"N S F - V T
4 5 co u rses
N C S T R LT e ch n ica lR e fe re n ce
L ib ra ry
C S T CC S
T e a ch ingC e n te r
C R IMC u rricu lu mR e so u rce sIn te r. M M
E N V IS IO NN S F - V T
re su ltsv isu a liza tio n
C o m p u terS c ie n ce
M a te ria lS c i & E ng(T U L IP -
E lse v ie r + 9 U 's )
N A R An e w p ro je ct(S A IC a nda te am ...)
O th e rP ro je c ts
DigitalLibraries
In te ra c tiveExperiences
En hanc ingL earn ing
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NSF Education Innovation (EI) NSF “Interactive Learning with a Digital Library in
Computer Science” (1993-98) 45 online courses (esp. Internet, IR, MM,
Professionalism, overall EI project pages): 100+K accesses/wk
Tools: SWAN (visualization), QUIZIT Evaluation
– traditional– network logging and analysis– tools for visualization
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Digital Library Courseware
http://ei.cs.vt.edu/~dlib/ WWW pages or large PDF copy files Online quizzes based on book by Michael Lesk
(Morgan Kaufmann Publishers) Contents based on book, with several other popular
topics added (e.g., agents) Separate pages to supplement: Definitions,
Resources (People, Projects), and References
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OUTLINE Challenges to CS Opportunities for education
– CSTC, CRIM 5S framework NDLTD case study Technical progress DL as industrial success
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CS -> CSTC -> CRIM NSF and ACM Education Committee are funding a 2
year project “A Computer Science Teaching Center” - CSTC - http://www.cstc.org/
College of NJ, U. Ill. Springfield, Virginia Tech Focus initially on labs, visualization, multimedia Multimedia part is also supported by “Curriculum
Resources in Interactive Multimedia” - CRIM - grant to Virginia Tech and George Washington University: http://www.cstc.org/~crim/
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CS Teaching Center (CSTC) Instead of building large, expensive multimedia packages,
that become obsolete and are difficult to re-use, concentrate on small knowledge units.
Learners benefit from having well-crafted modules that have been reviewed and tested.
Use digital libraries to build a powerful base of support for learners, upon which a variety of courses, self-study tutorials & reference resources can be built. (See NSF SMETE-Lib Study at http://www.dlib.org/smete/public/smete-public.html)
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CRIM Rationale
MM field needs properly trained personnel Support this with resources + curricula Together these help us move toward a DL
for Interactive MM -> CS -> SMETE Benefits will go to teachers (who have more
to build upon) and students (who will have a richer environment for learning
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Concerns, Problems Motivating educators to create modules that can be
used elsewhere is difficult without a suitable reward structure and an infrastructure of testing, packaging, discovery, reuse, and evaluation.
There is a unnecessary disconnect between researchers (e.g., in laboratories) preparing exciting demonstrations for conferences and instructors interesting in helping students grasp underlying concepts and innovations in their area.
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Solutions, Plans CSTC will have a variety of focused centers so that
different types of resources can be collected, tested, and suitably packaged:– laboratory exercises, activities, assignments– visualizations and visualization tools– interactive multimedia resources (CRIM)
ACM may launch a digital library “Transactions in Courseware and Education in Computing” to provide an ongoing infrastructure for CSTC.
