from human prehistory to the early civilizaons · from human prehistory to the early civilizaons...
TRANSCRIPT
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FromHumanPrehistorytotheEarlyCiviliza6ons
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Objec6ves
• Explorenewhistoryconcepts• Understandthefirsthumanciviliza6onsandtheirdevelopmentduringthePrehistoricEra.
• Comprehendthedifferencesbetweeneachera.
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Prehistoric=theperiodof6meinthepastbeforepeoplecouldwrite:the6mebeforehistorywaswriFendown.
Archeology=thescien6ficstudyofmaterialremains(asfossilrelics,ar6facts,andmonuments)ofpasthumanlifeandac6vi6es.
Anthropology=thescienceofhumanbeings;especially:thestudyofhumanbeingsandtheirancestorsthrough6meandspaceandinrela6ontophysicalcharacter,environmentalandsocialrela6ons,andculture.
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Over10,000yearsago…• Yucca-basedfire-starkerkit
(Neolithic)– HavebeenfoundacrossAmericanSouthwest.
– SendusanumberofmessagesaboutearlyworldHistory.(Earlymenandwomenweretoolsusers)
– EarlyCiviliza6oncraPedstonesorselectedbranchesasweapons,utensilsandtoolsthatcouldbeusedto:• Wardoffanimalsandhuman
enemies.• Hunt• Trap• Fish• Preparedfood
– Thesecapacitytofashiontoolsdis6nguisheshumanbeingsfromallotheranimalsaswellasfirecrea6on.
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HumanSpecies• HumanspeciesoriginatedfromAfrica.Thanksto
migra6on,humanshavespreadaroundtheareabytheneedtofindscarcefood,expandingthehumanspeciestootherterritories.
• Nomad:– “Amemberofabarbariangroupofpeoplewhomovefromplacetoplaceinsteadoflivinginoneplaceallthe:me.”-MerriamWebsterDic6onary
– Nomadicsocie6esdifferedfromhunter-gatherersandfromagriculturalgroup,butwouldplayakeyinworldHistory.
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PaleolithicEra
• Paleolithic– TheOldStoneAgeendingin12,000B.C.E.;typifiedbyuseofcrude
stonetoolsandhun6ngandgatheringforsubsistence.
– Mostofthe2millionplusyearsduringwhichourspecieshasexistedaredescribedbythetermofPaleolithic.
– Humanslearnedonlysimpletooluse.(shaperocksands6cksforhun6ngandwarfare)
• Homosapienssapiens– Thehumanoidspeciesthatemergedasmostsuccessfulattheendof
thePaleolithicperiod.
– Originatedabout120,000yearsagoinAfrica.
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PaleolithicPeopleTheygraduallyimprovedtheirtoolusebeginningwiththecrudeshapingofstoneandwoodenimplements.• Communica)on
– Thedevelopmentofspeechallowedmoregroupcoopera6onandthetransmissionoftechnicalknowledge.
– Itprovidedrichlanguageandsymbolsfortransmissionofcultureanditsgrowingsophis6ca6on.
• By the later Paleolithic period: – peoplehaddevelopedritualsto
lessenthefearofdeathandcreatedcavepain6ngtoexpressasenseofnature’sbeautyandpower.
• Theuseoffireandanimalskinsforclothing,facilitatedthespreadofPaleolithicgroups.
Cavepain6nginLascaux,France
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Representa6onofWomeninEarlyArt
• dd
FromCatalHüyüksite.VenusofLaussel25,000B.C.E.
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Whatmightithaverepresented?.
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EndingPeriod
• Themel6ngofthelastsheetoficeduringthePaleolithicPeriodendsandwithit,endssocie6esbasedonhun6ngandgathering.
• Thisprovokedfer6lelandsthathelptobringadvancementsinsocietyoftheNeolithicPeriod.
• Therefore,thehumankindremainedinoneplaceandstaredtodevelopthecapacityofdomes6cateanimalsanbegantofarm.Thankstothisdras6cchange,civiliza6onsbegan!
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NeolithicAge
• TheNewAgeStonebetween8000and5000B.C.E.;periodinwhichadapta6onofsedentaryagricultureoccurred;domes6ca6onofplantsandanimalsaccomplished..
• NeolithicRevolu6oncenteredonthedevelopmentofagriculture.
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Agriculture:• Isthescience,art,orprac6ceofcul6va6ngthesoil,producingcrops,andraisinglivestockandinvaryingdegreestheprepara6onandmarke6ngoftheresul6ngproducts.
Thankstoagriculture,humanbeingswereabletoseFleinoneplaceandfocusonapar6cular
economic,poli6cal,andreligiousgoalsandac6vi6es.
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NeolithicRevolu6on
• Itscenteredonthedevelopmentofagriculture.• Thesuccessionoftechnologicalinnova6onsandchangersinhumanorganiza6onthatledtodevelopmentofagriculture,8500-3500B.C.E.
HunAngandgathering– Theoriginalhumaneconomy,ul6matelyeclipsedbyagriculture;groupshuntformeatandforageforgrains,nut,andberries.
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Title:Prehistoryhomeworkac6vityInstruc6ons:inthenotebookthestudentwillanswerthefollowques6onsincompletesentences:
1. Whatdoesprehistorymean?2. Whatarethree(3)characteris6csofthePaleolithicAge?
3. Whattype(s)ofevidencedohistorianshavetoverifythateventsinprehistoryactuallyoccurred?
4. TheStoneAgeistheprehistoricalerainwhichhistoriansbelievethathumansbegantheprac6ceoffarmingandagriculture.Whichprehistoriceraismostcloselyassociatedwithagriculturaldevelopment?
5. Whataremodernhumanscalled?6. WhatwastheNeolithicAge?
7. Whatwasitthatallowedforthetransi6onfromthePaleolithicAgetotheNeolithicAge?
8. Cri6calAnalysis:1. AnalyzingthePrehistoryArt,whichcouldbethedereferences
betweenprehistoricwomenvs.contemporarywomen?Why?
1. The6meperiodbeforewri6ng/recordingofevents.
2. Hun6ngandgathering,Nomadic,uncivilized.
3. Tools,pictures,fossils,utensils
4. Neolithic5. HomoSapiensSapiens6. NewStoneAge7. AgriculturalRevolu6on
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BronzeAge• Thediscoveryofmetaltoolsdatesbacktoabout4000
B.C.E.Copperwasthefirstmetalwithwhichpeoplelearnedhowtowork,althoughthemoreresilientmetal,bronze,soonenteredthepicture.Infact,thenextbasicageofhumanexistencewastheBronzeAge.
• Byabout3000B.C.E.,metalworkinghadbecomesocommonplaceontheMiddleEastthatuseofstonetoolsdissipated,andthelongstoneageswereoveratlast-although,ofcourse,anessen6allyNeolithictechnologypersistedinmanypartoftheworld,evenamongsomeagriculturalpeople.
• Metaluse:– Wasextremelyusefultoagriculturalorherdingsocie6es.– Weapons(superiortothosemadefromstoneandwood)– Manufacturingar6sans
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• ArchaeologistsclassifytheperiodsfollowingtheIceAgeintothreecategories:theStoneAge,theBronzeAge,andtheIronAge.