From Comfort to From Comfort to DiscontentDiscontent

A change in the relationship A change in the relationship between Great Britain and its between Great Britain and its

American ColoniesAmerican Colonies

13 Colonies and Mother 13 Colonies and Mother EnglandEngland

Dependent?Dependent? Independent?Independent?

1619 (or so)1619 (or so) Promises of cheap land and religious & Promises of cheap land and religious &

political freedom attract settlers to political freedom attract settlers to America.America.– Southern colonies = financial profit.Southern colonies = financial profit.– New England colonies = religious freedomsNew England colonies = religious freedoms– Middle Colonies= some religious, some Middle Colonies= some religious, some

financialfinancial– Idealism (the perfect societyIdealism (the perfect society!!) Examples: !!) Examples:

PennsylvaniaPennsylvania: William Penn wanted people to be : William Penn wanted people to be “as free and happy as can be.” “as free and happy as can be.” GeorgiaGeorgia: James : James Oglethorpe was saddened by the men and women Oglethorpe was saddened by the men and women rotting in England’s prisons for doing nothing more rotting in England’s prisons for doing nothing more than being in debt-- he founded GA as a refugethan being in debt-- he founded GA as a refuge

A Tiny Little Bit of Control….A Tiny Little Bit of Control….

During these early years of During these early years of settlement England largely settlement England largely ignoredignored its colonies. When Charles II became its colonies. When Charles II became King in 1660 he insisted that King in 1660 he insisted that “distance of place” should not “distance of place” should not remove the colonies from “justice remove the colonies from “justice and power.” Thus, we have the….and power.” Thus, we have the….

Navigation Acts of 1660: Navigation Acts of 1660: more control!!more control!!

Under the Nav. Acts, colonists could Under the Nav. Acts, colonists could export primary crops only to England or export primary crops only to England or other English colonies.other English colonies.

Under the Nav. Acts, colonists had to Under the Nav. Acts, colonists had to import all manufactured goods from only import all manufactured goods from only England (and all goods flowing in and out England (and all goods flowing in and out had to be carried on English ships!!!)had to be carried on English ships!!!)

Self Sufficient Empire!!!

Colonial Reactions to the Nav. Colonial Reactions to the Nav. Acts:Acts: For the most part, cool with it and even thrived-- they For the most part, cool with it and even thrived-- they

had a guaranteed market for their stuff…had a guaranteed market for their stuff…– Southern colonies shipped tobacco, rice and indigo Southern colonies shipped tobacco, rice and indigo

directly to England for sale.directly to England for sale.– Middle colonies sent grains to English sugar Middle colonies sent grains to English sugar

plantations in West Indies to feed slaves.plantations in West Indies to feed slaves. New England colonies however…New England colonies however…

– Thin soil meant no crops for export.Thin soil meant no crops for export.– NE colonies had a lot of the stuff that England had…NE colonies had a lot of the stuff that England had…– Wealth was based on fishing, shipbuilding and Wealth was based on fishing, shipbuilding and

trade-- now that trade was considered illegal if it trade-- now that trade was considered illegal if it wasn’t from England.wasn’t from England.

– Ironically, smuggling goods became a respected Ironically, smuggling goods became a respected profession amongst the descendants of Puritans.profession amongst the descendants of Puritans.

A typical view of the A typical view of the England/Colonist relationship England/Colonist relationship

by by 17501750::Most Most colonistscolonists looked at looked at royal royal instructionsinstructions as as littlelittle more than more than

guidelinesguidelines set down by the set down by the crowncrown for for governorsgovernors in the in the

colonies.colonies.

More on a typical colonial view More on a typical colonial view of the relationship by 1750…of the relationship by 1750…

Our governor is a political hack and no good. He is more fit for an insane asylum

or other hospital, than to be set over a respectable colony.

We will simply control how much money he makes

and the fool will do as we please!