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CRIM Project Activities
Workshops, other ways to involve community WWW site including DL in CSTC re MM
– Devised cataloging schema, designed interface– Referring to all MM syllabi and curriculum– Inviting learning resources for the CRIM DL, with
reviews, reuse certifications Publish report on MM curriculum through
ACM and IEEE, after careful review
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Dimensions / Categories (matrix+)
Level: K-12, ugrad (low, upper), grad (MS, PhD), prof. Length: reference, short course, course unit, course, … Academic orientation: science, engineering, art, communications,
multidisciplinary, marketing Pedagogical orientation: mm use, survey/hands-on,
traditional/constructivist (design, develop) Tool connection: course on <Photoshop>, compare animation tools,
assume know or can learn, use tool as example (Target) audience (and background): culture Learning style: visual/auditory, indiv/group Relation: closed/complete, part of some structure (e.g., course, program)
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Virginia Tech Courses
Art: Digital Art and Design course (Photoshop) CS: 1604 Introduction to the Internet (1 cr.) CS: 3604 Professionalism in Computing CS: 4624 Multimedia, Hypertext and
Information Access (3 cr.) CS: 5604 Information Storage & Retrieval (3 cr.) CS: 6604 Digital Libraries (3 cr.)
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CS4624 Units
– Applications&Authoring– Capture&Representation– Compression&Models– Presentation&Interaction– Communication&Networking
Pedagogy – field trips– readings & quizzes; exercises in lab; final– “real” term project in groups
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OUTLINE Challenges to CS Opportunities for education 5S framework NDLTD case study Technical progress DL as industrial success
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How to Build a Digital Library
Understand the problem (using the 5S
Framework)
Solve the problem (using the Star
Methodology)
– design, develop, evaluate,
– refine, operate
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Definition: Digital Libraries are complex systems that
help satisfy info needs of users (societies) provide info services (scenarios) organize info in usable ways (structures) present info in usable ways (spaces) communicate info with users (streams)
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5S Layers
Societies
Scenarios
Spaces
Structures
Streams
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Definition: 5S Framework Societies: interacting people (, computers) Scenarios: services, functions, operations, methods Spaces: domains + constraints (e.g., distance,
adjacency): 2D, vector, probability Structures: relations, trees, nodes and arcs Streams: sequences of items (text, audio, video,
network traffic) (5 Element System: Fire, Wood, Earth, Metal, Water)
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5S: Components
Societies: roles, rituals, reasons, relationships, artifacts Scenarios: acquire, index, consult, administer, preserve Spaces: physical, temporal, functional, presentational,
conceptual Structures: architectures, taxonomies, schema,
grammars, links, objects Streams: granularities, protocols, paths, flows,
turbulences
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Star Methodology
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Neill Kipp Dissertation
Training interested groups about 5S and the Star Methodology, refining the Framework to have solid mathematical foundation
Case studies of projects at Virginia Tech or involving VT staff/students: CSTC, NDLTD, NARA (with SAIC), Lexis, ...
Open also to study DL projects elsewhere Focusing too on the design artifacts developed and related
issues of efficient description and representation (esp. with markup, hypermedia)
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OUTLINE Challenges to CS Opportunities for education 5S framework NDLTD case study Technical progress DL as industrial success
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A Digital Library Case StudyDomain: graduate education,
researchGenre:ETDs=electronic
theses & dissertationsSubmission: http://etd.vt.eduCollection:
http://www.theses.org
Project: Networked Digital Library of Theses & Dissertations (NDLTD) http:// www.ndltd.org
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Media
ETD Web Sitehttp://www.ndltd.org/
ETDs Got Your Interest?
Graduate Students
Singapore AMChronicle of Higher Ed.National Public RadioNY Times ...
U. Laval
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Key Ideas: Networked infrastructure
Scalability
Education is the rationale
University collaboration
Workflow, automation
Authors must submitMaximal access
PDF, SGML, MMStandards
Federated search
8th graders vs. grads
MARC, DC, URNs
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Status of the Local Project Approved by university governance Spring
1996; required starting 1/1/97 Submission & access software in place Submission workshops for students (and
faculty) occur often: beginner/adv. Faculty training as part of Faculty
Development Initiative Over 2000 ETDs in collection
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Aiding universities to enhance grad educ., publishing and IPR efforts
Helping improve the availability and content of theses and dissertations
Educating ALL future scholars so they can publish electronically and effectively use digital libraries (i.e., are Information Literate and can be more expressive)
What are we doing?
