from dna to protein. remember genes on chromosomes??? some genes contain the instructions to make a...
TRANSCRIPT
From DNA to Protein
Remember Genes On Chromosomes???
• Some genes contain the instructions to make a protein
Some proteins are:
Structural Functional
Gives form and structure…… Examples:
Keratin (skin, nails, horns), Collagen (connective
tissue), Actin and Myosin (muscles)
Have a job to do…..Examples: Hormones
(signal proteins such as insulin), enzymes,
antibodies
***Proteins are polymers made up of single subunits called amino acids
***Amino acids bonded together (a peptide bond)
From Gene to Protein
• DNA can’t do it alone. Needs the help of another nucleic acid molecule called RNA (Ribonucleic acid)
** RNA involved: tRNA, transfer RNA
mRNA, messenger RNA
Compare DNA and RNA
DNA RNA
A, G, C, T A, G, C, U
*Double-Stranded
*Deoxyribose sugar
*Single-Stranded
*Ribose sugar
How are Proteins Assembled??
• 2 step process make up protein synthesis:– Transcription– Translation
Protein Synthesis Basics
DNA, has the instructions (genetic code) to build a protein
Protein Synthesis is Like a Factory……….
The process by which DNA is ‘read’ to produce a strand of mRNA. Notice
there are NO T’s in mRNA!!!
A G T C G T C A A T G C T A T G C A T T C C G T A C
T C A G C A G T T A C G A T A C G T A A G G C A T GDNA
mRNAA G U C G U C A A U G C U A U G C A U U C C G U A C
RNA polymerase
5’
5’
5’
3’
3’
3’
TRANSCRIPTION
Three mRNA Bases Are Called Codons
** mRNA’s codons code for one of 20 naturally occurring amino acids (See your handout)
** Eample; AUG is amino acid Methionine (Met), the codon that begins translation
**A stop codon (*UAA, UAG or UGA) ends the process
mRNA binds to a ribosome that “reads” the mRNA codons
mRNA codon
When tRNA (transfer RNA) has an anti-codon that compliments mRNA’s codon, it will release its amino acid
Amino Acid
tRNA Anti-Codon
mRNA Codon
A G U C G U C A A U G C U A U G C A U U C C G U A C G
Remember our strand of mRNA from before?
U C A G C A G U U A C G A U A C G U A A G G C A U G C
SER SERALA ALAVAL THR ILE ARG LYS
TRANSLATION
Polypeptides• Proteins are
polypeptides
• They fold according to its function such as enzymes and antibodies
Recall Enzymes proteins that control biochemical reactions including the synthesis of DNA, RNA and Proteins
Let’s Synthesize!
** Remember, to decipher amino acid sequence you read the mRNA codon NOT the tRNA anti-codon
** Look at your table of mRNA codons!
DNA Instruction Code TAC CCG AGC GTA TGC ATT
mRNA’s Transcription AUG GGC UCG CAU ACG
TTC
AAG
GGA
CCU
GTA
CAU UAA
tRNA’s Translation UAC
Amino Acid (based on mRNA!!!)
MetStart
CCG
Gly
AGC
Ser
GUA
His
UGC
Thr
UUC
Lys
GGA
Pro
GUA
His
AUU
Stop
** Notice that tRNA is EXACTLY the same as DNA but the T’s have been replaced with U’s