North American land Claims, North American land Claims, 17531753

By 1750, the By 1750, the rivalryrivalry between between the the BritishBritish and the and the FrenchFrench was was intenseintense. The focus of . The focus of

tension:tension:The Ohio River ValleyThe Ohio River Valley

-- it was -- it was LUSHLUSH and both sides and both sides thought it essential to their thought it essential to their colonial expansion colonial expansion (French (French

troops were building forts on what troops were building forts on what Brits thought was their territory)Brits thought was their territory)

The French and Indian WarThe French and Indian War

George George WashingtonWashington and and 150150 Virginia Virginia militiamen crossed the militiamen crossed the Appalachian Appalachian MountainsMountains to warn the to warn the FrenchFrench that they that they were building were building fortsforts on land “known to on land “known to be the be the propertyproperty of the of the CrownCrown of of Great Great BritainBritain.” The French said .” The French said bug offbug off..

One Year Later:One Year Later: WashingtonWashington and his men return to the and his men return to the

Ohio Ohio River Valley River Valley with with 150150 Virginia Virginia militiamenmilitiamen

WA + men WA + men defeateddefeated a small a small FrenchFrench force….force….theythey then found themselves then found themselves surroundedsurrounded by by 600 French 600 French troopstroops

WA + men threw together a WA + men threw together a log stockade log stockade aptly named aptly named “Fort Necessity”“Fort Necessity”

WA + men held their ground for WA + men held their ground for 1010 hours hours before surrendering (lost over 100 men!)before surrendering (lost over 100 men!)

The The Native AmericansNative Americans, who watched this , who watched this conflict with great interest, side with the conflict with great interest, side with the winnerswinners…the French…the French

1755, things begin to go badly 1755, things begin to go badly for Britishfor British

British Guy

French Guy

More F&I War:More F&I War:

In 1755, British General In 1755, British General BraddockBraddock and and 800800 troops join troops join WashingtonWashington with with his his 600600 militiamen to drive the militiamen to drive the French from the French from the Ohio River ValleyOhio River Valley. . 2/3 2/3 of the of the BritishBritish force was force was lostlost in in this wilderness this wilderness slaughterslaughter (Native (Native Americans helped the French by Americans helped the French by hiding in the woods and picking off hiding in the woods and picking off the red-coated Brits!)the red-coated Brits!)

And then in 1759, things go And then in 1759, things go better for the Britishbetter for the British

British Guy

French Guy

The tide The tide turnedturned…..…..

This took place when This took place when BritishBritish troops troops invaded the city of invaded the city of QuebecQuebec (see (see photo in next slide). photo in next slide). BritishBritish troops troops were able to were able to sneaksneak up the up the cliffcliff side in side in the dark and the dark and attackattack the the FrenchFrench the the following morning. following morning. QuebecQuebec fell to the fell to the British and was just one of many British and was just one of many victoriesvictories in the year in the year 17591759..

Taking of Quebec by English ForcesTaking of Quebec by English Forces

The Treaty of Paris, 1763The Treaty of Paris, 1763

Officially ended the French & Indian WarOfficially ended the French & Indian War– French are kicked out of N. AmericaFrench are kicked out of N. America– France gave Canada to Britain, as well as the France gave Canada to Britain, as well as the

Mississippi River Valley (Louisiana).Mississippi River Valley (Louisiana).– Spain gets everything West of the Mississippi Spain gets everything West of the Mississippi

River River (France gave all its western lands to Spain to keep the British (France gave all its western lands to Spain to keep the British out --Spain gave up Florida to get the lands).out --Spain gave up Florida to get the lands).

The sun never sets on the British Empire The sun never sets on the British Empire (the British emerged from the war as the (the British emerged from the war as the most powerful nation in the world!)most powerful nation in the world!)

North American land claims, North American land claims, 17631763

Cost of Victory to ColonistsCost of Victory to Colonists With victory came new problems: How to keep With victory came new problems: How to keep

peace with Natives in Ohio River Valley?????peace with Natives in Ohio River Valley????? Native Unrest in Ohio River valleyNative Unrest in Ohio River valley

– 1763, an Ottawa chief named Pontiac organized an 1763, an Ottawa chief named Pontiac organized an attack on the British fort of Detroit.attack on the British fort of Detroit.

– The Delawares, Shawnees, and Senecas captured The Delawares, Shawnees, and Senecas captured other outposts.other outposts.