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What are the long term goals? 400K US students / year getting grad degrees are
exposed / involved 200K/yr rich hypermedia ETDs that may turn into
electronic portfolios Dramatic increase in knowledge sharing: lit.
reviews, bibliographies, … Services providing lifelong access for students:
browse, search, prior searches, citation links
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NDLTD
Computer Resources
Research
Literature
Student Prepares Thesis or Dissertation
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Student Defends and Finalizes ETD
My Thesis
ETD
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Student Gets Committee Signatures and Submits ETD
Signed
Grad School
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Graduate School Approves ETD Student is Graduated
Ph.D.
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Library Catalogs ETD and New StudentsHave Access to the New Research
WWW
NDLTD
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Institutional Members
Coalition for Networked Information (CNI)Committee on Inst. Coop. (CIC)Diplomica.comDissertation.comNational Library of PortugalUNESCO
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US University Members U. of Iowa U. of Maine U. of Oklahoma U. of South Florida U. of Tennessee, Knoxville U. of Tennessee, Memphis U. of Texas at Austin U. of Virginia U. Wisconsin - Madison Vanderbilt U. Virginia Tech - required since 1/97 West Virginia U. - required beginning fall 1998 Worcester Polytechnic Inst.
Air University (Alabama)Cal TechClemson UniversityCollege of William & MaryConcordia University (Illinois)East Tenn. State UniversityFlorida Institute of Tech.Florida International UniversityMichigan TechNaval Postgraduate School (CA)North Carolina State U.Penn. State UniversityRochester Institute of Tech.U. of FloridaU. of GeorgiaUniversity of Hawaii, Manoa
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Australian Project Members
U. New South Wales (lead institution)U. of MelbourneU. of QueenslandU. of SydneyAustralian National UniversityCurtin U. of TechnologyGriffith U.
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German Project Members
Humboldt University (lead institution)3 other universities5 learned societies1 computing center2 major libraries
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Other International MembersChinese University of Hong KongChungnam National U., Dept of CS (S. Korea)City University, London (UK)Darmstadt U. of Tech. (Germany)Free University of Berlin (Germany - Vet. Med.)Gyeongsang National U. (Korea)India Institute of Technology, Bombay (India)Nanyang Technological U. (Singapore, part)National U. of Singapore (Singapore, part)*National Library of PortugalPolytechnic University of Valencia (Spain)Rhodes U. (South Africa)St. Petersburg St. Tech.U (Russia)Univ. de las Américas Puebla (Mexico)U. Laval; U. of Guelph; U. Waterloo; Wilfrid Laurier U. (Canada)
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NUDL
1/15/99 NUDL proposal to NSF under DLI2 international program– VT: Library, Grad School, Industrial&Systems Eng.– Partners: UK (2) , Singapore, Russia, Korea, Greece, Germany,
plus Iberoamerican group (Spain, Portugal, Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico)
– Problems: Multilingual search, multimedia submissions, requirements/usability, …
Start with ETDs, then expand to other student works, portfolios, data sets, (CS) courseware, ...
