HENRI STIERLIN PHOTOGRAPHS: ANNE AND HENRI STIERLIN

I S L A M FROM BAGHDAD TO CORDOBA

EARLY ARCHITECTURE FROM THE 7TH TO THE 1 3TH CENTURY

TASCHEN HONG KONG KOLN LONDON LOSANGELES MADRID PARIS TOKYO

Contents

6 INTRODUCTION The Origins of Islam

20 THE DOME OFTHE ROCK IN JERUSALEM The First Masterpiece of Islamic Art

40 THE GREAT MOSQUE OF THE UMAYYADS OF DAMASCUS A Monument in the Image of Paradise

UMAYYAD PALACES Agricultural Estates in the Deserts of Syria and Palestine

UMAYYAP SPLENDOR IN CORDOBA An Arab Civilization in Spain

THE GRANDEUR OFTHE ABBASID CALIPHATE Mesopotamia - Center o f the Islamic World

THE DIVERSITY OF MUSLIM EGYPT From the Sunni Sultans t o the Fatimid Caliphs

THE DISINTEGRATION OF THE FAR WESTERN EMPIRE From Aghlabid lfriqiya t o the Maghreb of the Almohads

UPHEAVALS IN THE NEAR EAST The Rise of the Ayyu bids and the Decline of the Abbasids

CONCLUSION New Concepts of Space

Abd al-Malik 22,24,29,36,76,78 Abd al-Mumin 172,180,181,217 Abd Allah ibnTahir 127 Abd al-Aziz 80, 215 Abd al-Rahman 1 79,80,81,215 Abd al-Rahman 1 1 82,215 Abd al-Rahman Ill (or al-Nasir) 82,

94,98,99, 100,215 Abu Abd Allah 135 Abu Abdallah Muhammad 217 Abu al-Abbas al-Saffah 107, 108,

215 Abu Bakr 17,214,218 Abu lbrahim Ahmad 156 Abu Muslim 107 Abu Yaqub Yusuf al-Mansur 217 Abu Yaqub Yusuf 176,217 Abraham 15, 16, 17,21,28,29,32,

33,36,218,219 Ahmad ibn Suleiman al-Muktadir

168,170,217 Ahmad ibn Muhammad al-Hasib

128 Ahmad ibnTulun 128,129,130,131,

132,133,135,136,137,138,141, 142,144,145,151,215,216,220

Akhila 79, 80 Aleppo

C~tadel 144, 190,191, 192,192, 193,194-195,216,217 Great Mosque 187,188,216 Madrasa al-Firdaus (Madrasa of Paradise) 197,197,198,198,199, 200,201,202,202,216,216

Alexandria Lighthouse 156

Ali 15, 15, 18, 107, 133,214,218, 219,220

Ali Ibn Yusuf 217 Alfonse X 212 Algiers

Great mosque 174 Amir (al-) 145 Amman

Palace 74,74,75,75,76,77 Amr ibn al-As 17,127,128,129,138,

143,156,214 Anjar

City 60,70,72, 73,74, 114,215 Arculf of Caul 28,36 Ashir

Zirid Palace 182 Ashraf Khalil (al-) 187 Aswan (Assuan)

Fatimid tombs 149,152,153,216 Aziz (al-) 140,216 Badral-Gamali 141, 144, 147, 150,

189,216 Baghdad

Abbasid Bridge 208,217

Bab al-Wastani 209,217 Great Mosque 112 Mausoleum of Zubayda 203, 204,217,217 Mustansiriya Madrasa 187,204, 205,206,207,208,217,217 Palace Dar el-Kilafa 112 - o f the Abbasids 204,210,211, 217 Round City (Madinat as-Salam, "the city of Salvation") 108, 108, 112,117,215

Baladhuri (al-) 28 Bani Hammad 168 Bawit

Coptic chapels 26 Bethlehem

Church of the Nativity 21,48 Bilal6,27,214,218,219 Bosra

Cathedral 21,34 Cairo (al-Qahira, Fustat)

