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Frisian literatureFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaFrisian literature is works written in the Frisian languages , particularly that of West Frisian spoken the province of Friesland in the Netherlands , from which most texts were produced or have survived.

The first texts written in Frisian emerge around the 13th century. Frisian as a written language hasfor the most part historically been secondary to Dutch and Latin for all official purposes.

Contents [hide ]

1 Medieval and early modern periods2 Modern period

2.1 Friesland2.2 North Frisia

3 See also4 References5 External links

Texts written in Frisian first appear in manuscripts from the late medieval period . Records of these,however, are fairly scarce and would generally not constitute literature, even if they did show somepoetic merit. In 1498, Dutch became the official language in Friesland for all purposes of writing butFrisian would survive as a spoken language among the common people. Through the Renaissance

some authors would consciously attempt to preserve their language in short written works. MiddleFrisian would generally be considered to begin around this time in the mid 16th century. The greatestimpact came from the seventeenth-century schoolteacher from Bolsward , Gysbert J apiks , whosepoetry attempted to prove Frisian's worth as a written language and brought about a revival amongstother Frisian authors in appreciating their native language, [citation needed ] an appreciation that hadslowed by the eighteenth century, the end of the Middle Frisian period.

Modern Frisian, beginning around 1800 with the Romantic movement , went through a rebirth. Manyauthors once again came to appreciate their language, and scholars studied Frisian from anacademic standpoint. Organizations were formed that drew supporters from upper and middle-classbackgrounds. A further push of Dutch influence from the education system prompted three brothers,

J oast Halbertsma , Eeltsje Halbertsma , and Tjalling Halbertsma , to create works in Frisian, includingDe âlde Friezen .

Frisian language was firmly established as an academic study in the twentieth century ( Rolf Bremmer is the current professor of Old Frisian at Leiden University [1] ), and the language isavailable for study in secondary education as well. After World War II , from around 1945 to 1963,Frisian literature experienced another period of growth with important authors and literaryambassadors like Anne Wadman , Fedde Schurer , Fokke Sierksma , and Lolle Nauta , though

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Wadman went to his grave disappointed that he had not succeeded in creating a rapprochementbetween Dutch and Frisian literatures. [2] Still, Frisian literature continues to flourish at least withinFriesland: Frisian authors were being promoted to the Dutch readership, [3] and there are dozens of Frisian-language authors [4][5] and literary magazines. At the same time, declining sales of literaturein the Netherlands have affected Frisian literature as well, with estimates of the decline in sales of Frisian literature estimated at 30 to 40% since 2000, and library loans of Frisian books in one areadeclining from 152,000 in 2005 to 135,000 in 2007. [6]

Literature in the various dialects of the North Frisian language developed only in the age of Romanticism . Earlier texts are extremely rare and the oldest sample of a North Frisian writing datesto ca. 1600, a translation of Martin Luther 's Kleiner Katechismus (German : Little Catechism ) into twNorth Frisian dialects. Early 19th century literature includes a comedy in Söl'ring , the dialect of Sylisland, and a novel by the same author J ap Peter Hansen, Di lekkelk Stjüürman [The luckyhelmsman] . This was the first book printed in a North Frisian dialect. An approach to introduce aNorth Frisian magazine and a dictionary in the 1840s failed because of the upcoming nationalrivalries between either Danish or German oriented parts of the population. Other 19th centuryauthors include Christian Peter Hansen, son of J ap Peter Hansen of Sylt, Christian J ohansen of Amrum or Simon Reinhard Bohn, and Stine Andresen from Föhr . Also the North Frisian mainlandproduced authors in Frisian language such as J ohannes Hansen from the Bredstedt area or MoritzMomme Nissen from Enge . Nissen is known to have created the most comprehensive North Frisiandictionary which however remained unpublished. The 20th century brought a new development inNorth Frisian literature which started again on Sylt and spread across the islands to the mainland.Lorenz Conrad Peters, J ens Mungard, Albrecht J ohannsen and J ames Krüss are notable authors of the early and middle 20th century. [7] The first ever held North Frisian literature competition was wonin 1991 by Ellin Nickelsen with a novelette in Fering .[8]

The problems of North Frisian literature include the limited number of speakers, the dialectal divisionswhich are mostly mutually unintelligible, a lack of writing tradition and a rural background withouturban cultural centres and a late standardisation of orthography for the main dialects. [7]

West Frisian languageDutch literature

1. ^ "Prof.dr. R.H. (Rolf) Bremmer" . Leiden University . Retrieved 14 September 2010. [dead link ]

2. ^ "Schrijver Anne Wadman vond zichzelf mislukt" . Friesch Dagblad . 25 November 2009. Retrieved 14September 2010.

3. ^ "Friese literatuur verkoopt zich aan Nederland" . Brabants Dagblad . 29 March 2006. Retrieved 14

September 2010.4. ^ "Friese auteurs - Twintigste Eeuw" . Digital library for Dutch literature . Retrieved 14 September

2010.5. ^ "Friese auteurs - Eenentwintigste Eeuw" . Digital library for Dutch literature . Retrieved 14 September

2010.6. ^ Stikkelbroek, Ellen (7 March 2009). "Friese literatuur wordt minder geschreven en gelezen" . Fries

Dagblad . Retrieved 14 September 2010.7. ^ a b Steensen, Thomas (1999). "Zwei J ahrhunderte nordfriesischer Literatur - ein kurzer Rück- und

Ausblick" . Zeitschrift für Kultur - und Bildungswissenschaften (in German) ( University of Flensburg )121–127.

8. ^ Nickelsen, Ellin (1991). Jonk Bradlep (in Fering). Bredstedt : Nordfriisk Instituut. ISBN 978-3-88007

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References [ edit source | edit beta ]

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