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National Coverage (red/white)
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NUDL Partners
Ricardo A. Baeza-Yates, Universidad de Chile, Chile José Luis Brinquete Borbinha, Biblioteca Nacional, Portugal José Hilario Canós Cerdá, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Spain Stavros Christodoulakis, Technical University of Crete, Greece Lautaro Guerra Genskowsky, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa Maria,Chile Juan José Goldschtein, Univesidad de Belgrano, Argentina Peter Diepold, Humboldt University, Germany Francisco Javier Jaén Martinez, Spain Sung Hyon Myaeng, Chungnam National University, Korea Ana Maria Beltran Pavani, Prédio Cardeal Leme, Brazil Lim Ee Peng, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore Alexander I. Plemnek, St.-Petersburg State Technical University, Russia J. Alfredo Sánchez, Universidad de las Américas-Puebla, Mexico
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Access Statistics
1996 1997 1998
Total successful requests: 37,171 247,573 628,401Av. successful requests/day: 102 685 1,690Requests for .PDF files: 4,600 72, 854 343,236Requests for .HTML file 28,225 129,831 215,896Distinct hosts served 9,015 22,725 36,724Total data transferred: 3,229M 25,953M 74,051MAv. data transferred/day: 9M 73M 222M
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Popular Works 1996458 Seevers, Gary L. Identification of Criteria for Delivery of Theological Education Through Distance Education: An International Delphi Study (Ph.D., Educational Research and Evaluation, April 1993; 1353Kb)
432 Hohauser, Robyn Lisa. The Social Construction of Technology: The Case of LSD (MS in Science and Technology Studies, Feb. 1995; 244Kb)
390 Childress, Vincent William. The Effects of Technology Education, Science, and Mathematics Integration Upon Eighth Grader's Technological Problem-Solving Ability (Ph.D. in Vocational and Technical Education, July 1994; 285Kb)
310 Kuhn, William B. Design of Integrated, Low Power, Radio Receivers in BiCMOS Technologies (Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering, Dec. 1995; 2Mb)
287 Sprague, Milo D. A High Performance DSP Based System Architecture for Motor Drive Control ( MS in Electrical Engineering, May 1993; 878Kb)
165 Wallace, Richard A. Regional Differences in the Treatment of Karl Marx by the Founders of American Academic Sociology (MS in Sociology, Nov. 1993; 479Kb)
150 McKeel, Scott Andrew. Numerical Simulation of the Transition Region in Hypersonic Flow (Ph.D. in Aerospace Engineering, Feb. 1996; 3Mb)
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Popular Works 19979920 Liu, Xiangdong. Analysis and Reduction of Moire Patterns in Scanned Halftone Pictures (Ph.D. in Computer Science, May 1996; 6.6Mb)
7656 Petrus, Paul. Novel Adaptive Array Algorithms and Their Impact on Cellular System Capacity (Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering, March 1997; 5Mb)
2781 Agnes, Gregory Stephen. Performance of Nonlinear Mechanical, Resonant-Shunted Piezoelectric, and Electronic Vibration Absorbers for Multi-Degree-of-Freedom Structures (Ph.D. in Engineering Mechanics, Sept. 1997; ? + 7926Kb)
2492 Gonzalez, Reinaldo J. Raman, Infrared, X-ray, and EELS Studies of Nanophase Titania (Ph.D. in Physics, July 1996; 4607Kb)
1877 Shih, Po-Jen. On-Line Consolidation of Thermoplastic Composites (Ph.D. in Engineering Mechanics, Feb. 1997; 3.3Mb)
1791 Saldanha, Kevin J. Performance Evaluation of DECT in Different Radio Environments (MS in Electrical Engineering, Aug. 1996; 3.2Mb)
1431 DeVaux, David. A Tutorial on Authorware (MS in CS, April 1996; 2.3Mb)
1394 Kuhn, William B. Design of Integrated, Low Power, Radio Receivers in BiCMOS Technologies (Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering, Dec. 1995; 2518Kb)
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Popular Works 1998
K-accesses Mbytes Degree Year Dept Tables/Figures Author
75, 12, PhD, 1997, ME, 38/174, Maillard 56, 6.5, PhD, 1996, CS, 8/93, Liu 20, 3.9, PhD, 1997, EE, 9/121, Laster 15, 4.9, PhD, 1997, CpE, 17/127, Tripathi 12, 6.6, MS, 1997, EE, 7/96, Nicoloso 6.7, 4.6, PhD, 1996, Physics, 8/62 (32 color),
Gonzalez
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International Use 1996 1997 1998 850 2992 8170 United Kingdom 608 2,501 4223 Australia 346 2378 7373 Germany 713 2367 3970 Canada 387 1264 2201 South Korea 463 1161 4431 France 250 725 2553 Italy 191 867 2781 Netherlands 183 1130 1449 Brazil 22 967 1089 Thailand 83 958 1414 Greece
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Who are sponsors / cooperators? Funding, Donations of hardware/software
– SURA– US Dept. of Education (FIPSE)– Adobe Systems– IBM– Microsoft– OCLC
Others Serving on Steering Committee– National/Regional Projects: Australia, French
speaking group, Germany, IberoAmerica (ISTEC), UK (UTOG)
– CGS, National Lib. Canada, NSF, OAS, SOLINET, UMI, UNESCO, ...