Citadel of Saladin 189,190,216 Hippodrome of Saladin (Salah al- Din Maydan) 190,190 Gate of Bab al-Futuh 144,149, 216 - o f Bab al-Nasr 144, 147, 148, 216 - o f Bab al-Zuwayla 144, 149,216 Mosque of Amr Ibn al-As 48,56, 84,126,127,128,129,138,143, 156,216 - o f al-Aqmar 145,147,150,216 -o f al-Azhar 138,140,140,141, 142,143,145,151,156,174,217 -o f al-Hakim 141,144,145,146, 151,216 -o f ibn Tulun 129,130,132,133, 133,134,135,136,137,138,139, 141,142, 144,145,151,216 - o f al-SalihTalai 147, 150, 151, 152,216 Palace of al-Katai l29 - o f the Fatimid caliphs 147,149 Wall of Jawhar 136,141 -o f Badr al-Gamali 141,144, 147, 148, 149, 189,216

Charlemagne 80 Constantinople

Hippodrome l90 Palace 67 St Sophia 21,36

Cordoba Capilla Real 213,217 Great mosque 7,48,56,80,81, 81,82,82,83, 84,84,85,85,86- -97,88-89,90,90,91,92,92-93, 94,94,95,96,97, 103,127, 179, 215.215

Ctesiphon Palace 112,119,212

Damascus Basilica of St John the Baptist 21, 43,46,48, 53 Citadel 144,190,191,216 Great Mosque of the Umayyads 7,41,40,41,42,42,43,43, 44-45,46,47,48,48,49, 50,50, 51,51, 52, 53,53, 54,55,55, 56, 57,72,84,92,190,215,215 Muristan al-Nuri (Nur al-Din Hospital) 189,189,202,216 Temple of Jupiter Damscenus 43, 48,50 Wall 190

Djambazde Basilica 21

Dur 204 Dura-Europos .-X

Synagogue 16,26,27,214 Edessa (Aigai) Cathedral 21 Wall 144

Farghani (al-) 128 Fatima 15, 15, 17, 133, 174,218,219,

220 Fez

Qarawiyin Mosque 92, 172, 172, 173,202,277

Firdausi 100 Cabriel 15, 16 Cazari (al-) 187 Cormaz

Citadel 104,105,215 Granada

Alhambra 168,180,208 Arab baths (Batiuelos) 168,217

Hadrian 94,158 Hakam I (al-) 82,100,215 Hakam l1 (al-) 82,84,85,92,94,95,

97,100,215 Hakim (al-) 140, 141, 144,145, 147,

149,151,216 Hama

Irrigation system, 196, 196 Harun al-Rashid 109,112,113,204,

215 Hasan ibn Mufarraj al-Sarmani 187 Heraclius 16, 17,21,214 Hierapolis

Church of St Philip 21 Hisham 1 82,215 Hisham ll82,86,215

Huqqa Temple 26,27,214

Husayn (al-) 18,29,214,218,219 Ibn al-Zubayr 29 Ibn Bashkuwal101 Ibn Battuta 28,36,41,53

l Mansur (al-) ("the Victorious") 108, 113, 116, 165,215

Marib Dam 13,14 Temple of the Almaqa 13,14 -o f the Auwam 13,14

Marrakesh Qubba Barud~y~n 178,179,202, 217,217 Kutub~yya Mosque ("Mosque of

1 the Bookshops") 156,176,177, 180,217

Marwan ll76,79,215 Mecca

Sanctuary of the Kaaba (Black Stone) 6,9, 16,24,32,36,44, 82,98, 120,138,204,216,218, 219

Medina (Medinat al-Nabi) Great Mosque (second) 27,28, 28,41,215 House of Muhamrnad ( f~rs t Mosque) 16,22,24,26,26,27, 28,41,56,214

