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THE
FRENCH VERBSARRANGED
ON A NEIF SYSTE3I:
55Y WHICH THE LEARNER IS TAUGHT TO FORMTHE INFLECTIONS OF
ALL THE VERBSIN
THE FRENCH LANGUAGE,
AMOTNTING TO
501L
BY THE AUTHOR OF
THE FRENCH GENDERS TAUGHT IN SIX FABLES.
LONDON
:
J. CHAPPELL, ROYAL EXCHANGE.
J 830.
PREFACE.
Encouraged by the reception of my little
manual of the French Genders (nine thousand co-
pies of which have been sold in eight months) , I
have endeavoured to remove another of the great
impediments to an efficient knowledge of the French
language, by facilitating the acquirement of the
VERBS.
I did not undertake this work, until I had drawn
out an accurate list of all the verbs in the French
lansfuaoie, classed according to their terminations,
and had examined whether, in respect to the divi-
sion of the verbs into conjugations, the arrangement
of the grammars most in use appeared to admit of
improvement. I found, that some of the most
popular French grammarians (of whose general
merits it is scarcely possible to speak too highly)
had classed the conjugations without consideration
either as to the number or regularity of the verbs,
a method which is calculated rather to perplex than
to assist the memory of the young scholar. For
instance, there are but three primitive verbs in
Ui^iirni
IV PREFACE.
enir, viz. tenu', venir, and benir; the first two of
these are merely exceptions to verbs in ir; the last,
viz. benir, is regular; surely the reader need not
be embarrassed with a separate conjugation for two
verbs only.
A regular conjugation is made also of a single
verb and its compounds, viz. faire, which is essen-
tially an irregular verb, and is one of the five
French verbs which depart from that absolute rule,
viz.
Every verb in the French language, except
AVOIR, ETRE, ALLER, DIRE, and FAIRE,* ends Vt
ons, ez, ent, in the three plural persons of the
present indicative, and of the imperative mood.
Another instance is furnished in verbs in tir, a
small number of which are assigned to a distinct
conjugation, when, out of sixty-seven verbs in tir,
all follow the regular rule of verbs in /;•, and make
issant, i, in the participles, except six verbs, with
their compounds.
On the other hand, some grammarians, in order
to diminish the number of the conjugations, have
adopted a system which appears more calculated
to perplex than twenty conjugations could be, if
clearly enumerated. I allude to the union of all
the verbs ending in re, into one conjugation.
* With the Compounds.
PREFACE. V
This plan brings under one head the most dissiiVii-
lar terminations, as oudre, ettr6, aire, oitre, ire,
ompre, &c. How the learner must be bewildered
by numerous exceptions, may be easily seen by the
various terminations to the past participles of verbs
in re ; thus
—
battre, to beat past participle—battu
conduire, to conduct conduit
connoitre, to knovs^ corimi
joindre, to join joint
naitre, to be born ne
mettre, to put niis
nuire, to hurt hiir
paitre, to feed , pti
rire, to laugh ri
The preceding verbs, tTiough a Very siAall pro-
portion of the whole, sbow how' the ilAiemofy ittiiSt
be burthened by an attempt to class verbs in re
under one rule.
In the following pages I have endeavoured to
avoid similar embarrassment to the -etudent, by a
separate exposition of the verbs, according to their
endings, each termination of the regular verbs being
preserved absolutely distinct from the rest. First,
all the verbs in er are treated of; then, all those in
ir ; and so of the remaining regular verbs. But,
a2
VI PREFACE.
in spite of every exertion to spare labour to the
scholar, there remain a small number of irregular
verbs which cannot be classed: these must be
learned separately ; though, as the irregularity is
found in a few tenses only, the difficulty cannot be
disheartening. My chief aim, in this attempt, has
been to simplify, as far as was possible, the arrange-
ment of the conjugations, and to impress clearly
the relative importance of each. I particularly
recommend learners to make themselves well ac-
quainted w^ith the table of invariable terminations,
and to copy out and recite frequently the first two
conjugations, viz. of verbs ending in er, and ir.
When these are learned perfectly, the certainty -of
knowing, and of being able to employ with facility,
sixteen parts out of seventeen of all the French
verbs, will cheer the scholar through the difficulties
of the remaining portion of the task.
W. R. GooDLUCK, Jun.
London y May, 1827.
CONTENTS.
Page
Preface iii
The accidents of a verb 9
Voice 9
Mood, Tense, Number, Person 10
The number of the French verbs 11
The auxiUary verb, Avoir 12
The auxihary verb, Eire 15
The classification of the 5011 French verbs.
.
18
First conjugation in er 19
Of reflected verbs 26
Exemplar of a reflected verb 27
Exceptions of the first conjugation in er . . .
.
31
Observations on Piier, Recouvrer, and Tisser 33
Observations on verbs in ger, cer, and 7/er .
.
33
Observation on the dipthong oi 34
Second conjugation in fr 35
Exceptions of the Second conjugation in ir.. 37
Six verbs in tir, w^ith a sentence to fix them in
memory 37
Four verbs in frir and vrir 40
Two verbs in enir 41
Eleven verbs in tr 43
VIU CONTENTS.
Third conjugation in olr 47
A sentence fixing the seven regular verbs in
olr 47
Exceptions of the third conjugation in oir . . 50
Fourth conjugation in dre 56
Exceptions of the fourth conjugation 57
Verbs in iudre 57
Verbs in oudre 59
The verbs prendre, ardre, sourdre 60
Fifth conjugation in oitre -.
.
62
Sixth conjugation in uire 64
Irregular verbs, amounting to 114 66
Of passive verbs 77
Table of invariable terminations 78
INTRODUCTION,
A Verb is that part of speech which expresses either
the EXISTENCE, A( TioN, Or SITUATION of a siiljstautive,
as I live, I icalk, I stand.
The accidents, or grammatical appertinents of a verb,are five : li'r. voice, mood, tense, number, and per-son.
1. OF THE VOICE.
The voice of a verb shows whether the nominative acts
or is acted upon.
When the nominative acts, the verb expressing theaction is in the active voice ; as 1 strike, he binds, theykill.
When the nominative is acted upon, the verb is in thepassive voice; as 1 was struck, he was bound, they werekilled.
Verbs which are neither active nor passive, where the
nominative neither acts nor is acted upon, are called
neuter; as, I wait, I remain, 1 recline, I expect, I pos-sess.
Note—^ome jjrammarians most erroneously declare thoseverbs to be neuter, the action of whicli will not pass to someobject;,and because they cannot say, 1 run it, J walk it,
aflirm that the intransitives run, walk, leap, fli/, &.c. arenot active verbs, thus embarrassing' learners, by makiii!*'
trramniatical rules oppose the evidence of their senses.
According^ to their sjstera, I possess would be an activeverb, as we can s;iy, /possess it ; but, as there is no action,it is clearly neuter: when we wish to express action, we u.se
the active verb to possess oneself of ; /possessed myselfof it.
10 French Verbs.
2. OF THE MOOD.
The mnod of a verb signifies the manner in which tlie
action of the verb is spoken of. If we speak in anindefinite manner, we use the the infinitire mood; as, to
come, to go, to write : if we simply indicate or declare,
we use the indicative mood ; as, he came, they went, they
have written- if we speak in a commanding manner,we use the imperative mood; as, come, go, write: whena verb is subjoined to another in a conditional manner,we use the subjunctive mood ; as, I will watch, that youmay sleep ; I will send paper, that you may write.
3. OF THE TENSE.
As the moods express the manner, the tenses of a
verb mark the time of the actioa, whether it be past,
present, future, or conditional.
4. OF NUMBER.
English and French verbs have two numbers, the
singular and plural ; when the nominative expresses
but one person or thing, the verb is singular; when the
nominative expresses more than one, or when a verb has
several nominatives, it is put in the plural.
.5. OF PERSON.
There are three persons in each number.
Sing. Plural.
1. I Je We, Nons.2. Thou, Tu. Ye, you, Vous.
3. He, she. II, elie. They, lis, elles.
The first person is employed when the person who is
speaking or writing is the nominative of the verb; as,
/love, we love.
The second person is employed when the person
spoken to or written to is the nominative of the verb ; as,
thou lovest, ye or you love.
The third person is employed when a person or thing
French Verbs. 1
1
spoken ofov written o/'isthe nominative of tl>e verb; as,
/ie loves, she loves, they love.
iV^ofe— All nouns are of the third person ; the first and secondpersons of verbs are employed only when the pronounsI, thou, ice, ye, OT you, are "employed or understood; anyother nominative requires the third person.
In varying the moods, tenses, persons, &c. of a verb,
the greniiis of the French language differs materially
from that of the English. An English regular verbadmits of no more than six changes in the word itself,
as, love, lorest, loveth, loves, loved, lovedst, lovijtg. Theother necessary variations are made by prefixing to the
verb the auxiliaries, do, may, can, might, shall, will,
would, could, should.
The French have no similar words, and supply the
necessary changes by the inflections of the verb itself.
A French regular verb admits of 35 changes, as, aimer,aimant, aime, aime, aimes, aimons, aimez, aimeut,
aimois, aimoit, ainiions, aimiez, aimoient, aimai, aimas,aima, aimames, aimates, aimercnt, aimerai, aimeras,aimera, aimerons, aimerez, aimeront, aimerois, aimeroit,
ainierions, aimeriez, aimeroient, aimasse, aimasses,aimat, aimassicins, aimassiez, aimassent.
The learner will particularly observe, that the pre-
cedinff remarks apply to the simple tenses only: in the
compound tenses the French employ the auxiliary verbsTo HAVE and to be in a manner very similar to that in
which they are employed in our own language.
OF THE NUMBER OF THE FRENCH VERBS,AND THEIR CLASSIFICATION.
The French language contains 5011 verbs: they all,
without exception, end either in R or in re in the infi-
nitive mood.As the French verbs do not all form their inflections
or changes in the same manner, it is necessary to separatethem into classes or conjugations.
Th? word conjugalioji is derived from a Latin word,signifying a yoking or joining together; a conjugationof verbs is a joining together, or union of all the verbsthat form their inflections in the same manner.
THE AUXILIARY VERBS.
AVOIR, TO HAVE: AND ETRE, TO BE.
The learner must remember, that a most intimate
Icnowledge of these two verbs, in all their inflexions andcombinations, is an indispensable preliminary to the
acauisition of all the other verbs. They are called aux-iliaries, because they help to form the compound tenses
of every other verb; they are used in French ia a mannernearly similar to that in which we employ them in
English. Avoir should be written and recited, and trans-
lated from French to English, and back again, several
times, previous to any attempt to learn ctre, or the twoverbs will not be kept distinct in the mind, because the
compound tenses of etre are formed by the help of avoir.
AVOIR, TO HAVE.
i'AKTICIPLES.
Present Tense, ayant havingPast Tense, eu, hadCompound of the Past, ayant eu, having had
INFINITIVE MOOD.
Present Tense, avoir, to havePast Tense, avoir eu, to have had
INDICATIVE .MOOD.
Present Tense.
j'ai,* I have nous avous we havetil as, thou hast vous avez, Vou haveila, he has, ils ont, they have
The e in je is rnt off before a vowel.
French Verbs. 13
j' avols,
til avois,
il aroit,
.)ens,
tu ens,
il eut,
j'aurai,
til auras,
il aura,
Impetfect Tense.
I hadthou liadst
he had
nous avions, we hadvous aviez you hadils avoient tliey had
Perfect or Past Tense.
I hadthou hadsthe had
nous eunies,
vous eutes,
ils L'urent,
Future Tense.
I shall have, or 1
will havethou shalt have,&c.he shall have
nous auronsvous aurez,
ils auront
we hadyou hadthey had
we shall haveyou shall havethey shall have
tu aurois,
il auroit,
Conditional Tense.
I would, should,or could have
thou wouldst havehe would have
nous aurions, we would havevous auriez, you would haveils auroient they would have
The Compound Tenses are formed by adding the pastparticiple eu, had, to the simple tenses, exactly as weform the same tenses in English.
Compound oj" the Present Tense.
y ai eu,
tu as eu,
il a eu.
I have hadthou hast hadhe has had
nousavonseu, we have hadvousavez eu, you had hadils out eu, they have had
Compound of the Imperfect Tense.
y avois eu, I had hadtu avois eu thou hadst hadil avoit eu, he had had
nousavionseu, we had hadvous aviez eu, you had hadils avoient eu, they had liad
Compound of the Perfect or Past Tense.
J eus eu,
tu eus eu,
il eut eu.
I had hadthou hadst hadhe had had
nouseumeseu, we had hadvous eutes eu you had hadils eurent eu, "they had had
Compound of the Future Tense.
J aurai eu,
tu auras eu,
il aura eu,
1 shall have hadthou wdt hiive hadhe will have had
nous aurons eu, we shall have hadvous aurez eu, you will have hadils auront cu, thcv will have had
14 French Ferbs.
Compoicnd q^f the Conditional Tense,
j' aurois eu, I \-ouUl, should, orcould have had
til aurois eu, thou woulds havehad
il auroit eu, he would have had
nous aurions eu, we would harehad
vous auriez eu, you would havehad
ils auroient eu, thev would havehad
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
Present Tense.
aie,
"qu'il ait
have thoulet him have •qu'ils aient,
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
Present Tense,
ayons, let us haveayez, havgye
let them have
quej'aie, that I may haveque ta aies, that thou raayst
havequ' il ait, that he may have
que nous ayons, that wemayhaveque vous ayez, that you may
havequ' ils aient, that they may
have
Perfect or Past Tense.
quej'eusse, that 1 might haveque tu eusses, that thou mightst
havequ' il eiit, that he mig'ht have
que nous eus- that we mightsions, have
que vous eus. that you mightsiez, have
qu' ils eussent, that they mighthave
Compound of the Present Tense.
quej'aieeu, that I may havehad
que tu aies eu, that thou maysthave had
qn' il «it eu, that he may havehad
que nous aj'ons that we mayeu, have had
que vous ayez that you mayeu, have had
qu' ils aient eu, that they mayhave had
Compound oj" the Perfect Tense.
que j ' eusseeu,that I might havehad
que tu eusses that thou mightsteu, have had
qu' il eut eu, that he niieht havehad
que nous eus- that we mightsions eu, have had
que vous eus- that you mightsiez eu, have had
qu' ils eussent that they mighteu, have liad
The e in the word rjiie, is cut off liefore the vowel i.
French Verbs. 15
AUXILIARY VERB—ETRE, TO BE.
Present Tense,Pant Tense,Compound of Ike Past,
PARTICIPLES.
eUnt,ete,
ayant etc,
Present Tense,Past Tense,
INFINITIVE MOOU.