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How can a university get involved?
Select planning/implementation team– Graduate School– Library– Computing / Information Technology– Institutional Research / Educ. Tech.
Send us letter, give us contact names Adapt Virginia Tech solution
– Build interest and consensus– Start trial / allow optional submission
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Build Local ETD Site
Digital Library
Policies
Inspection/Approval
Workshop/Training
ETD
ETD
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Type 1 Members University Requires ETDs
Adobe Acrobat and/or XML/SGML tools Automated submission & processing Archive/access through UMI, (OCLC,)
Virginia Tech, ... (Local) WWW site, publicity (Local) Assistance provided as requested:
email, phone, listserv(s)
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Type 2 Members University Agrees to Require ETDs
Like Type 1 but set date not reached Usually has an option or pilot May: wait for new AY; start with all who enter
after; … Build grass roots support
– Advisory committee: representative? expert?– Champions to spread by word of mouth– Approval: Senates, Commissions, Deans, Students– Publicity to reach community
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NDLTD Members, Types 3-7
3. Part of university requires ETDs4. University allows ETDs5. University investigating, has pilot6. University consortium joins:
– CIC (Big 10 coordinating body)7. Non-university organization joins
– CNI (Coalition for Networked Info.)
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Everyone LearnsStudents become “info literate”Students learn about discovery, search,
categorization/classification, e-pub, preservation, helping others find/reuse
Campus starts to think about IPR– e.g., Virginia Tech symposium
Faculty and students improve quality as reader base expands
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OUTLINE Challenges to CS Opportunities for education 5S framework NDLTD case study Technical progress
– NDLTD services DL as industrial success
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User Search Support(multilingual, XML)
NDLTD W orld FederatedSearch
Virg in ia Tech ...(un iv)
U M I ...(corporate)
C IC ...(un iv group)
Portugese N L ...(national lib)
Austra lia(regional)
UserInterface
Note: All groups shown are connected with NDLTD.
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www.theses.org
James Powell student project, D-Lib Magazine description in Sept. 1998
XML description of each site– type of search engine / service– language– coverage (for resource discovery)
Adding Z39.50 gateway capability
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Interoperability Testing IBM DL: donated equipment, technical support,
powerful IPR (see TOIS, D-Lib) Z39.50: OCLC SiteSearch / VT tailored s/w
– university libraries w. catalogs of freely shared MARC records pointing to archival copies
– via URNs: handles & PURLs Dienst / NCSTRL - www.ncstrl.org: CS depts.,
DARPA, NSF, CNRI, Cornell - UVA is working on extensions for ETDs - Portugal is studying use for Europe - VT is working on Dienst to Z39.50 gateway
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Access Approaches
Goal: Maximize access and services, e.g., by encouraging:
UMI centralized services Distributed service: Dienst, Z39.50 Regional services (e.g., OhioLink, AZ/NM) Local servers with browse, search
– From local catalogs to local archives WWW robot indexing and search services
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Support Services Developed
WWW site with > 300 Mb, CD, videotape Automated submission system (MySQL, UNIX,
WWW scripts - grad school/library) Student guidelines, style sheets, multimedia training
materials, FAQs, press info SGML and XML DTDs for ETDs SGML to HTML (web generator) LaTeX, Word templates, converters
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Support Offered
Software, documentation, tech support Email, listservs ([email protected], -eval, -
grad, -library, -technical) Donations: Adobe, Microsoft Evaluation: instruments, analysis
http://scholar.lib.vt.edu - solutions/statistics (Temporary storage / archiving; aid - in setting up
an int’l service & archive)
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Enhancements
Dublin Core spec, MARC crosswalk DTDs for SGML, XML(+ <discipline>ML) Annotation system (author, friends, notes) Routing system (based on Sift) Multilingual WWW site, training materials (Spanish
recently done in Valencia) Better federated search (w. Z39.50, planned with