Merida Aqueduct 84,88

Merv Palace of Abu Musl~rn 112

Monastir R~bat 160,166-167,215

Mshatta Castle 58,60,65,67,68,69,70, 71,114,215

Muawiya 18,28,29,214,218,219, 220

Mu'ayyad (al-) 149 Muhammad 7,8,15,15,16,17,17,

20,22,24,26,29,33,37,51, 55, 56,79,107, 108,133,214,218, 219,220

Muhammad ibnTumart 172,180, 181,217,218,219

Muhtadi (al-) 125 Muizz (al-) 136,140,216 Muktadir(a1-) 119,215 Muntasir(a1-) 125 Musa ibn Nusayr 79,80,155 Mustansir (al-), Fatimid 141,216 Mustansir (al-), Abbasid 204,217 Mustazhir (al-) 112,217 Mutamid (al-) 117,215 Mutasim (al-) 116,117, 118,204,215,

217 Mutawakkil (al-) 117,120, 123,124,

127,215 Mutazz(a1-) 125,128 M u t ~ l (al-) 217 Nasir al-Din Allah (al-) 203,204,

217 Nicephorus ll Phocas 98

Nural-Din 187, 189 Omar 17,214 Othman 18,214 Palencia

Church of San Juan de Baiios 105, 105

Palermo Church of San Cataldo 180,185, 216 Palatine Chapel 180 Ziza Palace 180,182,182,183, 184,220

Petra Great tombs l 4

Piazza Armerina Palace 67

Qalat Siman Shrine of St Simeon Stylites 21, 33,34

Qalb Lozeh Sanctuary of the pilgrimage 21

Quasyr Amra Castle 59,60,64,64,65,65,66, 67,69,215

Rabat Mosque of Hassan 180,217

Rakka Palace of Harun al-Rashid 202

Ravenna Church of St . Vitalis 33

Roda Nilometer 127,128,130,131,216

Roderick (or Rodrigo) 65,79,80 Roger I l l 8 0 Rome

Basilica Ulpia 84 St. Peter's Basilica 48, 50 Circus Maximus 190 Dornus Aurea 100,182

Saladin (or Salah al-Din Yusuf) 187, 189,190,191,192,216,218

Samarra Great mosque 56,117,120,120, 121,122,124,129,130,147,215 Mosque of Abu Dulaf 56,117, 123,124,124,137,215 Palace of Bulkawara 117,117, 118, 215 - o f Jausaq al-Kharqani 117,118, 125,215 Qubba al-Sulaybiya 125, 125,215 Tomb uf lrnarn Dur 204

Saragossa Aljaferiya Palace 92,168,169, 170-171,172,217,217

Seville Great Mosque 92,156,176,180 Gothic cathedral 180 Tower of Gold 176,217

Solomon 12,17,28

Spalato (Split) Palace of Diocletian 70

Suleiman 80 Susah (Sousse)

Ribat 160,164,165,216 Great Mosque 158,160,163,164, 216,217

Tabari (al-) 28 Tamerlane 191 Tariq 79,80, 105, 155 Tashufin Ibn Ali 217 Thaalibi an-Naishaburi 100 Theodosius 43,46,48,55 Timgad

Roman military city 70 Tinmal

Friday Mosque 92,180,181,217, 219

Tivoli Villa Hadriana, "Maritime Theater" 158

Tlemcen Great Mosque 92

Toledo Mosque of Bib Mardun (Cristo de la Luz) 102,103 Synagogue (Santa Maria la Blanca) 168,173,217

Tughrul Beg 198,220 Ubaidallah 133,135,216 Uqba ibn Nafi 155 Ukhaidir

Palace 76,109,110,111,112,113, 113,114,215 Palace mosque 114,115,215

Walid (al-) 28,36,41,42,43,45,48, 50,53,55,56,62,69,70,72,76, 80,215

William II of Palermo 180,182 Yahya see John the Baptist Yahya ibn lsmail al-Kadir 168 Yakubi (al-) 32 Yazid 1 108,31,214 Yazid 111,215 Yesdgerd 18 Yusuf ibn Tashufin 177,217,218 Zacharias 52 Zahir al-Ghazi 191,204 Ziyadatallah 1 155, 160,216