Ltre,
avoir Ote
INDICATIVE MOOD.
Present Tense.
being;
beeuhavmsir been
to beto liave beea
je suis,
tu es
il est
j' etois,
tu etois,
il etoit,
je fus,
tu fus,
il fut,
je serai,
tu seras,
il sera,
tu seroi8,
il !><-roit.
I amthnn art
he is
nous sommes, we arevous etes, you areil.s sonr, they are
Imperjict Tense.
I wasthou wasthe was
nous Ftions, we are
vous eticz, you wereils etoient, {liey were
Perfect or Past Tense.
I wasthou wasthe was
nous fumes,vous futes,
ils furent,
Future Tense-
I .shall be or I will
bethou slialt be, &c.he sliall be
nous serousvous serez,
ils serout.
Conditional Tense.
I should, would,c<)uhl,ormi'xht be
thou wouldst behe would be
nous senons,vous seriez,
ils .seroient,
we wereyou werethey were
we shall beyou shall bethey shall be
we slioubl beyou should !»•
they would ba
The Compound Tenses are formed by the aid of the
simple tenses oi atvir, to which is added the participle
4t4, been, as in English.
Compound of t lie Present T'ense.
j" ai et6,
tu a.") et6,
il » ttte,
I have beenthou hast beenlie hat been
nous avons ete, we have beenvousavez tte, you have beeniN out etO, they have been
16 French Verbs.
Compound of the ImpeTfect Tense.
y avois fete, I hru) been nous avions ete, we had beentu avois ete, thou hadst been vous aviez ete, you had beenil avoit ete, he had been ils avoient ete, they had beeo
Compound oj" the Perfect or Past Tense.
nous eurnes ete, we had beenvous eutes ete, you had beenils eurent ete, they had been
j' eus ete, I had beentu eus ete, thou hadst beenil eut ete, he had been
Compound of the Future Tense,
y aurai ete,
tu auras ete,
il aura ete,
1 shall have beenthou wilt havebeen
he will have been
nous aurons ete, we shall havebeen
vous aurez ete, you will havebeen
ils auront ete, they will havebeen
Compound oj" the Conditional Tense.
j'auraisete, I should, would,could, or mighthave been
tu aurois ete, thou wouldst havebeen
il auroit etc, he would havebeen
nous aurions ete,we should havebeen
vous auriez ete, you would havebeen
ils auroieut ete, they wouldhave beeu
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
Present Tense.
soyons. let us besois. be thou soyez. be ye
qu' il soit, let him be qu' ils soient, let them be
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
Present Tense,
que je sois, that I may beque tu sois, that thou maystbequ' il soit, that he may be
que nous soyons, that we may beque vous soyez, that you maybequ' ils soient, that theymaybe
Perfect or Past Tense.
que je fusse, that I might be,
or that I wasque tu fusses, that thou mii^htst
be, or that thouwast
qu' il fOt, that he might be,
that he was
que |ious fus- that we might besions, that we were
que vous fus- that you might besiez, that you were
qu' ils fu8sent,that theyraight bethat they were
Fr&nch Verbs. 17
Compound of the Present Tense.
quej'aieete, that I may havebeen
que tu aies ete.that tliou niaystliave beeu
qu' il ait ete, that he may havebeeu
que Hous ayous, that we mayete, have been
quevousayez, that you mayete, have been
qu' lis aient ete, they may havebeeu
Compound of the Perfect Tense,
que j' eusse
ete,
that I mi^ht have que nous ens-
sions ete,
que vous eus-
siez ete,
qu' ils eussentete,
that vve mighthave beeu
that you miglithave beeu
that they mightliave been
been, or that I
had beenque tu eusses that tliou miulitst
^tfe, have beeu, &c.qu' il eut etc, that he might
have beeu
N. B. The Scholar must be absolutely perfect in
these two auxiliary verbs, before he proceeds to the regu-lar conjugations.
B 2
18 French Verbs.
OF THE DIVISION OF THE VERBS INTO
CONJUGATIONS.
I HAVE classed the 5011 verbs of the French
Language in the following manner, by the termina-
tion of the infinitive Mood.No. of Verbs
4304
407
43
102
13
26
114
2
First Conjugation, endinsc in er. . .
.
Second Conjugation, ending in ir.
.
Third Conjugation, ending in oir.
.
Fourth Conjugation, ending in dre
Fifth Conjugation, ending in oitre
Sixth Conjugation, ending in nire .
Irregular verbs of various other endings
The two auxiharies, avoir and etre .
.
5011
French Verbs. 19
EXEMPLAR OF THE FIRST CONJUGATION.
Containing 4304 V'erbs, ending in er.
Termination of the Infinitive Mood, er.
Termination of the Present Participle, ant.
Termination of the Past Participle, c.
DEMANDER, TO ASK.
PAKTICIPLES.
Present Tense, demamlant, askin?;:
Past Tense, deniamle, askeil
Compound of the Past, ayant ilemande, having- asked
Present Tense,Past Tense,
INFINITIVE JIOOD.
demander,avoir deiuande,
to askto have asked
INDICATIVE MOOD.
Present Tense.
je demande, I ask,
tu deraandes, thou askest,
il demande, he asks,
nous demandons, we ask,
vous deniandez, you ask,
ils deniaudeut,* they ask.
I do ask,
thou dost ask,
he does ask,
we do ask,
you do ask,
tliey do ask.
or I am askingthou art askinghe is asking'
we are askingyou are askingtliey are asking
Imperfect Tense.
jederaindois,+ I was asking, or1 asked
tu dcmaudois, thou wast asking-,
il demandoit, be was asking
nous deman- we were askingdions,
vous deuian- you were askingdiez,
ils demandoi. tliey were askingent,
' Remember that ENT, at tlie end of the third person plural, never
sounds in any tense.
+ See the observation at page 34, on the dipihong oi.
20 French Verbs.—\sl Conjugation.
Perfect or Past Tense.
je deiuandai, I askedtil demandas, thou askedst
il deraanda, he asked
uous demandames, we askedvous deniandutes, you askedils deniauderent, tliey asked
Future Tense.
je demanderai, I v/ill ask, or I
shall asktu demauderas, thou wilt ask,
thou shall askil deiiiaudera, he will ask, he
shall ask
nous deman- we will ask, wederoHs shall ask
vous deman- you will ask, youderez, shall ask
ils demander. they will ask,theyont, shall ask
Cohditiohal Tense.
je demander-ois,*
I would ask, or I
ahall ask, of I
could asktu demander- thou wouldst ask
ois, &c.
nous demaude- we would askrions,
vous demande you would askriez,
ils demande- they would aski"oient,il deraanderoit, he would ask
Compound of the Present Tense
y ai demande, I have asked, orI have beenaskin,?
tu as demande, thou hast asked,&c.
il a dem.auds, he had asked
nous avons de- we have askedmande,
vous avez de- you have askedmand^,
ils out deman- they have askedde,
Compound of the Imperfect Tense.
j' avois deman- 1 had asked, or I
d^, had been asking-tu avois deman-thou hadst asked
de, &c.il avoit deman- he had askedde,
nous avions de- we have askedmande,
vous aviez de- yon have askedmande,
ils ont deman- they have askedde,
Compound of the Past Tense.
y eus deman- I had askedde,
tu eus deman- thou hadst askedde,
il eut deman- he had askedde
nous eumes de- we had askedmande,
vous elites de- you had askedmande,
ils eurent de- they had askedmande,
' Sec the observation at pag-c 31, on the dipthong oi.
French Verbs.— \st Conjugation. 21
Compound o^f the Future Tense.
j'aurai deman- I shall have askedde,
tu auras deman-thoii shall havede, asked
il aura demau- he shall havede, asked
nous aurons de- we shall havemande, asked
vous aurez de- you shall havemande, " asked
ils auront de- they shall havemande, asked
Compound of the Conditional Tense.
nous aurions de- we would havej' aurois demau-lshould,orwouldde, have asked
tu aurois denian-thou wouldstde, have asked
ilauroit demau- he wovild havede,
mande,vous auriez de-
niande,ils auroieut de-
maude,asked
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
Present Tense.
demaudo, ask thou<iu' il demande, let him ask
demandons,demande/,,qu' ils deman-
dent.
askedyou would have
askedthey would have
asked
let us askask yelet them ask
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
Present Tense.
()ue je deman- that I may askde,
que tu deman- tliat thou mayst.!es, ask
«iu' il deman- that he may askde,
that we may ask
that you may ask
q\ie nous de-mandions,
([ue vous de-mandiez,
qu' ils deman- that they may askdent.
Perfect or Past Tense.
queje deman- that I mislit ask,<lasse, or that I asked
que tu deman- that thou raightst(lasses, ask, 6i.r..
qu' il deman. that he might askdat,
qiu' nous de- that we mightmaudassions, ask
que vous de. that j'oii niishtmandissiez, ask
qu' ils deman. that they mightdassent, ask
Compound of the Present Tense.
quej'aiede. that I may havemande, asked
que tu aies de. that thou maystmande, have asked
qu' il ait de- that he may havemande, asked
que nous avons that we may havedemande, asked
que vous ayez thatyou mayhavedemande, asked
qu' ils aient that they maydemande, have asked
22 French Verbs— 1st Conjugation.
Compoufirl of the Perfect Tense.
quej'eusse de- that I might havemanrle,
que tu ensses
(leniande,
qu' il eut de-
mande,
askedthat tliou miglitst
have askedthat he mighthave asked
que nons eus- that we niiglit
sioiis demande, have askedque vous eus- tliat you might
siez demande, liave askedqu' ils eussent that they mightdemande, have asked
REMARKS UPON THE FIRST CONJUGATION.
Of the 4304 verb* ending in er, all are regular, exceptaller, to go; and two or three single tenses in other
verbs, as puer, &c. explained at page 33. The learner,
therefore, having learned demandkk, perfectly, can haveno difficulty in declining anyotlier verb in er, by changingthe terminations exactly as they are changed in the worddemander.
After having recited and copied out demander, several
times; the scholar ought to practise himself in forming
the tenses of other verbs in er.
Take, for instance, the verbs parler, to speal<, porter,
to carry, aiiner, to love, chanter, to sing.
Remember that the changes are made only in the final
letters, er, and that the radical Letters, as pari, in parler,
port, in porter, aim, in aimer, and chant, in chanter,
like demand in demander, always remain the same.
Termination of the Present Participle, ant. presentPAKTiciPiES. demandant, asking, parlant, speaking,
portant, carrying, aimant, loving, chantant, singing.
Termination of the Past Participle, e. Past Partici-ples, demande, asked, parte, spoken, porti, carried,
aimd, loved, chante , sung.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
Termination of the Present Tense.
Singular. Plural.12 3 12 3
. e es e ons ez ent
Ftench Verbs.— \st CoHJngution. 23
je deiuande, parte, porte, ainre, chantetu deinandes paries, portes, airaes, chantesil deniande, parle. porte. aime, chantenous dernandons, parldiis, portons, airaons, chantonsvous demandez, parle/. portez. aimez, chantonslis demandeut, parleiit, portent, aiineiit. cliantent
Termination of the Imperfect Tense.
Siiitrular. Plural.12 3 12ois ois oit ious iez
3
oient
Note.—Remember that the Imperfect Tense of every\'erb in the language ends in a similar way.
je demandois,fu demandois,il demandoit,nous deraandions,vous deraandiez,lis demandoient,
parlois,
parlois,
parloit,
parlions,
parliez,
parloient,
portois,
portois,
pnrtolt,
portions,
portiez,
portoienc
aimois,
a imo is,
aimoit,ainiions,
aimiez.
chantoisclmntoischantoischantionschantiez.
aimoient, chautoient
Termiyiation of the Perfect or Past Tense.
Singular. Plural.12 3 12 3
as a ames ates erentai as a
je deraandai, parlai, portai,
lu demandas, parlas, portas,
il demaiida, parla, porta,
nous deinandames, parlilmeii, portames,vous demandates, parlites, portates,
ils demanderent, parlerent, porttrent
aimai, chantiii
aima.s, chantasaima, chantaairaames, chantaraesaimates, chantiites
aimerent, cUaaterent
Termination of the Future Tense.
Sini^ular. Plural.
1
rai
3
ra
1
roQS
3
ront
Note.—The future tense of EVERY verb in the languageends in a similar manner.
je demanderai, parlerai, porterai, airaerai, chanteraitu deniandcras, parleras, porteras, aimeras, chanterasil demandera, parlera, portera, aitnera, chaiitera
nous demanderons, parlcnms, porterons, aitaerons, clianterons
vous deniandcrez, jjarlerez, porterez, airaerez, chauterezill deutiiadttrout, parleront porteront aimeiout, I'Imntcront
24 French Verbs.— \st Conjugation^.
Termination of the Conditional Tense.
Sina;ular. Plural.12 3 12 3
rois rois loit rioas riez roient
Note.—The conditional tense of every verb in the lan-
guage ends in a similar manner.
je dernanderois, parlerois, porterois, aimerois, chanterois
tu dernanderois, parlerois, porterois, aimerois, chanterois
il denianderoit, parleroit, porteroit, aimeroit, chanteroit
nous deraanderions, parlerions, porterions, airaerions, chanterions
vous demanderiez, parleriez, porteriez, ainieriez, rhanteriez,
ils denianderoient, parleroient, porteroient,airaeroient, chanteroient
With the compound tenses the learner can have nodifficulty, as he has only to repeat the tenses oi avoir
with the past participle of the verb ; as
—
J' ai demande, j' ai parle, j' ai porte, j'ai aime, j' ai
chante, j' avois demande, j' eus parle, j* aurai porte,
j' aurois aime, j' aurois chante, &c. &c.
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
Termination of the Imperative Mood.
Sing-ular. Plural.
2 3 12 3
e e ons ez ent
Note—The three persons plural of the imperative moodof EVERY verb in the language end in a similar manner.
demande, parle. porte. aime, chante
qu' il demande. parle. porte. aime. chante
demandons. parlous, portons, aimons, chantons.
demandez. parlez, portez, aimez, chantez
qu'ils demandent. parlent. portent. aiment. chantent
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
Termination of the Present Tense.
Singular. Plural.12 3 12 3
e es e ions iez ent
Note.—That, except etre and avoir, every verb in the
language ends in a similar "manner in the present tense of
the subjunctive.
French Verbs.— \st Conjugation. 25
que je demande,que tu demandes,qu' il demande,que iiousdemaudionsque vousdemaudiez,qu' ils demaudeiit,
parle,
paries,
parle,
parlions,
parliez,
parlent,
porte,
portes,
porte,
portions,
portiez,
portent.
aimes,ainie,
aime,aimions,ainiiez,
aimeut,
rhanteeliantes
cliante
chanlionschant iez
chantint
Termination of the Past or Perfect Tense.