– Attacked backcountry settlements in Pennsylvania, Attacked backcountry settlements in Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia, killing about 2,000 colonists.Maryland, and Virginia, killing about 2,000 colonists.

Britain issues a proclamation that no settlers Britain issues a proclamation that no settlers will cross the Appalachians and makes the Ohio will cross the Appalachians and makes the Ohio River Valley an Indian reservation.River Valley an Indian reservation.

The Proclamation of 1763The Proclamation of 1763 Angered ColonistsAngered Colonists

– Land-hungry settlers had no where to go.Land-hungry settlers had no where to go.– Land speculators with investments on the Land speculators with investments on the

other side of the app. mtns. feared their land other side of the app. mtns. feared their land worthless– it was now worthless– it was now essentiallyessentially an Indian an Indian ReservationReservation

– Veterans and supporters of the French and Veterans and supporters of the French and Indian war felt that their efforts were useless.Indian war felt that their efforts were useless.

The fruits of victory were denied…so many disobeyed and settled

there anyway!

King George IIIKing George III

How do I keep my peeps from disobeying the Proclamation of

1763???

Your ideas???

Fallout of the F & I WarFallout of the F & I War 10,000 British troops to be stationed in the 10,000 British troops to be stationed in the

colonies (to enforce Proc. of 1763)colonies (to enforce Proc. of 1763) £ 140,000,000 debt incurred from war, £ 140,000,000 debt incurred from war,

half from defending the colonies.half from defending the colonies. Had to figure out a way to pay for war and Had to figure out a way to pay for war and

troops…troops…– The assemblies of the colonies, even during The assemblies of the colonies, even during

the war, were reluctant to vote money for war the war, were reluctant to vote money for war supplies or raise troops.supplies or raise troops.

– Some other way would have to be Some other way would have to be found….wait for it…found….wait for it…

The colonists perspective of all The colonists perspective of all this…this…

Didn’t feel they should have to pay for warDidn’t feel they should have to pay for war Questioned the use of troopsQuestioned the use of troops

– Why were they needed now with the French gone?Why were they needed now with the French gone?– Parents worried that children would pick up bad Parents worried that children would pick up bad

habits of “rakes and wastrels” of the British army.habits of “rakes and wastrels” of the British army.– Some colonists believed troops were there to force Some colonists believed troops were there to force

unpopular acts of Parliament on them (ummm, they unpopular acts of Parliament on them (ummm, they were).were).

– Worried they would have to pay to support the Worried they would have to pay to support the troops (and the war!)….and they did….in TWO WAYS:troops (and the war!)….and they did….in TWO WAYS:

How were the colonists forced to help pay for war costs How were the colonists forced to help pay for war costs and troops?and troops?

1.THE SUGAR ACT OF 1764: taxed imported sugar and 1.THE SUGAR ACT OF 1764: taxed imported sugar and molasses; $ goes to England molasses; $ goes to England

2. QUARTERING ACT OF 1765: The troops sent to enforce the 2. QUARTERING ACT OF 1765: The troops sent to enforce the Proclamation of 1763 would now be supported by the Proclamation of 1763 would now be supported by the colonists; the act forced colonies to provide for the basic needs colonists; the act forced colonies to provide for the basic needs of all soldiers living within its borders (bedding, cooking of all soldiers living within its borders (bedding, cooking utensils, firewood, beer, candles, and housingutensils, firewood, beer, candles, and housing!)!)

3. THE STAMP ACT OF 1765: When the colonists FREAKED 3. THE STAMP ACT OF 1765: When the colonists FREAKED about the Sugar Act (they organized and boycotted!), this was about the Sugar Act (they organized and boycotted!), this was put in place instead. It required them to pay for a stamp or put in place instead. It required them to pay for a stamp or seal whenever they bought paper items. If you refuse to pay, seal whenever they bought paper items. If you refuse to pay, you are fined or jailed.you are fined or jailed.

Sooooooooooo…Sooooooooooo…

Things are heating up Things are heating up between Colonists and between Colonists and

Mother E.!Mother E.!