from gene to protein
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From Gene to Protein. How Genes Work. What do genes code for?. How does DNA code for cells & bodies? how are cells and bodies made from the instructions in DNA. DNA. proteins. cells. bodies. The “Central Dogma”. Flow of genetic information in a cell - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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AP Biology 2007-2008
From Gene to Protein
How Genes Work
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AP Biology
What do genes code for?
proteins cells bodies
How does DNA code for cells & bodies? how are cells and bodies made from the
instructions in DNA
DNA
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AP Biology
The “Central Dogma” Flow of genetic information in a cell
How do we move information from DNA to proteins?
transcriptiontranslation
replication
protein
RNA
DNA
trait
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AP Biology
mRNA
From gene to protein
DNAtranscription
nucleus cytoplasm
aa
aa
aa
aa
aa
aa
aa
aa
aa
aa
aa
ribosome
proteintranslation
trait
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AP Biology
Transcriptionfrom
DNA languageto
RNA language
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AP Biology
RNA Review… ribose sugar N-bases
uracil instead of thymine U : A C : G
single stranded Many types of RNA
mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, siRNA…
RNADNAtranscription
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AP Biology
Transcription Making mRNA
transcribed DNA strand = template/coding strand
enzyme RNA polymerase
RNA polymerase is versatile (it slices, it dices!) Unwinds, unzips, adds in complementary RNA bp’s
template strand
rewinding
mRNA RNA polymerase
unwinding
DNAC C C
C
C
C
C
C
C CC
G
G G G
G G
G G
G
G
GAA
AA A
A
A
AA
A A
A
AT
T T
T
T
T
T
T
T T
T
T
U U
5
35
3
3
5build RNA 53
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AP Biology
Initiation: Where to begin? Promoter region
= binding site before beginning of gene “TATA box” binding site indicates location “Upstream” of gene to transcribe/copy
= binding site for RNA polymerase
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AP Biology
Elongation Match RNA bases to DNA
bases on one of the DNA strands
5’ 3’ direction
U
A G GGGGGT T A C A C T T T T TC C C CA A
U
UU
U
U
G
G
A
A
A C CRNA
polymerase
C
C
C
C
C
G
GG
G
A
A
A
AA
5' 3'
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AP Biology
Termination Eventually…
RNA transcript is released RNA polymerase detaches (complete
mechanism still not fully known)
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AP Biology
Eukaryotic genes have junk! Eukaryotic genes are not continuous
exons = the real gene expressed / coding DNA
introns = the junk inbetween sequence
eukaryotic DNA
exon = coding (expressed) sequence
intron = noncoding (inbetween) sequence
intronscome out!
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AP Biology
mRNA splicing
eukaryotic DNA
exon = coding (expressed) sequence
intron = noncoding (inbetween) sequence
primary mRNA
transcriptmature mRNA
transcript
pre-mRNA
spliced mRNA
= “Post-transcriptional processing” eukaryotic mRNA needs work after transcription primary transcript = pre-mRNA mRNA splicing
edit out introns make mature mRNA transcript
~10,000 bases
~1,000 bases
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AP Biology
Splicing must be accurate No room for mistakes!
a single base added or lost throws off the reading frame
AUG|CGG|UCC|GAU|AAG|GGC|CAU
AUGCGGCTATGGGUCCGAUAAGGGCCAUAUGCGGUCCGAUAAGGGCCAU
AUG|CGG|GUC|CGA|UAA|GGG|CCA|U
AUGCGGCTATGGGUCCGAUAAGGGCCAUAUGCGGGUCCGAUAAGGGCCAU
Met|Arg|Ser|Asp|Lys|Gly|His
Met|Arg|Val|Arg|STOP|
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AP Biology
RNA splicing enzymessnRNPs
exonexon intronsnRNA
5' 3'
spliceosome
exonexcisedintron
5'
5'
3'
3'
3'
lariat
exonmature mRNA
5'
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AP Biology
Alternative splicing Alternative mRNAs produced from same gene
when is an intron not an intron… different segments treated as exons
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AP Biology
A A A AA3' poly-A tail
mRNA
5'5' cap
3'
G PPP
50-250 A’s
More post-transcriptional processing Need to protect mRNA on its trip from
nucleus to cytoplasm Enzymes in cytoplasm attack mRNA
protect the ends of the molecule from degrading add 5 GTP cap add poly-A tail
longer tail = mRNA lasts longer: produces more protein
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AP Biology
mRNA
From gene to protein
DNAtranscription
nucleus cytoplasm
aa
aa
aa
aa
aa
aa
aa
aa
aa
aa
aa
ribosome
proteintranslation
trait