Singular.
1 -2
asse asses
que je demandasse,que tu deniandasses,
qu' il demandat,
at
Plural.
1 2
assions assiez
3
assent
parlasse, portasse, aimasse, chantasse
parlasses, portasses, ainiasses, chantassesparlat, portat, ainiiit, chautat
que nous ilemandassionsparlassionsportassionsainiassionsdiantassions
que vous demandassiez, parlassiez, portassiez,airaassiez, chantasiez
qu' ils dcniandassent, parlassent,port{issent,aimassent,chantassent
The compound tenses of the subjunctive are formedwith the tenses oi avoir and the past participle; as
—
yiie j' aie demande, que j' aie parlo, que j' eusse porte,
que j' eusse aime, que j' eusse chantc, &c.
26
OF REFLECTED VERBS.
A reflected verb is a verb the action of which is re-
flected on the nominative case instead of passing; to ano-ther object. Verbs of this kind answer to the middlevoice of the Greeks, and are frequently used in Englishwith myself, thyself, &c., added to them; as
—
I perjure myselfthou perjurest thyself
he perjures himself
we perjure ourselves
you perjure yourselves
they perjure themselves
The French also use au additional pronoun in verbsof this kind; but they place it immediately before theverb, instead of immediately after it, as we do.
The principle is precisely similar in both languages ;
the only difference in practice is, that the genius of the
English language requires the pronoun to follow the
verb, and that of the French requires it to precede it.
If the French followed our system, thej' would say
—
I perjure myself.
thou perjurest thyself,
he perjures himself,
we perjure ourselves,
you perjure yourselves,
they perjure themselves, ils parjurent se
Instead of which they say
—
je parjure metu parjures te
il parjure se
nous parjurons nousvous parjurez reus
je me parjure
tu te parjure
il se parjure
nous nous parjuronsVDUS vous parjurez
ils se parjurent
using exactly the same words in a different order.
French Verbs.— \st Conjugation. 27
EXEMPLAR OF A REFLECTED VERB.
Every reflected verb follows its proper conjugation:by comparing se morjuar with dematider, the learuer will
perceive that the only diiference is in the prefixed pro-
noun.
SE MOQUER, TO LAUGH AT.
P.\RTICIPLES.
Present Tense, se moquant, laughing- at
fast Tease, luociue, laughetl at'
Compound of the Past Tense, s' etant moque, haviuij laughed at
Note. Let the learner take particular notice that re-
flected verbs, in French, form the compound tenses bythe help of the auxiliary etre, and never with avoir:
therefore we say, s'etant luoque, having laughed at ; andnot s'ayant moque.
Present Tense,Past Tense,
je nie moquetu tc inoques
il se moque
je me moquoistu te mo()uois
il as moquoit
je me mnquaitu te nioqua*il it iiiiiqua
INFINITIVE MOOD.
se moquer,s' etre moque,
INDICATIVE MOOD.
Present Tense.
1 laugh at, &c.
to laugh at
to have laughed at
nous nous moquonsvous vous mcxjuezils se moqueat
Imperfect Tense.
I was laughing at, &c.
nous nous moquionsvous vous nioquezlis se inoquoieut
Perfect or Past Tense.
I laughed at.
nous nous moquamesvous vous mo()uatcii>
\\i se iuo(iui:rt;nt
28 French Verbs.— \st Coyijiigation.
Future Tense.
I shall laugh at, &c.
,je me moqueraitu te raociueras
il se moquera
je me moqueroistu te moqueroisil se moqueroit
nous nous moqueronsvousvous moquerezils se moqueront
Conditional Tense.
1 should lauijh at, &c.
nous nous moquerionsvous vous moqueriezils se moqueroient
The compound tenses are merely the simple tenses ofetre, with the past participle.
Compound of the Present Tense.
I have laughed at, 8cc.
je me suis moquetu 'V es moqueil "s' est moque
nous nous somraes moquesvous vous etes moquesils se sont moques
Compound of the Imperfect.
1 had laughed at, &c.
je 'm' etois moquetu t' etois moqueil "s" etoit moque
nous nous etions moquesvous vous etiez moquesils s' etoient moques
Compound of the Imperfect Tense.
I had laughed at, &c.
je me fus moquetu te fus moqueil se fut moque
nous nous fumes moquesvous vous futes moquesil se furent moques
Compound of the Future Tense.
I shall have laughed at, &c.
je me serai moquetu te seras moqueil se sera moque
nous nous serons moquesvous vous serez moquesils se serout moques
Compound of the Conditional Tense.
I should have laughed at, 8cc.
je me serois moquetu te serois moqueil se seroit moque
nous nous senons moquesvous vous seriez moquesils se seroieut moques
• The e in vac, te, »e, is cut off before the vowel.
Freiich Verbs.— 1st Conjugation. 29
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
Imoqiions nous, let us laugh atmoijiii'Z vous lau!"h at
<(u' ils se mo- let "them laughqueut,
Observe, that ia tbe second person singular, and first
and second persons plural of the imperative of reflectedverbs, the French place the pronoun after the verb, as wedo; moque toi, laugh thou; leve toi, rise thou; levezTouSj rise ye, 8i,c.
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
Present Tense-
That I may laugh at, See.
queje me moque I que nous nous moquions '
que tu te moque I que vous vous moquiezqu' il St moque
| qu' ils se moqueut
Perfect or Past Tense.
That I might laugh at, &.c.
queje me moquasseque tu te mo()uas,ses
qu' il be moquut
que nous nous moquassioiisque vous vous moqua.ssiez
qu' ils se moquasseut
Compound of the Present Tense.
That I may have laughed at, &c.
queje me sois moqueque tu te sois moquequ' il ne soit moque
que nous nous soyons moquesque vous vious soyez iiioques
qu' ils se soieut moques
Compound of the Past Tense.
That 1 might have laughed at, &c.
queje mefusse moqueque tu te fus.scs moquequ' il se fut moque
/ que nous nous fussions moquesque vous vous fussie/. moquesqu' ils se fussent mocjues
The learner must take particular notice, that when thenominative case of any verb in a compound tense is pas-sive, the past participle must agree with that nomiuativcin number and gender. Thus, iu the active
—
30 French Verbs.— 1st Conjugation.
il a porte, lie has carried
elle a porte, she has carried
les hommes ont porte, men have carried
les femmes oat porte, women have carried
porte is not liable to change.
But in the passive
—
il a cte portee, he has been carried
elle a ete portee, she has been carried
les hommes ont ete portes, the men have been carried
les femmes ont ete portees, the women have been carried
porte is liable to change according to the number andgender of its nominative case.
Reflected verbs follow the same rule, except in somecases. Therefore, in the verb se moquer, and other si-
milar verbs, when the nominative is feminine, the parti-
ciple must take the final e feminine ; thus, she hadlaughed at me, elle se fut moquee de moi; my sisters
had laughed at their aunt, mes soeurs se furent moqueesde leur tante.
Of the 4304 verbs in e?-, 183 are reflected; but manyof the others admit of being conjugated reflectively, with
the prefixed pronoun, as
—
laver, to wash se laver, to wash oneself
euferrer, to run through s' enferrer, to run oneself
throughcnfermer, to shut up s' enfermer, to shut oneself up
Sometimes a verb conjugated reflectively assumes a
different signification, as
—
couper, to cut se couper, to equivocate
porter, to carry se porter, to be, in respect to
health ; as, se porter bien, to bewell in health
passer, to pass se passer, to dispense with—to
do without
31
EXCEPTIONS OF THE FIRST CONJUGATION.
The uniformity of the verbs in er ougrht to t^ive c:reat
encouragement to the learner, who, when he has madehimself well acquainted with demander and two excep-
tions, knows six-sevenths of all the verbs, viz. 4304 out
of 5011.
The /«'o verbs in er, which do not make their inflec-
tions regularly like demander, are
—
aller, to go ; andENVoYER, to send.
FIRST EXCEPTION.
Aller, to go ; allant, going : alle, gone.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
All the tenses of this mood are regular, like demander,except ihe present, J'uture, &xi.A conditional.
Present Tense.
nous aliens, %ve govous allez, you tjo
ils vont, they go
je vais, I fro
tu vas, thou gfoest
il rn, he ^oes
Tiie imperfect, j'allois, and the perfect, j' allal, are
regular.
Future Tense.
y irai, I shall or will go I nous irons, we shall gotu iras, thou shalt go vous irez, you shall goil ira, he shall go ( ils iront, they shall go
Conditional Tense.
j' irois, I would gotu irois, il iroit, nous irions, vous iriez, ils iroient
The compound tenses are formed with ctre : je siiis
alle, nous sommes alles, ellc sera allcc, elles scront
allees.
32 French Verbs.— \st Conjugation.
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
va vas, go thoii
qii' il ailie, let him goallons, let us goallez, go ye
qu' ils aillent
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
The only irregular tense in this mood is the present.
Present Tense.
quej'ai7/e, that I may goque tu allies, that thou mayst goqu' il aille, that he may go
que nous allions, that we may goque vous alliez, that you may goqu ils ailleut, tliattheymaygo
The irregular parts of each tense are shown by the
italics.
The reflected verb, s' en aller, to go away, is conju-
gated like aller, with the prefixed pronoun and the par-
ticiple eu- asje m' en vais, tu t' en vas, il s' en va, nousnous en allons, vous vous en allez, ils s' en vont, &c.
SECOND EXCEPTION.
Envoyer, to send ; envoyant, sending : envoye, sent.
This verb is irregular only in the future and condi-
tional of the indicative mood.
Future Tense.
Notj' envoyerai, butj'enverrai, if would send I nous enverrons, we will sendtu enverras, thou shalt send I vous enverrez, you shall seudil enverra, he shall send
|ils enverront, they shall send
Conditional Tense.
Not j' envoyerois, butj'enverrois, 1 would send
tu enverrois, thou wouldst send
il enverroit, he would send
nous enverrions, we should sendvous enverriez, you would sendils enverroient, they would seud
Renvoyer, to send back, varies in the same manner :
je renverrai, je renverrois.
French Verbs.— \st Conjugation. 33
Observations on Puer, Recouvrer, and Tisser.
Pucr, to stink, in the present tense of the indicative,is sometimes written, by corruption, je pus, tu pus,il put ; instead of je pue, tu pues, il pue.
Recouvrer, to recover, sometimes makes recouvert, iathe past participle, instead of recouvre.
Tisser, tn weave, makes, in its past participle, ^w.tw,woven. Tissu is borrowed from the obsolete verb tistre,to weave.The five foregoing verbs of the first conjugation may
be fixed in the mind by the following sentence :—
f^elui qui ne va pas dans le droit chemin, un jugc-ment severe sur son Tissu de mauvaises actions l'enVERRA dans uns abyme puant de soufre d'ou personnene sera recouvert.
Observations on Verbs in ger, cer, and yer.
In those parts of verbs in ger, where an a or an owould follow the ^>-, an e must be inserted, to preservethe soft sound of the i^. Thus, in the present tense of7>ia>i<^er, to eat, we must not say nous mangons, butnous mangeons; and, in the present participle, we mustsay mangeant, and not mangant.
For the same reason, verbs in cer take a cedilla (amark used only under the letter c, thus 9) when a or ofollow the c, which shows that the c is to be soundedsoft, like an s: thus, in commencer, to begin we mustwrite nous commen9ons, je commen<;ai, tu commen9as,il comraen^a, &c.
Verbs in i/er change the y into i before e, e«, cut, andt; as in employer, to employ, j' emploie, tu emploies,il emploie, nous employons, vous employez, ilsemploient,j' emploirai, j' emploirois, &c. &c.
Observations on the Dipthong oi.
Imperfect and Conditional Tenses of the Indicative.
34 French Verbs.— \st Conjugation.
The observation on the dipthong oi, though it appliesequally to every conjugation, had better be learned in
this place.
Every verb in the French language makes the imper-fect and conditional tenses of the indicative mood to endas follows:
Siugular
Plural
^ 1st person2nd-3rd-
ois
ois
oit
ions
iez
oient
In these endings, the dipthong oi sounds ai, for whichreason Voltaire attempted to introduce the custom ofspelling the imperfect and conditional tenses with ai
instead of oi. Many writers have adopted this system.Lest the learner should be embarrassed when he meets,in some modern author, with a verb spelled in this way,he bad better copy out a few tenses spelled in that man-ner, e. g.
y avois,,
tu avats,
tu avais,nous avions,
vous aviez,
ils avaienC
j' auxais,tu aura^s,il aurdf'f
,
nous aurions,
vous aurifz,
ils auroieat,
etais,
elais,
eta it,
etions,
etiez,
«tatent
Imperfect Teiisc.
demanda/s,demandais,demaiidaii,demandions,demand iez,
demandazent,
svxais,
serais,
serait,
serious,
seriez,
seraient,
Conditional Tense.
deraanderni*,demandernts,deraanderni/,demanderioiis,demandericz,deraanderaient.
me moqua/s,te raoqueais,se moquerati,nous uioquionsvous moquiezse moqaient
me maquerftts,te moqueroitse moqueroitnous moquerionsvous moqueriez,se nioquerotent
End of the First Conjugation, which contains 4304verbs ending in er.
35
EXEMPLAR OF THE SECOND CONJUGATION.
Containing the 407 Verbs, ending in ir.
Termination of the Infinitive Mood, ir.
Termination of the Present Participle, issanl.
Termination of the Past Participle, /.
DIVERTIR, TO DIVERT.
Present Tense,Past Tense,Compound of the Past,
PARTICIPLES.
divertissant,
diverti,
ayant diverti,
INFINITIVE Moot).
divertir,
avoir diverti,
divertingdivertedhaving- diverted
Present Tense, divertir, to divertPast Tense, avoir diverti, to liave diverted
It will be unnecessary to swell these pages with theEnglish of each verb at full length, as the learner caneasily make the same change for each tense in the verbto divert, as he had already done in the verb to ask.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
Present Tense.
je divertis
tu divertis
il divertit.
je divertissois
tu divertissois
il divertissoit
je divertis
tu divertis
il divertit
je diTcrtirai
tu diverti ras
il divertir*
nous divertissionsvous divertissez
ils divertissent
Impetfect Tense.
Incus divertissions
vous divertissiez
ils divertissoient
Perfect or Past Tetise.
nous dlverttniMvous divertites
ils divertireut
Future Tense.
nous divertironsvous divertirezils divertiront
36 French Verbs.—2nd Conjugation.
je divertirois
til (livtrtiiois
il divertiroit
Conditional Tense.
nous divertirionsvous divertiriez
ils divertiroient
Coynpound Tenses.
