From Ancient to Modern

If you had to pick one ocean or sea to explore which one would you pick and why?

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DO NOW

Please write down some topics that you are considering for your oceanographic research paper, including a small outline of what you intend to cover.

DO NOW

What would happen if all of the sharks disappeared from the ocean? List the chain of events.

Marine History Paper

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PhoeniciansNavigators

and Merchants to England

Successful and Brave

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Greeks = Creative Minds

350 b.c. Aristotle Catalogue of Marine

Organisms 25 a.d. Pliny Currents and Moon Phases 135 a.d. Ptolemy First World Atlas

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Prince Henry Of PortugalSchool for navigationScholarly MonarchFocused on Scientific Principles

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Captain CookGreat Navigator

and DiscovererFound Hawaiian

Islands and many other Pacific Islands

Native of England

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Benjamin Franklin 1750

Charted the Gulf Stream

To increase postal service

To increase vessels speed

To gain advantage in war time

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Matthew Maury 1850Wrote Physical Geography of the SeaConsidered the first OceanographerHis data is still being used todayHe was the leader of the U.S.

National Ocean Survey which became the U.S. Navy

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Charles DarwinHMS Beagle 1850Classified, collected and studied

marine organismsThree year oceanic study by English

NavyDarwin discovered and drew new

species of animals from all over the world

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HMS Challenger 18703 ½ year studyFirst true research shipChallenger Reports = 50 volumesDiscovered the principle of Constant

Proportion and Manganese nodulesThompson = Leader, Natural HistoryMurray = Assistant, GeologistInformation is still currently used

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International ImpactInternational Co-operationNations share Oceanic ResearchFounding of Antarctic research

stations

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04/21/23 18South Pole Research Station Established

Glomar Challenger Examples of Uses: Deep Sea drilling samples Seafloor spreading evidence Determine the age of our

Planet Discover Natural Resources

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Joides ResolutionVessel belongs to Texas A & M

UniversityTen year international studyStudy of the Earths Crust, fossils,

Sediments and Circulation

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Alvin played a pivotal role in Project FAMOUS (French-American Mid-Ocean Undersea Study).

Along with the French submersibles Cyana and Archimede.

Alvin helped the French and American scientists confirm the theory of sea-floor spreading along the mid-Atlantic Ridge.

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Project Famous 1974Study of Plate TectonicsStudy of Hydrothermal ventsSensors (Echo Sounders) located in

the sternSatellite link to onboard computersAlvin allowed researchers to conduct

biological, chemical, geochemical, geological and geophysical studies.

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Alvin, Archimede and CyanaModern, smaller with safety escape

systemsGather current data on the oceans

depths or the benthic areaROV = Remotely Operated Vehicle is a

robot which is used by a submersible.ROV’s are unmanned, and can enter

more dangerous areas.

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BathyscapesTrieste = ExpensiveLarger, first types of SubmersiblesLarger Crew, slower and no escape

pod

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Fridtjof NansenJacques CousteauDr. Robert Ballard

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Research Vessel Fram ~ 1900Involved in Artic ResearchInvented the Nansen bottle which took

water from different depths to determine Salinity, Temperature and Organisms

From Norway as Zoologist and Statesman

He earned the Nobel Peace Prize in 1922

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Marine Explorer ~ concerned with life in the Oceans 1950’s ~ 1990’s

Environmentalist ~ Endangered Species

Biological Research Vessel CalypsoInvented SCUBA with Emile GagnonDocumentary TV Shows in the

1970’sFrench WWII Hero and Spy04/21/23 34

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Navel research OfficerMarine Geologist & director of

Wood’s HoleWrecks Found: Titanic Bismarch Lusitania WW II Ships Greek Vessels04/21/23 36

Developed Better Submersible adaptations

Increased the knowledge of Plate tectonics

Studied Hydrothermal ventsDeveloped Project Jason

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Office of Naval ResearchScript’s Institute of OceanographyWood’s Hole Oceanographic Institute

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Research and Weather Prediction

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Research never Ends