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From June 2014:
Modules 3 & 4
How Module 3 has been tested on the exam:
Bond/Pfd Share Refinancing
• Refinancing could be done to eliminate restrictive covenants, but more likely to
refinance debt at lower interest rates
• The refinancing analysis is a variation of the NPV calculation
• Decision rule: Go ahead if PV of replacing current debt/pfd shares with new bond > than
PV of current cash outflows associated with existing financing
Steps to refinancing
1. Net investment required to refinance old issue
– Call Premium
– Net flotation costs – Cost of flotation less PV tax shield of deduction floatation costs
– Net additional interest expenses/dividends during bond overlap period
2. Calculate incremental after tax interest savings/dividend savings* from refinancing.
– Savings are calculated on the overlapping period of two bonds/shares.
3. Calculate PV of after tax interest savings/dividend savings* from refinancing.
4. Calculate NPV of refinancing [ PV of after tax interest savings/dividend savings* - net investment needed ] or Step 3 – Step 1.
* Preferred share dividends are not tax deductible
What discount rate do you use?
• All cash flows are discounted using after tax cost of new debt / quarterly cost
of new pfd share issue.
– Current market opportunity cost of company.
To determine appropriate effective rate:
1. Convert stated rate to the effective annual rate
2. Apply tax rate
3. Convert after tax annual rate to required semi annual or quarterly period
using the following:
For effective annual to effective semi annual = (1+r)1/2 -1
For effective annual to effective quarterly = (1+r)1/4 - 1
Step 1. Calculate net investment required to refi old issue
Step 2. Calculate incremental after tax savings from refi
Step 3. Calculate PV of after tax interest savings from refinancing.
Step 4. Calculate NPV of refinancing
Preferred share refinancing: Reading 3.6 minicase 3-2
Reading 3.10 : Rights Offerings
Rights On Period: Ex Right Period:
Announcement date to Ex date Ex date to Expiration
Ron= (Pon-E) ÷ (N+1) Rex= (Pex-E) ÷ N
Rights offerings
• Offer shares directly to current shareholders. Current shareholders have the
right to subscribe to additional shares at a specified price.
• Four important dates:
– announcement date: date when company announces the rights offering.
– record date: date the company distributes to its current shareholders of
record one right A shareholder becomes a shareholder of record three
business days after purchasing shares.
– ex-rights date: two business days before the record date. On this date
shares no longer receive rights.
– expiration date: when the rights expire.
From Dec 2011 Exam:
Answer:
Rights On Period: Ex Right Period:
Announcement date to Ex date Ex date to Expiration
Ron= (Pon-E) ÷ (N+1) Rex= (Pex-E) ÷ N
Module 4: Capital Structure and Dividend Policy
For both exams in 2012, there was a qualitative long
answer on dividend policy. Last year, the exam went back
to focusing on capital structure decisions.
Need to know info for the Exam
Reading 4.5 : Selecting the optimal capital structure
Leverage-indifference EBIT level
• Defined as EBIT level at which return on assets = interest cost of
debt.
• Used when comparing share financing with debt financing, and preferred share financing with common share financing.
• When comparing debt financing with preferred share financing,
Equation 4-18 will not have an answer since it is assumed debt
interest and preferred share dividend yield are the same in both
scenarios.
• In this case, compare after tax interest cost on debt with dividend
yield on preferred shares.
Page 6
7.5 8.519108
.40 .404.4 2.0
Other factors influencing capital structure
• Financial flexibility
• Control
• Asset growth
• Level of cash flows
Modifying MM
• Proposition I:
Reading 4.6 : Dividend Policy: Theoretical
Foundation
Traditional bird-in-hand
Perfect-market view
Tax differential effects
Signalling hypothesis
Expectations view
Clientele effect
June 2012 Q5
March 2012 Q4 f-h
Reading 4.6-2 : Dividend Policy in Practice
Constant dividend payout ratio policy
Residual dividend payout ratio policy
Constant dollar dividend policy
Two most important features of dividend policy
1. Stability
2. Industry norms
Dec 2011 exam Q5
Modules 7-9
Need to know info for the Exam
**Question 6 March 2013 Exam
June 2012 exam Question 2f
***Zero coupon bond has
duration = maturity
Yield to maturity is used as discount rate
Step 1. Have to determine dw
dw
Step 2. Calculate impact on portfolio of 1% increase in interest rates
If all interest rates increase by 1%, we estimate that the portfolio’s value will decline by $172.24
Gap analysis
• More commonly associated with banks as a way to measure interest rate risk.