Of the Present,Of the Imperfect,Of the Past,Of the Future,Of the Conditional,
j' ai divertij' avois divertij' eus diverti
.i' aiirai divertij' aurois diverti
divertis
fill' il divertisse
IMPEIfATIVE MOOD.
Present Tense.
divertissons
divertissez
quilsdivertissent
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
fjiie je divertisse<|iie til divertisses
i|ir il divertisse
f|ue je divertisse
(|iie tu divertissest|ir il divertit
Present Tense.
que nous divertissions
que vous divertissiez
qu' ils divertissent
Perfect or Past Tense.
que nous divertissions
que vous divertissiez
qu' ils divertissent
Compound Tenses.
Of the Present,Of the Perfect,
que j' aie diverti
que j' eusse diverti
When the learner has written and recited divertir till
he is quite perfect in it, let him conjugate^w/r, to finish,
punir, to punish, ejnbellir, to embellish, and nourrir, to
nourish :
—
e. g.
je divertis,
je divertissois,
je diverti rai
je divertisse
divertissant,
diverti,
finis, pimis, erabellis, nourrisfinissois, punissois, embellissois, nourrissois
finirai, punirai, erabellirai, nourrirai
finisse, punisse, erabellisse. uourisse
finissant, punissant. embellissant, nourrissant
fini. puni, embelli, iiourri
37
EXCEPTIONS OF THE SECOND CONJU-
GATION.
There are twenty-three irregular verbs in ir, with their
compounds, which are conjugated differently from di-
vertir. That the learner may fix these exceptions easily
in the memory, I have divided them into four classes,
according to their endings. They are as follows :
—
6 Verbs ending in tir, and 12 compounds.4 frir and vrir, 6 compounds.2 enir, 28 compounds.
11 ir, 25 compounds.
23 simple verbs, and 71 compounds.
FIRST CLASS OF EXCEPTIONS.
Six Verbs in tir, and twelve Compounds.
The six verbs in tir, which depart from the general
rule of issant, i, in the participles, are
—
Present Participles. Past Participles.
to lie
to set outto repentto feel, to smellto go out
These five are declined alike, se repentir taking a
double pronoun as a reflected verb.—These five verbs in
tir may be remembered as exceptions, by committing to
memory the following sentence:—Je sens que vous vousrepentirez d'avoir menti quand vous serez sorti ct parti
d'ici en consequence.
6 vetir, vctant, vetu, to dollie
1 inentir, mentant, menti,2 partir,3 se repentir,4 sentir.
l>artant,
se repentant,sentant.
parti,
repenti,
senti.
5 sortir, sortant. sorti,
38 French Verbs.—^d Conjugatimi.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
Present Tense, je meuts, tu nients, il ment, nousmentons, vouse mentez, ils menteiit, je pars, je me re-
pens, je sens, je sors.
hnperfect Tense, je mentois, je partois, je me repen-tois, je sentois, je sortois.
Perfect, or Past Tense, je mentis^ je partis, je me re-
pentis, je sentis, je sortis.
. Future Tense, je mentirai, je partirai, je me repen-
tirai, je sentirai, je sortirai.
Conditional Tense, je mentirois, je partirois, je merepentirois, je sentirois, je sortirois.
Observe, that partir and sortir form tlieir compoundtenses with ^tre; as does se repentir, of course; mentir
and sentir take avoir; j'ai mentis, je suis parti, je raesuis
repenti, j' ai senti, je suis sorti.
INFINITIVE MOOD.
ment!', qu' il mente, mentons, mentez, qu'ils mententpars, parte, partons, partez, ]>artent
repens-toiyse repente, repentons nous, repentez vous,se rej)entent
sens, sente, sentons, sentez, sentent
sors, sorte, sortons, sortez, sortent
SUBJUNCTIVE IMOOD.
Present Tense, que je mente, que je parte, que je merepente, que je sente, que je sorte.
Perfect Tense, que je mentisse, que je partisse, queje me rcpentisse, qne je sentisse, que je sortisse.
All compound verbs are, with very few exceptions,
declined in the same manner as their primitives; thus,
dementir follows mentir, consentir and pressentir follow
sentii .
Observe, that rcpartir, to set out again, and dcpnrtir,
to depart, are declined like partir; put reportir anddcpartir, to divide, are regular, and make repartissant,
departissant.
Also, rcssortir, to go out again, follows sortir ; but
ressortir, to be under the jurisdiction of, and belong to,
is regular, and makes ressortissant, ressorti.
39
VETIR, TO CLOTHE.
Vetant, clothing, vetu, vetue, clothed.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
Present, je v^ts, tu vets, il v6t, uous vutons, vous, ve-
tez, ils vetent.
Imperfect, je vetois, tu vetois, &c.
Perfect or Past, je vetis, tu vetis, il vetit, nous v6-
times, vous vetites, ils vetirent.
Future, je vetirai. Conditional, je vetirois.
Compound Tenses,]' ai vetu, j'avois vetu, j'eus v^tu,
j'aurai vetu, j'aurois vetu.
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
V^ts, qu'il vete, vC'tons, vetez, qu'ils vetent.
SIBJUKCTIVE MOOD.
Present, que je vete, que tu vetes, &c.
Perfect or Past, que je vetisse, que tu vetisses, qu'il
vt'tit, que nous vCtissions, &c.
Compound Tenses, que j'aie vetu, que j'eusse Vetu.
There are five Verbs compounded from vctir:
Ddvetir, to divest, to strip, to undress.
Reietir, to dress in robes of office or dignity, and
hence, to invest with an office or dignity.
Survetir, a vestry term, to put on a surplice or robe
over the dress.
These three are declined like vetir.
Investir, to invest,
Travestir, to burlesque, to disguise, to travesty,
are regular verbs, and make their Participles in issant,
i ; remember this by the words, a font invested toith a
di~fnit;i is regularly travestied.
40 I
SECOND CLASS OF EXCEPTIONS.
Four Verbs infrir and vrir, and six compounds.
There are eleven French Verbs ending mfrir, and vrir,
ten of which form the second class of exceptions to
Verbs in ir: the eleventh Verb is regular.
These ten are
—
couvrir, to cover, with two compounds, dccoucrir, recoii-
vrir :
offrir, to offer, with two compounds, mesojfrir, roffrir
:
ouvrir, to open, with two compounds, entroiivrir, ruuvrir :
souffrir, to suffer: which are all declined alike, in thefollowing manner
:
Ouvrir, to open; ouvrant, opening ; ouvert, opened.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
Presetif, j'ouvre, tu ouvres, il ouvre, nous ouvrons,vous ouvrez, ils ouvrent.
Imperfect, j'ouvrois, tu ouvrois, &c.
Perfect or Past, j'ouvris, tu ouvris, &c.
Future, j'ouvrirai. Conditional, j'ouvrirois.
Compound Tenses, j'ai ouvert j'avois ouvert, j'eus
ouvert, j'aurai ouvert, j'aurois ouvert
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
Ouvre, qu'il ouvre, ouvrons, ouvrez, qu'ils ouvrent.
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
Present, que j'ouvre, que tu ouvres, &c.
Perfect, que j' ouvrisse, que tu ouvrisses, qu'il ouvrit,
&c.
Compound Tenses, que j'aie ouvert, que j'eusse ouvert.
In the passive voice, the Past Participle takes an e in
the feminine, as usual. La fenetre est ouverte, les fenetres
sont ouvertes.
French Verbs.—2rf Conjugation. 41
The eleventh Verb, which most of the grammarianshave omitted to notice, appaturir, to impoverish, is
regular, like divcrtir, and makes appauvrissant, impover-
ishing, appauvri, impoverished.
THIRD CLASS OF EXCEPTIONS.
Two Verbs in enir, and twenty-eight compounds.
There are three French Verbs ending in e?ur, with
their compounds, viz.
Benir, to bless, which, with its compound, rebenir, is
regular, and makes bcnissant, beni.
Xote. Speaking of consecrated bread and water, wemust say, du pain benit, de I'eau benite.
The two Verbs which form the third class of excep-
tions to Verbs in 2r,are words of very extensive use, viz.
venir, to come, with eighteen compounds :
tenir, to hold, with ten compounds;
both declined alike, venir, with etre, and tenir, with
avoir.
A'cHir, to come; vetiant, comiiif;; venu,/em. veiiiic, come.
Tenir, to hold ; tenant, holding ; tenu,/effi. tenue, held.
je viens
tu viens
il vient
je venois
tu venous
il TL-noit
jc Tins
tu viu»
il Tint
INDICATIVE MOOD.
Present Tense.
je tii'us 1nous venons
tu tiensI
vous vencz
il tient Iils viennent
Imperfect Tense.
je tenois i nous venions
tu tenois vous veniez
il tenoit I ils venoient
Perfect or Past Tense.
ji; tins
tu tins
il liiil
nous vmmesvous vintes
ils vinrcnt
nous tenonsvous tenez
ils tiennent
nous tcnionsvous teniez
ils tenoient
nous tinmesvous tintes
ils tinrtuf
42 French Verbs—26? Conjugation.
Future Tense.
je viendraitu viendras
il viendra
je tiendrai
tu tiendras
il tiendi-a
nous viendrons uous tiendrousvovs vienrtrez vous tiendrez
ils vieudi'ont ils tieudront
Conditional Tense.
jeviendrois jetiendroistu viendrois tu tieudrois
il viendroit il tieudroit
nous viendrions nous tiendrions
vous vieudriez vous tiendrionsils vieudioient ils tiendroient
Compound Tenses.
Of the Present—je suis venu, tu es venu, il est venu, elle eat
venue, aous sonimes venus, vous etes venus, ils sont venus, elles sontvenues: j'ai tenu, tu as tenu, il a tenu, elle a tenu, nous avous tenu,
vousavez tenu, ils ont tenu, elles ont tenu.
Of the Imperfect—j' etois venu, j'avois tenu.
Of the Perfect—je fus venu, j'eus tenu.
Of the Future—je serai venu, j' aural tenu.
Of the Conditional—je .serois venu, j' aurois tenu.
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
viens
qu' il Viennavenonsvenez
qu' ils viennent
tiens
qn' il tiennetenonstenez
qu' ils tiennent
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
Present Tense.
quejevieune queje tienne
que tu viennes que tu tiennes
qu' il vienne qu'Jl tienne
que nous veuions que uous tenionsque vous veniez que vous teniez
qu' ils viennent qu' ils tiennent
Perfect or Past Tense.
queje vinsse queje tinsse
que tu vinsses que tu tinsses
qu' il vint qu' il tint
que nous vins- que nous tinssions
sions
que vous vins- que vous tinssiez
siez
qu' ils vinssent qu' ils tinssent
Compound Tenses—queje sols venu, que je fusse venu, que j' aie
ttnu, que j" eusse tenu.
43
FOURTH CLASS OF EXCEPTIONS.
Eleven Verbs in ir, and twenty-five compounds.
These eleven Verbs are
—
Present Participle. Past Participle
bouillir. bouillant, bouilli, to boil
courir. courant, couru, to runcueiilir. cueilbint,- cueilli to gfather
ilormir, dormant, dormi to sleep
Jaitlir, faillant failli, to fail
fair. fuyant, fui, to fly
mourir, mourant, morl, to die
ouir. oni. to hear
querir. to fetch
sail/ir. saillant, t" project
servir, servant, servi, to serve
COURIR, CUEILLIR, FUIR, MOURIR.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
Je coHrs
u courstl courtlaous couronsvous courezils courent
Present Tense.
cueille
cueilles
cueille
cueillonscueille/
cueilleut
fuis
fiiis
fuit
fuyonsfiiyez
fuient
meursmeursnieurtmouronsmourezmeurent
je courois
je courustu courusil courutnous courflmesvous courfites
ils courureut
Imperfect Tense.
cueiUois fuyois
Perfect or Past Tense.
cueillis
cueitlis
cueillit
cueillimescueillites
cueillircut
fuis
fuis
fuit
fuiines
fuites
fuirent
uiourois, &c.
mourusmourusmourutmourumcsmourutisniiiurureut
Future Tense.
cucillcrai fuirui mourrai, &c.
44 French Verbs.—2(1 Conjugation.
je courrois
Conditional Tense,
cueillerois fuirois mourrois, &c.
Compound Tenses—j' ai couru, j' ai cueilli, j' ai fui, je suismort,elle est morte, &c.
cours cueille
qu'il courecouronscourez
qu'ilscourent
cueille
ciieillons
cueillez
cueillent
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
fuis
fuie
fuyonsfuyezfuient
meursmeurtmouronsmourevsmeurent
qucje coure
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
Present Tense,
cueille fuie meure, &c.
Perfect or Past Tense.
que je courusse cueillisse fuisse mourusse, &c.
Compound Tenses—quej' aie couru, que j' eusse couru, que j'aiecueilli, quej' eusse cueilli, quej' aie fui, quej'eusse fui, que je sola
mort, que je fosse mort, &c.
Bouillir is used actively in one phrase onlj', viz. boull-
lir du lait a quelqu'im, to make much of one, to do anyone a pleasure; also, in an unfavourable sense, to treat
like a child, to mock. We do not say bouillir de I'eau,
to boil water, but faire bouillir de I'eau; fair bouillir a
demi, to parboil. As a Neuter Verb, it is used in the
third person only ; I'eau bout, les choux bouillent,
bouillir, bouillant. bouilli, je bous, tu bous, il bout,nous bouillons, je bouillois, je bouillis, je bouillirai, je
bouillirois, bous, qu'il bouille, que je bouille, que je
bouillisse.
Dormir, and sernr, with their compounds, are declined
like sentir, except asservir, which is regular, and makesasservissant. Ouir, to hear, is used only in the infini-
tive: ouir, in the perfect; j'ouis, I heard, il ouit, heheard, in the perfect of the subjunctive; que j'ouisse,
that I might hear; and in the compound tenses, j'ai
oui, j'ayoit oui, j'eus oui, &c.
French Verbs.—2d Conjugation. 45
Faillir is used iu the perfect and compound tenses
on\y. Perfect—^je faillis, tu t'aillis, il faillit, nous failliraes,
vous faillites, ils faillirent, j' ai failli, j'avois failli, j'eus
failli, &c.
Querir is used in the infinitive only ; aller me querii-
men valet, go and fetch my valet. Acqucrir, requerir,
&c. are declined thus :
Acqucrir. to acquire; acquerant, acquiring; acquis,
acquired.
Indicative, Present—^j'acquiers, tu acquiers, il acquiert,
nous acquerons, vous acquerez, ils acquierent. Imper-
fect—^j'acquerois, &c. Perfect—j'acquis. &c. Future
—j'acquerrai, (Sue. Conditional—^j'acquerrois, &o. Im-perative—acquiers, qu' ii acquiere, &c. Subjunctive,
Present—que j'acquiere, &c. Perfect—que j'acquissc.