Dienst and Harvest - maybe MARIAN)
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Further Services
Adding services currently prototyped– support with IBM DL, OCLC SiteSearch
Adding other services planned– building and using citation database (w. SFX)– implementing plagiarism check (like “SCAM”)
Developing NUDL as a sustainable self governing global institution (w. committees)
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Other Work Working with publishers to increase level of access as
much as possible Interoperability tests among universities and with UMI
to provide integrated services Study with testbed that emerges, to improve
information retrieval, browsing, interface, and other types of user support
Evaluation, improving learning experience, spread to worldwide initiative, sustainable support and coordination
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OUTLINE Challenges to CS Opportunities for education 5S framework NDLTD case study Technical progress
– Networking DL as industrial success
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Network Research Group NSF 3 year grant on WWW logging, characterization,
and optimization: Abrams, Fox, Pollard (CNS)
Core member of Web Characterization Activity of World-Wide Web Consortium
Providing DL (with OCLC) to support WCA (at http://www.cs.vt.edu/repository/):– logs– tools– publications
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NRG Tools
WebJamma: Artificial HTTP traffic generator
WebWatcher: HTTP traffic monitoring and logging system
CLFmunge: Anonymizes common log format
HTTPdump: Protocol decode for tcpdump
Caching proxy simulator
Splus programs
Log description and validation interface & routines
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DL Submission Software Similar software developed for WCA, CSTC, and
NDLTD
CSTC version field-tested to manage papers for ACM Digital Libraries ‘99
May generalize for
– conferences
– electronic journal
– resource description (e.g., courses, Web content)
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Dissertations
Abdulla (completed)– collected diversity of Web logs– analyzed EI logs re educational use– Fourier analysis, self similarity
Sulleman (starting)– WCA implementation– dynamic documents
patterns, regularities classes, templates, OIDs, variable data
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OUTLINE Challenges to CS Opportunities for education 5S framework NDLTD case study Technical progress
– Interfaces DL as industrial success
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Accessibility Activities / Plans
Interface design (simple, 3D, VR) Usability studies Generic multi-lingual support Support for those with disabilities Hybrid collection (paper, MARC,
abstracts, full-text, multimedia) Disciplinary classifications, tools Visualization of results, collection
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SPIRE Visualization
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CAVE Experiments
Use a familiar metaphor– building / floor / room / shelf / book
Rearrange orderings / shelving– use categories, clustering, ranking – use visualization: colors and gaps– study space mappings: physical, logical
Simplify movement for key tasks
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ENVISION
NSF “A User-Centered Database from the Computer Science Literature” (1991-93)
Collected bib/typesetter data, converted to SGML Scanned thousands of page images MARIAN search engine - can be made available (also
applied to the Virginia Tech library catalog) used as part of a prototype object-based DL, with tailored visualization interface (L. Nowell dissertation)
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Envision Results Window
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OUTLINE Challenges to CS Opportunities for education 5S framework NDLTD case study Technical progress
– MARIAN DL as industrial success
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MARIAN
Multiple Access Retrieval of Information with ANnotations
(Musical: Marian the Librarian …) Evolved from 1980’s CODER system to a
distributed Online Public Access Catalog (OPAC), then DL backend, now becoming a full DL system
From C/C++ to Java by Jianxin Zhao Future uses: NDLTD, NUDL, PetaPlex
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MARIAN Layers
Database Layer
Search Engine Layer
User Information Layer
User Interface Layer
User User User User
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MARIAN Testing Architecture
LoadGenerator
Webgate
JavaServer
C/C++Server