Gap analysis identifies the difference between a firm’s interest rate sensitive
assets and its interest rate sensitive liabilities.
Gap = rate sensitive assets – rate sensitive liabilities Equation 7-7
Positive gap – rate sensitive assets > rate sensitive liabilities �company benefits if interest rates rise
Negative gap – rate sensitive assets < rate sensitive liabilities �company loses if interest rates rise
• We can estimate the decrease in net interest income by multiplying expected
change in interest rates by the gap
• From Minicase 7-10:
Change in net interest income = .01 x -200 = -2 million
Value at Risk (VaR)
• VaR is an estimate of the minimum loss to be occurred with a given probability level over a certain time period.
• If a $1 Billion investment portfolio has a VaR of $200 million at a one week, 99% confidence interval, it means that there is a 1% chance that the portfolio will drop more than $200 million in any given week.
VaR = portfolio value x standard deviation x z statistic
At 90% confidence level z = 1.28
At 95% confidence level z = 1.645
At 97.5% confidence level z = 1.96
At 99% confidence level z = 2.33
From March 2013 exam:
Module 8: Futures, Forwards, and Swaps
When hedging against interest rate risk, you are using derivatives on BA
futures.
Differences between futures and forwards
• Futures are traded on an exchange so prices are publicly available. Forwards
are private, negotiated agreements.
• The exchanges in which the futures are traded determine the specifics of the
futures contract. Forward contracts can be entirely tailored to the needs of a
hedger (provided the counterparty agrees to the terms).
• Traders in the futures market are subject to margin requirements to reduce
the risk of the respective clearing house. Participants in the forward market
can only rely on the credit worthiness of the counterparty.
The basics of hedging with futures and forwards
• Direct hedge – Asset underlying a futures/forward contract is the same as the
asset being hedged.
• Cross hedge – The asset underlying a futures/forward contract is different
from the asset being hedged.
Module 9: Options
Call options
• Gives the holder the right, but not the obligation, to buy the underlying asset
at a specified price on or before a specified date from the option writer.
• From a hedging perspective, a party would hold a call option if exposed to
the risk of rising prices/rates.
• A party writing a call option is speculating that the underlying asset won’t
increase in price (i.e either stay flat or decrease) � earn the premium
income.
• A call option writer faces potentially unlimited risk (how high does the asset
price rise?)
• For a hedging strategy, you do not want to write a call because of the
potentially unlimited risk.
Put options
• Gives the holder the right, but not the obligation, to sell the underlying asset
at a specified price on or before a specified date from the option writer.
• From a hedging perspective, a party would hold a put option if exposed to
the risk of falling prices/rates.
• A party writing a put option is speculating that the underlying asset won’t
decrease in price (i.e either stay flat or increase) � earn the premium
income.
• A put option writer faces potentially unlimited risk (can a stock price go to
zero?).
• For a hedging strategy, you do not want to write a put because of the
potentially unlimited risk.
Differences between options and futures/forwards
• The biggest difference between options & futures/forwards is that the
decision to exercise the option rests solely with the holder.
Reading 9.2: Option Pricing
Relationship between premium and exercise price
Steps in using Black-Scholes
We need five numbers in calculating Black-Scholes: Exercise price (E),
Maturity of option in years (T), Price of underlying asset (S), risk free rate (r),
and standard deviation of underlying asset (Ϭ) :
Step 1. Determine d1 first, then d2
Step 2. Determine N(d1) & N(d2) with equation 9-6
Step 3. Calculate option premium with equation 9-4
Inputs Black-Scholes: S = $27, E = $25, r = .03, Ϭ = .10, T =
(15+31+30+31+20) / 365 = .3479
Step 1: Determine d1 & d2
Step 2: Determine N(d1)) & (N)d2 with equation 9-6 & Appendix A
Equation 9-5
Step 3: Calculate call option premium with Equation 9-4
Question 6 2013:
Put-call parity
• Defines relationship between European call & put options with the same
exercise price and expiration date.
• The value of a put option is a function of the value of the call option.
Using Black-Scholes for valuing a Put option:
You could use equation 9-10 to use the Black-Scholes formula, but it is easier to use put-call parity (equation 9-9) since the put has the same expiry date and exercise price as the call.
Determining the continuously compounded rate and effective annual rate pg 13-14
March 2013:
Dec 2011:
Hedge ratio 8-6
From Mach 2014:
From June 2013 exam
Spot rate to buy Canadian dollars US$1.008369
Interest rate parity Equation 8-5