Compound Tenses with avoir—que j'aie acquis, &c.
Saillir, to project, to jut out, is used in the third per-
son only; cette corniche saille trop, that cornice is tooprominent. Tressaillir, to start, and assaillir, to assail,
are declined thus;
Tressaillir, tressaillant, tressailli.
Indicative, Present—je tressaille, &c. Imperfect—je
tressaillois, &c. Perfect—^je tressaillis, &c. Future—^je
tressaillirai, &c. Conditional—je trcssaillirois, &c.
Subjunctive Present—que je tressaille, &c. Perfect—que je tressaillisse, &c. The Compound Tenses, withavoir.
Note. Tressaillir has no imperative. Imperative ofassaillir—assaille, qu'il assaille, &c. Some grammari-ans think that the future and conditional may be spelled,
j'assaillerai, je tressaillerai, j'assailkrais, je tressail-
krois.
Observations on Ferir, Fleurir, Gerir, Hair, and Issir.
Ferir, to strike, is used in one phrase only, viz. sans
coup ferir, without striking a blow, without any risk.
Fleurir, in its common signification of to blossom, to
put forth flowers, is regular, and makes JleurissanI
,
Jleuri: but when it is used figuratively, it is irregular in
o 4
46 French Verbs.—2cJ Conjugation.
the present participle, and tbe imperfectof the indicative,
which are then Jlorissant, je Jorissois. Thus we say,
vn empire Jiorissant , a prosperous empire : une cinnee
Jlorissante, a flourishing army : les beaux arts Jiorissoient
alors, the fine arts were successfully cultivated at that
period
.
Gesir, to lie, is used but in a few phrases : ci git, here
lies, is a common form of commencing an epitaph: ci git
ma feymne, here lies my wife. The French sometimesuse il git, nous ^isoits, ils gisent, il gisoit, ils gisoient,
gisant.
Hair, to hate, is regular, and makes, ka'issant, Ita'i.
Only, observe, that the three /singular persons of the
]>resent indicative are pronounced in one syllable, je
hais, tu hais, il bait; as is the second person singular of
the imperative, hais. Every other pf;rt is regular, andtakes the diaeresis("j over the the letter i, which separates
it from the a, and shews that it is to be pronounced ha-ir,
ha-issant, ha-issois, ha-irai, &c.
Issir, to issue from, to be descended from, is used onlyin the participles, viz. issu, y(;?«/?«'we issue; as, les rois
dont il est issu,\.\\e. kings from whom he is descended.
The present participle, issant, is used as a term ofheraldry, and sgnifics rising out, naissant.
End of the Second Conjugation, which contains the
407 verbs in ir.
47
EXEMPLAR OF THE THIRD CONJUGATION.
There are. 43 French verbs ending in oir, withoutreckoning avoir, which has been given in its place as anauxiliary. Of these 43 verbs, 7 only are regular, viz.
—
Present Participle. Past Participle.
appercevoir,pPPercevant, apper?u,* to perceive
concevoir,
decevoir,
devoir,
perceioir,
recevoir,
redevoir.
concevantdecevant,
devant,
percevant,
recevant,
redevaut,
lon^u,di'(;u,
dii,
pcr^u,
re9uredu,
to conceive
to deceive
to oweto collect duesand taxes
to receive
to owe, still to
remain in debt
These seven may be fixed in the memory by the follow-
ing sentence:—A man collected ta.xes (^/jercero/;) in ourstreet vesterday, and received frececoirj whatever duties
I owed (^f/eco/r^ : he was an impostor; conceive Tco^fce-
voirj my vexation, when I perceived (^s' appercevoirj
that I was deceived fdecevoirJ,f and that 1 still re-
mained in debt fredevoir.
J
These seven verbs are declined thus
—
Termination of the Infinitive Mood, oir.
Termination of the Present Participle, evant.
Termination of the Past Participle, u.
RECEVOIR, TO RECEIVE. DEVOIR, TO OWE.
P.\RTICIPLES.
Present Tense, rerevant, receivingdevant, owing
Past Tense, Te9U received/ifl, owed
Compciundof the Past Tense, ayant ro^n, liaving receivedayant dfi, liaving owed
• The c takes the cedilla to preserve the soft sound of the ce in
cevoir. Pronounce sppersu, consii, deiru, Jto.
t lusttad of di'ccvoir, theFremli now gvueially use t romper.
48 French Verbs.—3<i Conjugation.
Present Tense,
Past Tense,
INFINITIVE MOOD.
recevoir,
devoir,
avoir reju,
avoir du,
INDICATIVE MOOD.
to receive
to oweto have received
to have ov?ed
J e recois
tu rejois
il re5oit
je recevois
tu recevois
il recevoit
Present Tense.
je (lois
tu dois
il doit
nous recevonsvous recevezils rejoivent
Imperfect Tense.
nous devonsvous devezils doivent
je devoistu devoisil devoit
nous recevions nous devionsvous receviez vous deviezils recevoient ils devoiont
je refus*tu regusil regut
je recevrai
tu recevras
il rerevroit
Perfect or Past Tense.
je dustu dusil dut
nous resumes nous dumesvous refutes vous dutesils re(;urent ils durent
Future Tense.
je devraitu devrasil devroit
nous recevrons nous devronsvous recevrez vous devrezils reoevront ils devront
,ie recevrois
tu recevrois
il recevroit
Conditional Tense.
je devrois
tu devrois
il devroit
nous recevrions nous devnonsvous recevriez vous devriezils recevroient ils devroient
Of tke Present,Of tlie Imperfect,Of the Perfect,Of the Future,Of tlie Conditional,
Compound Tenses.
j'ai regu,
j'avois regu,j' eus regu,j' aurai regu,j' aurois regu,
j' ai duJ'avois duJ' eus duj' aurai duj' aurois du
rejois
qu' il resolve
IMPERATIVE MOOD,
dois
fju' il doirerecevonsrecevez
qu' ils regoivent
devonsdevezdoivent
'Remember that, thouerh before w, the c keeps the soft sound of #.
Pronounce, resus, resut, resumes, resutes, resurent.
French Verbs.—3d Conjugation. 49
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
Present Tense.
que je re^oive
que tu re9oivcs
qu' il resolve
queje re^nsse,
que tu re^usses
qu' il reyut
que je doiveque tu doivesqu' il doive
que nous rece- que nous devious
vionsque vous rcce- que vous deviez
viez
qu" ils re5oivent qu' ils doivent
Perfect or Past Tense.
queje dusseque tu dussesqu' il dut
que nous recus. que nous dussions
siousque vous recus- que vous dussiez
siez
qu' ils re^ussent qu' ils dussent
Of the Present
Of the Perfect,
Compound Tenses.
que j' ale re^u,
que j' eusse reru,
que j' aie du
que j ' eusse du
Jppnroir, to he evulentYn law termj, is used only in
the indnitive, and third person singular of the indicative
;
il appert par uu tel acte, it appears by such an act, &c.
Choir, to fall, chu, fallen.
Udchoir, to decay, dechu, decayed.
Echoir, to expire, to lapse, echu, expired.
Rechoir, to relapse, rechu, relapsed.
Chaloir, to care for.
Comparoir, to appear in a court of justice.
Se condouloir, to condole with
.
Douloir, to grieve.
Ramentevoir, to speak of again,
Souloir, to be wont, to use.
Mouvoir, to move, mu.
Emouvoir, to stir up, to move, emu.
Demouvoir, to make a person desist.
Promouvoir, to promote.
These fifteen verbs are very rarely used except in the
infinitive, and the past participles, given above.
50
EXCEPTIONS OF THE THIRD CONJUGATION.
S' ASSEOIR, TO SIT DOWN.
S* asseyant, sitting down, assis, assise.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
Present Tense.
je m' assieds
tu t' assieds
il s' assied
j« m asseyois
jet' asseyois
il s' asseyoit
je to' assis
tu t' assis
il s' assit
nous nous asseyonsvous vous asseyez
ils s' asseyent
Imperfect Tense.
nous nous asseyions
vous vous asseyiez
ils s' asseyoient
Perfect or Past Tense.
nous nous assimesvous vous aesites
ils s' assirent
Future Tense-
nous nous assierons, or nous nousasseyerons
vous vous assierez, or vous vousasseyerez
ils s'assieront, or asseyeront
Conditional Tense.
nous nous assierions, or nous nousasseyerions
vous vous assieriez, or vous vousassayeriez
ils s' assieroient, or ils s'asseye-
roient
Compound Tenses—je me suis assis, jem' etois assis, je me fus
assis, je me serai assis, je me serois assis.
J e m' assierai , or j e m' asseyeraitu t' assieras, or tu t' asseyeras
il s' assiera, or il s' asseyera
je m' assierois, or je m' asseyerois
tu t' assierois. or tu t' assayerois
il s' assieroit, or tu s' asseyeroit
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
assieds toi,
qu' il s' asseye
que je m' asseyeque tu t' asseyes
qu" il s' asseye
asseyons nousasseyez vonsqu' lis s' asseyent
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
Present Tense,
que nous nous asseyions
que vous vous asseyiez
qu' ils b' asseyent
French Verbs.—3rf Conjugation. 51
Perfect or Past Tense.
que.) em' assisse
que tu f assisses
qu' il s' assit
que nous nous assissions
que vous vous assissiez
qu' ils s' assissent
Compound Tenses—que je me sois assis, que je me fussc assis.
Asseoir, to set down, is declined in tlie same mannerwith a sinjrle pronoun; j'ai assis I'enfant sur une chaise,
I set the child upon a chair.
Rasseoir, to settle, is used only in the infinitive and
the compound tenses; le cafe est hien rassis, the coffee
is quite settled.
Falloir to be necessary, is used only in the third per-
son singular, as a verb impersonal, as follows
—
il faut it is necessary
il falloit it was necessary
il fallut it was necessary
il faudra, it will be necessary
il faudroit, it would be necessary
qu'il faille, that it may be necessary
qu'il fallut, that it might be necessary
il a fallu, it has been necessary
il avoit fallu, it had been necessary
il eut fallii, il aura fallu, il auroit fallu, &c.
Phuioir, to rain, pleuvant, raining, plu, rained, is used
only in the third person singular,
il pleut, it rains
il pleuvoit, it was raining
il pint, it rained
il pleuvra, it will rain
il pleuvroit, it would rain
il a plu, it has rained
and the rest of the compound tenses, with avoir.
qu'il pleuve, that it m ay rain
qu'il pliit, that it might rain
Racotr, to get again, to have again, is used only in
the infinitive ; ravoir mes biens, to have my property
again.
52 French Verbs,—3rf Conjugation.
Pouvoir, to be able ; pourvoir, to provide ; savoir, toknow ; and sursenir, to supersede ; are thus declined
—
pouvoir, pourvoir. savoir, surseoirpouvant, pourvoyant. saehaiit, sursoyantP". pourvu", su, sursisavoir pu, avoir pourvu. avoir su, avoir sursisayant pu, ayant pourvu, ayant su, ayant sursis
INDICATIVE MOOD.
Present Tense.
je puis,* pourvois, sais, sursoistu peux; pourvois, sais, sursoisil pent. pourvoit, sait. sursoitnous jiouvons, pourvoyons, savous, sursoyons.vous pouvez, pourvoyez, savez, sursoyez
sursoientils peuvent pourvofent, savent,
Imperfect Tense.
je pouvois. pouvoyois, savois, sursoyoistu pouvois, pouvoyois savois, sursoyoisil pouvoit, pourvoyoit, savoit, sursoyoit*'nous pouvions. pourroyions savions, sursoyoionsvous pouviez. pourvoyiez, saviez, sursoyoiezils pouvoient, pourvoyoient. savoient, sursoyoient
Perfect or Past Tense.
je pus, pourvus. sus, Bursis
tu pus, pourvus. sus. sursis
il put, pourvut. sut, sursit,
nous pilraes, pourvuraes, sumes, sursimesvous piitcs, pourvutes. sdtes. sursites
ils parent, pourvurent, surent, sursirent
. Future Tense.
jepourrai, pourvoirai, saurai, surseoirai,
tu pourras, pourvoiras. sauras. surseoira*
il pourra. pourvoira, saura. surseoira
nous pourrons, pourvoirons, saurons. surseoirons
vous pourrez, pourvoirez. saurez. surseoircz
ils pourrout, pourvoiront, sauront, surseoiront
Conditional Tense.
je pourrois, pouvoirois, saurois, surseoirois, &c.with the regular terminations of every conditional.
• Or je peux.
French Verbs.—3d Conjugation. 53
Compoufid Tenses.
j'ai pu, I liave been aV>le; j'ai pourvu, I have provided; j'ai su, 1
have known; j'ai siirsis, 1 have superseded ; and the other tenseswith avoir, in the usual manner-
IMPERATIVE IMOOD.
pouvoir hasj pourvois, sache,
no impera- \. qu'il pourvoie, saclie,
live mood. J pourvoyons sachons,pourvoyez, sachez,
qu'ilspourvoient, sachent,
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
Present Tense.
sursois
sursoie
sursoyonssursoyezsursoient
que je puisse, pourvoie. sache. sursoieque tu puisses, pourvoies saches. sursoiesqu' il puisse, pourvoie sache, sursoieciue nous puissions. pourvoyions. sachions, sursoyionsque vous puissiez. pourvoyiez, sachiez, sursoyiezqu' ils puisseut, pounoient. sachent. sursoient
«Perfect or Past Tense.
quejepusse. pourvusse. susse, jursisse,que tu pusses, pourvusses, susses. sursissesqu' il put, pourvut. sut, sursitque nous pusslons, pourvussions sussions, sursissionsque vous pussiez, pourvoyiez, sussiez, sursissiezqu' ils pussent, pourvussent sussent, sursisseut.
Compound Tenses—que j'ai pu, pourvu, su, sursis, &c.
Seoir, to become, to suit, to sit becomingly upon aperson, is used only in the following person.
—
il sied, it is becoming. Plural, ils sicent.
il seyoit, it was becoming. PL, ils seyoient.
il siera, it will be becoming. PL, ils sieront.
il sieroit, it would be becoming. PL, ils sieroient.
qu'il siee, that it may be becoming.
This verb has no compound tenses.
Valoir, to be worth; voir, to sec ; and vouloir, to bewilling, are thus declined:
—
valoir. voir. vouloirvalant, voyant, voulantvalu. vu, voul uavoir valu, avoir vu. avoir vouluavaut vahi, ayant vu iyant voulu
54 French Verbs,—3(/ Conju!>-ation.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
Present Tense.
veuxveuxveut,voulonsvoulez,
veulent
voulois
vouloisvouloitvoulionsvouliezvouloient
voulu.s
voiilus
vottlut
voulOmesvoulutesvoulurent
Future Tense,
je vaudrai, verrai, voudrai, &c.witli the regTilar terminations of every future.