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MARIAN Parallelism
Java part response time vs. query rate comparation
(type 1 requests)
01000200030004000
0 100 200 300 400 500
query rate (#/min)
resp
onse
tim
e (m
s)
all modules in one machine one "webgate"
two "webgate"s four "webgate"s
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MARIAN Response Time
Four "webgate"s, decomposed time delay vs. query
rate
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
0 100 200 300 400 500
query rate (#/min)
time
dela
y (m
s)
system after Java server
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France Dissertation
Key developer since CODER Applying computational linguistics efforts
with machine readable dictionaries Applying opportunistic handling of term
lists for ranking, usable displays (“to be or not to be, that is the”)
Developing and evaluating variety of interfaces
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OUTLINE Challenges to CS Opportunities for education 5S framework NDLTD case study Technical progress
– PetaPlex DL as industrial success
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PetaPlex
Digital Library Machine (“super” object store)
Parallel computer / storage utility for scale of 1000 to 100,000,000 gigabytes (1 Tbyte - 100 Pbyte)
Knowledge Systems Incorporated is supplying VT-PetaPlex-1 for $250,000 with
– high speed backbone connection (OC-12)
– 2.5 terabytes through 100 “Nanoservers”:
– Each = Network connection + IBM 25GB disk + 233 MHz Pentium II + Linux
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PetaPlex Approach
Extend work on KMS from 1970s Achieve qualitative improvement in quality of
hypertext– sub-second response– with terabyte and petabyte scale stores
Do everything with one seek - through hashing over a very large storage space– support URN access as primitive service– support name / repository model for digital library
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PetaPlex Complex
FRONT END MACHINERS/6000, 1G RAM, 4 Proc.
Nanoserver
Nanoserver
Nanoserver
Nanoserver
Nanoserver
Nanoserver
Nanoserver
Nanoserver
Nanoserver
Nanoserver Nanoserver
Nanoserver
Nanoserver Nanoserver
Service
Machine 1
Service
Machine 2
Service
Machine 3
Service
Machine 4
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PetaPlex Service Machines
Small object server Large object server
– video on demand– streaming audio
Information retrieval server Proxy / cache server (e.g., 1 terabyte server
of 1000 worldwide for Comsat/Intelsat)
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PetaPlex Top View
4 ft.
side
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PetaPlex Side View
4 ft. wide
8 ft.
high
Roles:* Support* Cooling* Power
many
shelves /
side
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PetaPlex Cost Goals, Approach Maximize number of seeks achievable Maximize % of cost invested in disks Maximize flexibility and reliability Minimize cost per unit of storage
Approach “information utility” Increase throughput and reliability by replicating on
other PetaPlex systems Use robotics, wireless, and commodity production of
nanoservers
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Sornil & Mather Dissertations
Proposing 50 Tbyte wireless Petaplex for $2M Mather: efficiently handling very large numbers of objects
of varying sizes Sornil: efficiently handling IR for very large collections,
large numbers of users, high transaction rates, large inverted files– modeling and simulation– data organization– parallelization of algorithms, alone and in combination for
retrieval (related) tasks
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OUTLINE Challenges to CS Opportunities for education 5S framework NDLTD case study Technical progress DL as industrial success
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DL Challenges
Preservation - so people with trust DLs
Affordable storage - so DLs will be universally used
DL industry - critical mass by covering libraries, archives, museums, corporate info, govt info, personal info - “quality WWW” integrating IR, HT, MM, ...
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DLs: Broad Impact
DLs should be in companies DLs should be in government (integrated) DLs should be built for all data generated - all types of data,
information, and knowledge– covering content/knowledge management– covering data mining, IR, discovery, visualization– promoting specialized work on all types of collections for all types
of user groups 5S framework and university-industry collaboration may
help move us to these goals!