Conditional Tense.
je vaudrois, verrois, voudrois, &cwith the regular terminations of every conditional.
Compound Tenses—J' ai vaUi,j'ai vu,j' ai voulu,&c.
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
je vaux, vois,
tu vaux,il vaut,nuus valons,
vous valez,
ils valent,
vois,
voit,
voyons,voyez,voient,
Imperfect
je valois,
tu valois,
il valoit,
nous valions,
vous valiez,
ils valoient
voyois,voyois,voyoit,
voyions,voyiez,voyoient
Perfect or Pai
je valus, vis,
tu valus,
il valut,
vis,
vit.
nous vairimes,
vous valfltes,
ils valurent,
vimes,vites,
virent.
vaux. VOIS, the only
qu' il vaille voie. sou uvalons. voyons.valez. voyez, veuillez
qu' ils vaillent, voient
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
Present Tense.
que je vaille. voie, veuille
que tu vailles, voies. veuille
qu' il vaille, voie. veuille
que nous valions, voyions, vouhonsque vous valiez. voyiez. vouliez
qu" ils vaillent, voient, veuillent
French Verbs.—3d Conjugation. 55
Perfect or Past Tense.
que je valiisse,
que tu valusses,
qu' il valflt,
que nous valussions,
visse,
visses,
vit,
vissions,
voulussevoulussesvouliit
voulussionsque vous valussiez,
qu' ils ralusseut
vissiez
vissent,
voulussiezvoulussent
Compound Tenses—quej' aievalu, que j' aievu, quej' aie voulu,&c.
The compounds of valoir follow the primitive verb,
except that prevaloir makes prevale, and not prevaille,
in the present subjunctive. The compounds of voir fol-
low the simple verb, except pourvoir, which has been al-
ready given, and preioir, which follows pourvoir, andmakes prevoirai, prevoirois, in the future and conditional,
and not preverrui, preierrois.
The auxiliary verb, avoir, has been already learned in
its place : remember, that when avoir is preceded by the
adverb y, t/iere, it takes the meaning of etre, and be-
comes a verb impersonal, as
II y a, there is; y a-t-il ? is there ; il y avoit, there
was; y avoit-il? was there ? il y eut, there was; y eut-
il ? was there ? il y aura, there will be ; il y auroit,
there would be : qu' il y ait, that there may be; qu' il y
eut, that there might be.
End of Third Conjugation, which contains the
43 verbs in oir.
56
EXEMPLAR OF THE FOURTH CONJUGATION.
Containing 102 Verbs, ending in dre.
Termination of tbe Infinitive Mood, dre.
Termination of the Present Participle, dant.
Termination of the Past Participle, du.
VENDRE, TO SELL.
PARTICIPLES.
Present Tense, vendant, sellingPast Tense, vendu, soldCompound of the Past, ayant vendu, having sold
INFINITIVE MOOD.
Present Tense, vendre, to sell
Past Tense, avoir vendu to have sold
INDICATIVE MOOD.
Present Tense.
je vendstu vendsil vend
nous vendonsvous vendezlis vendent
Imperfect Tense.
je vendois, with the regular terminations of the imperfect.
je Tendistu vendisjl vendit
Perfect or Past Tense.
nous vendimesvous venditesils vendirent
Future Tense.
je vcndrai, with the regular terminations.
Conditional Tense.
je vendrois, with the regular terminations.
French Verbs.—Ath Conjugation. 57
Compound Tenses.
Of the Present,Of the Imperfect,Of the Perfect,Of the Future,Of the Conditional,
j' ai veudiij' avois venduj' eus venduy aurai veuduj' aurois vendu
vendsqu' il vende
que je vende,que tu vendes,qu' il vende,
IMPERATIVE MOOD.vendonsvendez
qu' ils vendent
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
Present Tense.
que nous vendionsque vous vendiezqu' ils vendent
Perfect or Past Tense.
que je vendisse que nous vendissions
que tu vendisses que vous vendissiez
qu' il vcndit qu' ils vendissent
Compound Tenses—que j' aie vendu, que j' eusse vendu.
EXCEPTIONS OF THE FOURTH CONJUGATION.
All verbs in dre are regular, and make dant, du, ia tbe
participles, except
—
1. Those which end \a indre.
2. Those which end in nudre.
3. Tbe verbs prendre, ardre, and sourdre.
FIRST CLASS OF EXCEPTIONS.
Verbs in indre.
There are thirty-two verbs in aindre, eindre, and ohi-
dre, which are all declined alike, as follows :
—
craindre,craip;uaiit,
craint,
avoir craint
avant craint
to fear
fearinif
feared
to have feared
liaviuLT feared
joindre,joi^naut,joint,
avoir joint,
.lyaut joint,
to joinjoiningjoinedto have joinedhavinjj joined
58 Ffench Verbs.—Mh Conjugation.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
Present Tense.
je crains joius
tu crains joins
il craint joint
noQs craignons joignonsvous craignez joignezils craignent joignent
Imperfect Tense.
je craignois, joignois, with the regular terminations of the imperfect.
Perfect or Past Tense,
je craignis
tu craignis
il craignit
joignisjoignisjoignit
nous craignimcs joignimesvous craignites joignites
ils craiguirent joignirent
Future Tense.
je craindrai joindrai, &c.
Conditional Tense.
je craindrois, joindrois, &c.
Compound Tenises~y aicraint,j' ai joint, j' avois craint, j' avois
joint, &c.
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
crains
qu' il craigne
joins
qu' il joigne
craignons joignonscraignez .loignez
qu' ils craignent qu' ils joignent
que J e craigneque tu craignes
qu' il craigne
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
Present Tense.
joigne.loignes
joigne
que nous craignions joignionsque vous craigniez joigniez
qu' ils craignent joiguent
Perfect or Past Tense.
que je craignisse joignisse
que tu craignisses joignisses
qu' il craignit joignit
que nous craignis- joignission»sions
que vous craignis- joignissiez
siez
qu' ilscraignissent joignisseiit
Compound Teiises—que j' aie craint, que j' eusse craint, &c.
French Verbs.—4f/! Conjugation. .59
SECOND CLASS OF EXCEPTIONS.
\'erbs in oudre.
These are three verbs, aud their compounds, viz. ;—
Soudre, to solve, not declinable.
Coudre, to sew.
Moudre, to grind.
Soudre is now obsolete ; instead of it we must employresomlre: absoudre is declined ditferently from resou-
dre, and dissoudre is declined like absoudre.
Abhoudre, to absolve ; absolvant, absolving; absous,
absolved.
Resoudre, to dissolve, solve, and resolve ; resolvant,
resolving, &c.; resolu, resolved; aud sometimes resous,
resolved.
Co'JDKE, to sew; cousant, sewing; cousu, sewed.
Moudre, to grind ; moulant, grinding ; moulu, ground.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
Present Tense.
y absous, resous, couds. moudstu absous, resous. couds. nioudsil absoiit, resout. coud. moudliuus absolvons, resolvoBS, cousons. raoulons
vous absolvez, resolvez. cousez. moulezlis absolveut, resolvent, cousent. moulent
j' absolvois,
Imperfect Tense.
resolvois, cousois, moulois, &c.
Perfect or Past Tense.
Absoudre has no je resolus, cousis, moulusperfect tense. tu resolus, cousis, moulus
il resolut, cousit, inoulut
nous resoliinries, cousinies, luouluuie*vous resoliites, cousites, moulfltes
ils resolureut, cousiront moulurcnt
e2
00 French Verbs.—Ath Conjugation.
y absoudrai,
j' absomlrois,
Future Tense.
resoudrai, coudrai,
Conditional Tense.
resoudrois, coudrois,
The Compound tenses are formed with avoir.
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
SUBJDNCTIVE MOOD.
Present Tense.
quej' absolve, resolve, rouse.
Perfect or Past Tense.
Absoudre que je resolusse, cousisse,
has no que tu resolu.sses, cousisses,
perfect qu' il resolut, cousit,
tense. que nous resolussions consissions
que vous resolussiez cousissiez,
qu' lis resolussent, cousissent,
Compound tenses with avoir.
moudrai, &c.
nioudrois, fscc.
absous. resous, couds, moudsqu' '1 absolve. resolve, couse. moule
absolvous. rtsolvons, cousous, nioulousabsolvez. rcsolvez, cousez. nioulez
qu' i Is absolvent, resolvent, consent, niouleut
moule, &c.
nioulu.sse
nioiilusses
mouliitmoulussionsmoulussieznioulussent
THIRD CL.\SS OF EXCEFflONS.
The Verbs prendre, urdre, nonrdre.
Ardre, to burn, is obsolete : but the French sometimessay, la gorge m' arde, my thront burns; quelejeu Saint
Anloine les arde , may Saint Anthony's fire burn them;which is equivalent to our expression, " plague on 'em."
Soiirdre, to spring, to flow, to gush ont, is used only in
the infinitive and the third persons of the indicative; as,
il sourd, it flows; ils sourdent, they flow.
Prendre, to take, with its compounds, apprendre,
comprendVe, &c. is of very great importance, and mustbe learned quite perfectly.
French Verbs.—Ath Conjugation. 61
Prendre, to take;prenant, taking ; pris, taken ; avoir
pris, ayant pris.
je prends,nous prenons,
je prenois,
nous prenions,
je pris,
nous primes,
je prendrai,
nous preudrons.
je prendrois,
nous pretidrions
INDICATIVE MOOD.
Present Tense.
tu prends,vous prenez.
Imperfect Tense.
tu prenois,
vous preniez,
Perfect or Past Tense.
tu pris,
vous prites,
Future Tense.
tu prendras,vous prendrez.
Conditional Tense.
tu prendrois,
vous preudriez,
il prendils prenneut
il prenoitils prenoient
il prit
ils prirent
il prendrails prendront
il prendroitils pendroieut
Compound Tenses—j' ai pris, j' avois pris, j' eus pris, &c.
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
prenons,
que je prenne,
que nous prenions,
prends,prenez,
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
Present Tense,
que tu prcnnes,que vous preniez.
qu' il prenne,
qu' ils prenneut
qu' il prennequ' ils prenneut
que je prisse,
que nous prissons
qu' il prit
qu' ils prissent
Perfect or Past Tense.
que tu prisses,
que vous prissiez.
Compound Tenses—que j' aie pris, que j' eusse pris.
Observe tbat, in prendre and its compounds, the n
is doubled before e, ev, ent not sounded, as prenne, pren-
iies, prennent.
End of the Fourth Conjugation, -wbich contains the
102 verbs in dre.
E 3
62
EXEMPLAR OF THE FIFTH CONJUGATION.
Containing the 13 verbs ending in nitre.
Termination of the Infinitive Mood, oiire.
Termination of the Present Participle, oissnnt.
Termination of the Past Participle, u.
All the verbs of this conjugation are declined alike,
in the following manner.
Observe, that the dipthong oi is pronounced ai, in
every verb of this conjugation, except croitre, to grow,,
and its compounds.
. CONNOITRE, TO KNOW.
PARTICIPLES.
Present Teitse, connoissant,
Pant Tense, connu,
Compound of the Past, ayant connu,
Present Tense,Past Tense,
INFINITIVE MOOD.
conuoitre,
avoir connu
knowingknownhaving known
to knowto have known
je connoistu connois,
il connoit
je connoissois
tu connoissois
il connoissoit
je connustu connusil connut
INDICATIVE MOOD.
Present Tense.
nous connoissonsvous connoissezils connoissent
Imperfect Tense.
nous connoissionsvous counoissiez
ils connoissoient
Future Tense-
nous connumesvous eonnutesils connurent
French Verbs.—Mh Conjugation. Go
je counoitrai
tu counoitrasil conuoitra
je counoitroistu connoitrois
il counoitroit
Future Tense.
nous connoitronsvous couuoitrezilsj couiioitront
Conditional Tense.
nous connoifrionsvous fonnoitrif
z
ils conuoitroient
Compound Tenses—j' ai connu, j' avois connu, &c.
counoisqu' il connoisse
IMPERATIVE MOOO.
connoissousconiioissez
qu' ils eonnoissent
que je connoisse
que tu conuoisses
qu' il uounoisse
que je connusseque tu coiuiusses
qu' il lonnut
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
Present Tense.
que nous connoissioasque vous connoissiez
qu' ils eonnoissent
Perfect or Past Tense.
que nous connussionsque vous conuussiezqu' ils counusseut
Compound Tenses—riuej' aie connu, que j' eusse connu.
End of the Fifth Conjugation, which contains the
13 verbs in oitre.
eA.
64
EXEMPLAR OF THE SIXTH CONJUGATION.
Containing 26 Verbs, ending in uire.
Termination of the Infinitive mood, uire.
Termination of the Present Participle, uisant.
Termination of the Past Participle, uit.
CONDUIRE, TO CONDUCT.
PAUTICIPLES.
Present Tense, conduisant, conductin;?
Past Tense. conduit, couducted
Compound of Ihc Past, ayant conduit, having- conducted
Present Tense,Past Tense,
INFINITIVE MOOD.
conduire, to conductavoir conduit, to have conducted
je conduistu conduisil conduit
INDICATIVE MOOD.
Present Tense.
nous conduisonsvous conduiseiils conduiseul
Imperfect Tense.
je conduisois
tu conduisois
il conduisoit
je conduisis
tu conduisisil conduisit
je conduiraitu conduirasil conduira
nous conduisiousvous conduisiez
ils conduisoieut
Perfect or Past Tense.
nous conduisimesvous conduisites
ils conduisirent
Future Tense.
nous conduironsvous conduirezils conduiront
French Verhs.—^th Conjugation. 05
Conditional Tense.
jc conduirois ^
li\ oonduiroisil Gonduiroit
, nous conduirionsvous conduiriezlis conduiroient
Compound Tenses—j' nie conduit., j' avois couduis, Stc.
conduisqu' il couduise
que je conduiseque tu conduises
qu' il conduise
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
conduisensconduisezqu' ils conduiscnt
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
Present Tense.
I
que nous conduisionsque vous comluisiez
qu' ils couduisent
que nous conduisissions
que vous conduisissiez
qu' ils conduisissent
Perfect or Past Tense.
que je conduisisse
que tu conduisisses
qu' il couduisit
Compound Tenses—que j' aie conduit, que j' eusse conduit.
Observe, that luire, to sliine, with reluire, and nuire to
hurt, omit the t at the end of the past participle, and
make l/n, relui, nui. Bruire is used in speaking of the
roaring of the sea and wind. The French employ the
participle and the third persons of the imperfect tense
Only ; these arc, brin/nnt, briii/oit, brni/oient.
End of the Sixth Conjugation, which contains the
2C verbs in uire.
66
IRREGULAR VERBS OF VARIOUS TERMI-
NATIONS, AMOUNTING TO 114.
The SIX preceding conjugations contain «// the verbs
of the French Language, except about thirty irregular
verbs, which must of necessity be learned separately.
The compounds of these verbs make iqi the number 114;
but the simple verbs only need be learned, as the com-
pounds are of course declined in the same manner. As
the irregularity falls only upon a few of the tenses, the
learner will not find much difficulty in acquiring these
verbs.
BATTRE, to beat; BOIRE, to drink; OONCLURE,to conclude; CROIRE, to believe ; DIRE, to say.
PARTICIPLES.
Present Tense—battant, ieatinp ; buvant, drinkini/ ; concluant,
concluding; croyant, believinc/ ; disuni, saying.
Past Tense—battu, beaten; bu, dru7ik ; conclu, concluded;
cru, believed ; dit, said.
Compound of the Past—ayant battu, bu, conclu, cru, dit.
INFINITIVE MOOD.
Present Tense—battre, to beat; boire, to drink; conclure, to
C07iclude; croire, to believe; dire, to say.
Past Tense—AVOW battu, bu, conclu, cru, dit.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
Present Tense.
je bats,
tu bats,
11 bat,
nous battons,
vous battez,
ilsbattcnt,
bois, ronclus, crois, dis
bois. conclus, crois, dis
boit. conclut. croit, dit
buvons, concluons, croyous, disons
buvez, roncluez, croyez, ditea
boivent, conclueiit, croyent, disent
Irregular Verbs. <37
Imperfect Tense.
jebattois, liuvois, couclnoi<!, croyois,
with the iuvaiiuble ttrraiuations of the imperfect.
Perfect or Past Tense.
(\isois, Sec.
je battis, bus. couclus, ITU8, dis
tu battis, bus. conchis, crus, (lis
il battit, but. couchit. <rat, dit
nous battimes, bCinies, conoliimes, orrtiues. dimesvous battites, butis, ronch'ites, trrttes. dites
ils battirent, burent. foiiclurent, crureut, dirent
Future Tense.
je battrai, boirai, conclurai, croirai,
with the invariable terminations of the future.
Conditional Tense.
dirai, &c.
je battrois, boirois, concUirois, croirois,
w itli the invariable terminations of the conditional.
(lirois, 4tc.
Compound Tenses—j' ai battu; j' ai bu, j' ai conclu, &c.
IMPERATIVE MOOD.bat.s, bois, roni'lus, crois, dis
M"' il batte. boive, conclue croie. disc
battoiis, buvons, conduons, croyons, disons
battez, buvez, conrluez, croyez, dites
qu' ilsbattent. boivent, conchient, rroient, disent
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
Present Tense.
que jc batte,
que tu battes,
qu' il batte,
<|ue nous battions,
que vous battiez,
qu' ils battent.
boive,
boi ves,
1)oive,
buvions,buviez,boivent,
conc'lue,
conchies,
conclue,coiulu'i'ons
ronchaez,conchient.
croie,
croies,
croie,
oroyioiis,
croyiez,
croieut,
dise
dise»
dise
disiong
disiea
diseut
Perfect., or Past Tense.
conclusse rruspe, disse
couclusses, crusses, di.sses
conclut, cn'it, dit
conclussioBS, crussions, disssions
couclussiez, crussiez, dissiez
conclussent, crussent, dis.'sent
busse,
busses,
but.
que je battisse,
que tu battisses
qu' il battit,
que noun batnssions, bussions,
que vous battissiez, bu-ssiez,
cju' ils baltisscflt, bussent.
Compound Tense—f)ue j' aic and que j' eusse battu, bu, conclu,
cru, dit.
Battri: li.'is nine compounds : abattrc, combattre, <S:c.
all tkclii»e<} like the simple verb.
68 Irregular Verbs.
BoiRE has one compouad : reboire.
CoNCLURE: exclnre, to exclude, is declined like con-clure. Intrure, to intrude, and reclure to sliut up, are
used chiefly in the infinitive and compound tenses.
Obserye, that exclnre makes the past participle exclu,or exclus, for the masculine, and exclue or excluse for
the feminine : intrure makes intrnse ; reclure makes re-
clus, recluse. Hence a nun is called une recluse.
Croire has two compounds, accroire and decroire.
Accroirs is used only in the infinitive, with the wordfaire before it, and requires particular attention. Fuirecroire means to make a person believe a thing that is
either true or false, as it may happen ; hwt faire accroire
means to make a person believe that which is false ; to
impose. S' en faire accroire, means to be self-conceited,
to be arrogant. Decroire, to disbelieve, is used only in
familiar conversation.
Dire has eight compounds, one of which, redire, to
say again, is declined exactly like the simple verb; butthe others make isez, instead of ites, in the second per-son plural of the present indicative and in the imperativemood ; as vous contredisez, you contradict, and not
Tous contredites. Observe, that in maudire, to curse,
the s is doubled when it is followed by any other letters,
as maudissant, maudissois, &c. Conjire, to pickle, is
declined like dire ; circoncire, to circumcise, and sufSre
to suffice, follow the same verb, except in the past ])ar-
ticiple, circoncis, circumcised; feyn. cironcise, and suffi,
sufficed, without feminine.
ECRIRE. to write; FAIRE, to do, to make: LIRE, to
read ; METTRE, to put ; NAITRE, to be born.
PARTICIPLES.
Present Tense—ecrivant, writing; faisant, doing or making ;
I'lsant, reading ; raettiut, putting ; iia.issant, being born.
Past Tense—ecrit, written; fait, done or made; lu, read;mis, put; ne, born.
Compound of the Past—ayant §crit; ayant fait; ayaut lu;ayant misj etant' n6.
* Naitre is flecliued with etre in the compound tenses.
Irreffular Verbs. fiO
INFINITIVE MOOD.
Present Tense—ecrire, fo write; faire, ia do or make; lire, to
read; mettre, to piU; naitre, to be born.
Past Tense—avoir ecrit, fait, lu, mis, ctre ne.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
Present Tense.
y tfris, fais; lis, mets, nais
tu ecris, fais, lis, mets, nais
il ecrit, fait, ht, met, nait
nous ecrivons, faisons, lisons, mettons, naissons
vous ecrivez, faites, lisez, mettt'z, tiaissez
ilsecrivent, font lisent, metteut, naissent
Imperjert Tense.
j'ecrivois, faisois, lijois, raettois, naissois, &c.
Perfect or Past Tense,
j" ecrivis, fis. lus, mis, naquis
tu ecrivis, fis, lus. mis, naqiiis
il ecrivit. fit. lut, mit, nuquit
nous ecrivimes, fimes, lumes, mimes, naquimesvous ecrivites, files, Ifites, mites naquites
lis ecrivirent, fireut, lurent,
Future T,
mirent,
mse.
naquirent
j' ecrirai, ferai, lirai, mettrai. naitrai, Sic.
with the invariable terminations of the future.
Conditional Tense.
j'ecrirois, . ferois, lirois, mettrois, naitrois, &c.
with the invariable terminations of the conditional.
Compound Tenses.
y ai ecrit, fait, lu, mis, je suis ne
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
ecris, fais, lis, mets, nais
qu' il ecrive, fasse, lise, niette, naisse
ecrivons, faisons, lisons, mettons, naissons
ecrivez, faites, li.sez, mettez, nais.sez
qu" ils ecrivent fassent li.«cnt, raettenl, naissent
70 Irregular Verbs.
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
Present Tense.
que j' ecTive,
que tu ecrives,
qu' il ecrive,
que nous ecrivions,
que vous ecriviez,
qu' ils ecrivent,
fasse,
fisses,
fasse,
fassions,
fassiez,
fasseiit,
lise,
lises,
lise,
lisions,
lisiez,
lisent,
mette,mettes,mette,mettions,mettiez,mettent,
naisse
naisses
naisse
naissions
naissiez
naissent
naquissenaquissesnaquitnaquissionsnaquissiezuaquissent
Perfect or Past Tense.
que j' ecrivisse, fisse, lusse, inisse,
que tu ecrivisses, fisses, lusses, misses,qu' 11 ecrivit, fit, liit, misse,
que nous ecrivissions, fissions, lussions, missions,que vous ecrivissiez, fissiez, lussiez, missiez,
qu' ils ecrlvissent, fissent, lussent, missent.
Compound Tenses—que j' aie, quej' eusse ecrit, fait, lu, mis,
que je sois, que je fusse ne.
EcRiRE, has eight compounds; faikk has eleven; all
declined like the primitive verbs. Forfaire, to forfeit, is
used only in the infinitive and compound tenses.
Lire: relire, to read again; elire, to elect; re-elire,
to elect again, are declined like lire: prelire, to read
over previously, is used chiefly iu the infinitive.
Mettre, has twelve compounds, all declined like the
simple verb.
NaItre, has two compounds, declined like the simple
verb.
PAITRE, to graze; REPAITRE to bait, or take foodon a journey; PLAIRE, to please; RIRE, to laugh;ROMPRE, to break.
PARTICIPLES.
Present Tense—paissant, ^roriH^ ; repaissant,iaih';;(;;plaisant,
pleasing; riant, laughing; vom\nnt, breaking.
Past Tense—pu, (no feminine) grazed; repu, baited; plu,
pleased; t\, laughed ; Tompu, broken.
Compound of the Past—ayant pu, repu, plu, ri, rorapu.
Irregular Verbs. 71
INFINITIVE MOOD.
Present Tense—paitre, to graze; repaitre, to bait; plaire, to
please ; rire, to lavgk ; rompre, to break.
Past Tense—avoir pu, repu, plu, ri, rompu.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
Present Tense.
je pais,
tu pais,
il pait,
nous paissons,
vous paissez,
ils paissent,
je paissois, .., , ^ , ,
with the invariable teriniuations of the imperfect.
repais, plais, ris, rompsrepais, plais, ris. rompsrepait, plait, rit, romptrepaissons, plaisons, rions, romponsrepaissez, plaisez. riez, rompi'Zrepaissent, plaisent, rient, rompeiit
ImpeTfect Tense.
repaissois, plaisois. riois, rorapois, &c.
Perject or Past Tense.
paitre has no jerepus, plus,
lierfftt: in- tu repus, plus,
steadof it, the il reput, plut,
French say nous repiimes, pliimes,
jejis paitre, vous reputes, plutes,
ils repurent, plurent,
Future Tense.
jepaitrai, repaitrai, plairai,
with the invariable terminations of the futur
ris, ronipisris, romp is
rit. rorapitrimes. rorapimesrites. rompitesrirent. ronipirent
rirai. romprai, &c.
Conditional Tense.
je paitrois, repaitrai, plairois, rirois,
w ith the invariable terminations &f the conditional.
Compound Tenses—j' ai pu, repu, plu, Stc.
romprois, &c.
IMPERATIVE :M00D.
pai.<!,
qu' il paisse,
])aissons,
paissez
repais,
repaisse,
repaissons,
repaissez.
qu' lUpaissent, repaissent.
plais. ris, rompsplaise. rie. ronipeplaisons, rions. romponsplaisez. riez, rompezplaisent. rient, ronipent
72 Irregular Verbs.
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
Present Tense.
fjueje paisse, repaisse, plaise, rie, rompe, &c.with the invariable terminatidus of the present subjunctive
Perfect or Past Tense.
paitre has no queje repusse, plusse, risse, rompisseperfect sub- que tu repasses, plusses, risses, rompissesjuuctive: in qu' il reput, plut, rit, rompitstead of it, que nous repussions,plussions, rissions, rorapissions
que je fisse que vous repussiez, plussiez, rissiez, rompissiezpaitre. qu' ils repussent, plussent, rissent, rompissent
Compound Tenses—que j' aie, que j' eusse, pu, repu, plu, ri,
rompu.
Paitre: this verb has two compounds ; first, repaitre,
which I have given at full length, because it has tvvo
tenses which paitre has not, viz. perfect indicative andperfect subjunctive. Second, forpaitre, a hunting term,
which means to wander from the covert.
Plaire has two compounds, complaire and deplaire,
they both follow the simple verb. Taire, to conceal, is
declined like plaire: se taire, Io be silent, of course re-
quires etre in the compound tenses. In familiar conver-sation, it answers to the English, to hold one's tongue:
taisez-vous, hold your tongue.
RiRE has one compound, sourire, to smile, whichfollows the simple verb.
RoMi'RE has three compounds; corrompre, interrom-
pre, and derompre, which follow the simple verb. De-rompre is a term of falconry, and expresses the act of a
falcon or hawk striking down its prey. Derompre is
also used by paper makers, to express the act of cutting-
up rags : derompre le chiffon, to cut up rags or linen.
Irregular Verbs. 73
SUWRE, to follow; TRAIRE, to milk; VAINCRE,to conquer ; VIVRE, to lire.
PARTICIPLES.
Present Tense—suivant, following ; trayant, milking; vain,
quant, conquering ; vivant, living.
Past Tense—sui\\, followed ; trait, milked; vaincu, conquered;virii, lived.
Compound of the Past—ayant suivi, trait, vaincu, vecu.
INFINITIVE MOOD.
Present Tense—suivre, to follow ; traire, to milk ; vaincre, toconquer ; vivre, to live.
Past Tense—avoir suivi, trait, vaincu, vecu.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
Present Tense.
je suis
tu suis,
il suit,
nous snirons,
vous suivez,
ils suivent,
trais,
trais,
trait,
trayons,trayez,
traient,
vaincs, vis
vaincs, visvainc. vit
vainquons, vivotwvainquez, vivezvainquent. vivent
Imper/ect Tense.
je suivois, trayois, vainquoia,
tbe invariable terminations of the imperfect.
Perfect or Past Tense.
vivois, Sec. with
je suivis,
tu suivis,
il suivit,
Traire is de-
fective in -
this tense.
vainquis,vainquis,vaitiquit.
' vecusvecusvecut ^
nous suivimes,
vous suivites,
ils suivirent.
vainciuimes,vainquites,vainquireut,
vecumesvecutesvecureat
Future Tense.
je suivrai. trairai. vaincrai. virrai, iccwiththe invariable terminations of the future.
Conditional Tense.
je suivrois, trairois, vaincrois, vivrois, &c.with the invariable terminations of the conditional.
Compound Tentes—j" ai suivi, trait, vaincu, v^u
74 Irrefftdar Verbs.
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
suis, trais, vaincs, vis
qu' il suive, traie, vainque, vive
suivons, trayons, vainquons, vivonssiiivez trayez, vainquez, vivez
qu' ils suivent, traleut, vainquent, vivent
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
Presen t Tense.
que je suive, traie, vainque, vive, Sec. with
the invariable terminations of the present subjunctive.
Perject or Past Tenae.
que je suivisse, Traire lias vainquisse, vecusse
que tu suivisse, no perfect vainquisses, vecusses
qu' il suivit, subjunctive vainquit, vecutque nous suivissions, vainquissions, vecussions
que vous suivissiez, vainquissiez, vecussiez
qu' ils suivissent, vainquissent, vecussent
Compound Tenses—que j'aieand j'eussesuivi, trait, vaiucu, vecu.
SuivRE has three compounds, which all follow the
simple verb : s'ensuivre, to result, to follow, is used only
in the third persons.
Traire, means to draw, when it is compounded, and
has seven compounds : attraire, to draw, to attract, andabstraire, to draw from, to abstract, are but seldom
used ; instead of them, attirer and falre abstraction are
employed.
Vaincre has one compound, convaincre, which follows
the simple verb.
ViVREhas two compounds, revivre andsurvivre, which
are declined like the simple verb.
The following defective verbs complete the enumera-
tion of the irregular verbs:—Br AIRE, to bray, is used only in the infinitive and
the third persons, present tense : il brait, he brays : ils
braient, they bray.
Clorre, to close, and its four compounds, are used
only in the infinitive, the three persons of the present
Irregular yerbs. JS
indicative, the future and conditional, and the compoundtenses, as follow :
Clorrk, to close, to shut: clorre 1' ceil, to close the
eyes, to sleep; clorre le bee, to stop one's mouth, to
pose, te puzzle.
Declorre, to open, to put down a feuce; il a ete con-
damne a declorre son champ, he has been condemned to
pull down the enclosure of his field.
EcLOKRE, to be hatched, to come out, to blow ia
flower; faire eclorre des oiseaux, to hatch birds; le
soleil fait eclorre les fleurs, the sun causes the flowers to
blow.
Enciorre, to enclose; enclorre un champ, to enclose
a field.
FoRCLORRE is a law term, signifying, to debar a per-son from doing a certain act, because the time appointedis gone by : in meaning, forclorre is equivalent to ourforeclose, which is derived from it.
PARTICIPLES PAST.
clos, fem. close, closeddeclos, fem. declose unclosed, openedeclos, fem. eclose hatchedenclos, fem. enclose enclosedforclos, fem. forclose foreclosed
INDICATIVE MOOD.
Present Tense,
je clos, I close, tu clos, thou closest, il clot, he closet
no plural.
Future Tense—je clorrai, I will close
Conditional Tenxe—je tlorrois, I should close
Compound Tenses—j" ai clos, j'avois clos, ice.
Frire, to fry, borrows the verb faire in those tenses
where it is defective; decline it thus:
—
Frire, to fry; faisant frire, frying; frit, fried.
Indicative, Present—je fris, tu fris, il frit, nous fal-
sons frire, vous faites frire, ils font frire. Imperfect—je
faisoii frire. Perfect—jo fi» frire. Fnltire—je frirni.
76 Irregular Verbs.
Conditional^^ frirois. Compound Tenses—j' ai frit,
j' avois frit, j' eus frit, &c.
Imperative Mood—fris, fry thou; qu' il fasse frire, let
bim fry: faisons frire, faites frire, qu' ils fassent frire.
Subjunctive Blood, Present—que je fasse frire. Per-
fect—que je tisse frire.
Recourre, to rescue, is become obsolete. It can be
used only in the infinitive, recourre; the perfect, je re-
courus, and in the compound tenses, j' ai recouru,
j' avois recouru, &c.Tjstre, to weave, is become obsolete : tissu, woven.
The past participle of this verb is borrowed by the verb
tisser, of the first conjugation. Vide p. 33, 1. 8.
End of the Irregular Verbs.
n
OF THE PASSIVE VOICE.*
The French form the passive voice of verbs exactly
as we do in English, with the verb to Be joined to the
past participle. But observe (as is explained at page 30,)'
that the participle, which never changes in the active
voice, must, in the passive, agree in gender and numberwith the nominative case. For the masculine singularthe past participle remains unchanged, as portc. Forthe iMASCULi.NE PLURAL an 5 is added, as portia. Forthe FFMiN'i.\E SINGULAR an e final is added, as jwrtee.
For the femini.ve plukal es is added, as pnrlees.
To form any passive verb, therefore, the learner has
only to decline c/re, lo be, regularly through, from be-
ginning to end, adding to it the past participle of the
verbi and, at the same time, making that participle agree
with the nominative case in number, case, and gender;
e. g.—je suis portc; or, if a female speaks, je suis portce.
tu es porte, or portee.
il est porte, or elle est portee.
nous sommesportes, or portees.
vous ^tes portes, or portees.
ils sont portes, or elles sont portees.
And the same with the other teases.
• Vide page 0, respecting Voice.
78
A TABLE OF THE INVARIABLE TERMINA-
TIONS OF ALL THE FRENCH VERBS.
PARTICIPLES
The Present Participle always ends in ANT.
The Past Participle is variable.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
Present Tense.—The three persons singular of this
tense are variable ; the plural persons invariably end in
DNS, EZ, ENT, cxcept in the vcrbs avoir, etre,faire, uller.
and dire.
Imperfect Tense.—In every French verb the imperfect
tense ends in ois, ois, oit, ions, iez, oient.
Perfect or Past Tense.—The three persons singular of
this tense are variable ; the plural persons always end in
MES, tes, rent.
Future Tense.—This tense always ends ia RAI, HAS,
RA, RONS, REZ, RONT.
Conditional Tense. This tense always ends in
ROIS, ROIS, ROIT, RIONS, RIEZ, ROIENT.Respecting this tense and the imperfect, see the note onthe dipthong oi, at page 34.
IMPERATIVE BIOOD.
The singular persons are variable; the plural persons
always end in ONS, ez, ent.
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
Present Tense.—This tense always ends in e, es, e,
IONS, iEZ, ENT, except in the verbs avoir and itre.
Invariable Terminaliuns. 79
Perfect or Past Tense.—This tense ahvaj'S ends in SSE,
SSES, T, SSION&, SIEZ, SSF.N T. /
Of tliose tenses whioli never vary in termination, as
the imperfect, future, &c. I have frequently inserted only
the first person singular, from which tl»e learner can of
himself easily form the rest of the tense, hy subjoining
the invariable terminations. For instance, at page 43 :
from the fust person singular of the imperfect, je courois,
the scholar, knowing that the imperfect tense of every
verb in the French language ends in ois, ois, oit, for the
three persons singular; and la ions, iez, oient, for the
three persons plural, could not possibly hesitate in
forming the tense je courois, tu courois, il courolt, nous
courions, vous couriez, ils couroient. The same obser-
vation applies to yc courrai, je cuillerois, que je coure,
que je meure, and to the unvarying tenses of any other
verb.
R. Rirhard", Printer, 4R, Crooked Lane.
May be had of
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A NEW FRENCH PRONOUNCING GRAMMAR;Or, The Art of acquiring the French Language with the
most perfect Accent and Pronunciation without the
Assistance of a iVIaster
:
H'ith numerous Dialogues, familiar Phrases, kc. exactly as
thei/ are 'pronounced.
THE
FRENCH GENDERS,TAUGHT IN
SIX FABLES;BEING A PLAIN AND EASY
ART OF MEMORY,BY WHICH THE GENDEKS OF
15,548 FRENCH NOUNSMAY BE LEARNED IN A FEW IIOUUS.
BY W. R. GOODLU C K, Jun.
TWENTIETH EDITZOSJ.
KEVISED AND COURECTED.
Hcntron
:
J. CHAPPELL, ROYAL EXCHANGE.
183J.
PUEFACETO THE SEVENTEENTH EDITION.
In prepariHg for the Press the Seventeenth
Edition of this Work, I avail myself irilh great
pleasure of the opportrinity of eccpressing mythanks for the signal support ivith which it has
been honored, both by teachers and the public in
general ; sixteen editions having been sold in lit-
tle more than Two Years. Causes, ivith ivhich it
is iinneeessary to trouble the Public, have kept the
" French Genders" and " French Verbs" out ofprint for several months. I more particularly
regret this circumstance on account of the incon-
venience which has arisen to the proprietors of the
numerous schools in which they are used.
As I have now transferred both of these Publi-
cations, together ivith the "Help to French,"to Mr. Chappell, 98, Royal Exchange, London,
a bookseller tvhose care and punctuality are well
known, there is no danger of the recurrence ofany similar delay in future.
IV. R. GOODLUCK, Junr.
\Q Februarv, 1830,
PREFACE.
In the publication of this work, which was
\-umposed chiefly for the use of my own schohirs,
1 am influenced by a thorough conviction and
experience of its utility.
Its object is to remove the greatest obstacle to
the acquirement of the French language ; by fix-
ing indelibly in the memory, the Genders of the
French nouns; without a perfect knowledge of
which, it is im[>ossible to speak that language
with even tolerable propriety.
French is now learned by almost every class
of the British youth, and its importance is duly
appreciated. It is a species of universal passport,
a general medium of communication on the con-
tinent. In the foreign tour and the domestic
circle, in war and in commerce, this language is
of incalculable value. In the counting-house
and the camp, in the splendid assembly aiul in
the distant port, those who can write and sjjeak
French possess a decided advantage over those
who cannot.*
* Smollett (George II. chap. XI.) relates, that in the
night which preccfUid tlic battle on the hoiglits ofAbraham
,
General Wolfe and his army, who were sailing down the
dvcrSt. Lawrence in tlie dark, were saved from defeat by
A 2
IV PREFACE.
I am persuaded, therefore, that this little book
will prove generally acceptable; as, b)' a very
plain and easy method, it leads the learner over
the most difficult step to this useful and elegant
acquirement.
The most striking difference between the
English and French languages consists in the
genders of their nouns. In Englisk, we call a
male by the masculine term, he ; a female, by
the feminine term, she; and any thing inanimate
by the neuter term, it. The French likewise
call a male he, and a female she, as we do; but,
by a fault in the genius of their language, they
have no neuter, but call every inanimate thing
either he, or she, making it masculine or femi-
nine; and hence arises the difficulty. A child,
learning French, can see no reason why a chair or
a table should be called she, or why a hinge or
a nail should be called he; these things are nei-
ther males nor females, and it therefore appears
strange to the learner that they should be classed
as masculines and feminines : hut they are so
the readiness of an English officer, who replied so skil-
fully to the challenges of the French sentinels, that they
mistook our troops for a French detachment, and suffered
theiD to pass. The historian remarks, that the conse-
quence of discovery at that moment would have been the
total destruction of the army. Here, then, we see that a
British army was preserved,, a glorious victory gained,
and (Quebec and all Canada secured to England, because
an Englishman had learned French well.
PKEFACE. V
classed, and must be learned correctly. To ac-
con)plisli this is a very g-re.at dilliculty to all ]>er-
sons learning French ; it is extremely trouble-
some to pupils even of the quickest talents and
most retentive memory, who learn from the
French grammars now in use. Though some of
them are extremely well-arranged for grammati-
cal instruction in other respects, in regard to the
genders they are entirely destitute of any con-
trivance to assist the memory; while the almost
endless lists of rules and exceptions are fit only
to harass and discourage learners of even the
readiest abilities. So impracticable are these
rules, that I have known masters to recommend
their pupils to go completely through the French
dictionary, and copy out all the nouns, prefixing
the gender to each ; a labour of weeks ; and I
much question whether a twentieth part of them
would by that method be fixed in the mind, un-
less the copying was many times rei)eated : and,
even afterall that trouble and consumption of time,
the pupil, being without any certain rules, would
seldom feel an absolute confidence in the cor-
rectness of his memory.
To obviate the necessity of this disheartening
labour on the one hand, or recurrence to a con-
fused labyrinth of insufficient rules on the other,
the learner is here furnished with a plain "AnxOP MiiMORV," from which I am convinced that
a3
VI PREFACE.
the genders of all tlie French nouns may be
learned in a few hours ; and learned so as never
to be forgotten. I feel the more confident onthis point, as a French teacher of great experi-
ence, who has taught French in England during
the last 42 years, and to whom I explained ray
plan, assured me that many natives of France
would derive great benefit from this book in
fixing the genders in the memory. I offer it,
therefore, to the public in general, and to teach-
ers in particular, with a certainty that it will
fully answer the purpose desired; and, by putting
within the reach of all, what has hitherto been
scarcely attainable by any, it will be found
equally beneficial to the teacher, the pupil, and
the adult.
Knowledge and learning cannot be acquired
without exertion : those who aspire to possess
these distinctions must prove by industry and
perseverance that they deserve them: but muchmay be done to assist the memory by art and
method: and it is the duty of every teacher to
render the path of improvement as smooth as
possible.
W. 11. GooDLucK, Jun.
June 8th, 1826.
INTRODUCTION.
The system by -wlncli the genders of the
French nouns may be most readily and firmly
fixed in the memory, begins by classing them
by their final syllables. Thus, there are 643
nouns ending in cr, which are all masculine
except two: there are 144 ending in oir, all
masculine without a single exception : 70 in
al, 24 in ais, and 83 in ard, all masculine with-
out exception : and 305 in et, all masculine
except one word. Therefore, if these six
endings can be fixed in the memory, as mascu-
lines, the learner Avill knoAv the genders of 1,269
nouns.
But the difficulty is to remember long lists
of terminations, and to fix in the mind the gen-
der of each. There are many grammars Avhere
whole pages are filled with terminations and
exceptions; but they contain nothing to assist
the memory ; no clue by wliich the ending
is connected to its own ])articular gender.
Those who learn from these books, may per-
haps remember that all nouns ending in ais
are of the same gender; but, there being no
guide or catchword to assign ais to the mascu-lines, they must be continually in doubt.
My plan to help the memory is this : I have
iiitioduccd the masculine endings into three
rallies, the actors in which fables arc inascu-
8 GENDERS OF
line ; every noun in these three fables is mas-culine ; and no nouns are admitted into thembut such as give the rules. Thus, the endingsmentioned above are given in the first fourlines of the first fable, wliich ji pupil can easilylearn in half an hour, and will thus acquire thegenders of five thousand seven hundred andforty French nouns.
Le Cheval et le Sanglier.
Un sangUer, fier de son ponvoir,Prenant lefrais dans un bosquet,Uencontra, un beau soir,
Par hazard, un bidet.
Here the Avord cheval will fix the nouns in al
;
sanglier, those in er; and so of the rest. Hav-ing learned these fables by heart, perfectly,
which, as there are only three in number, maybe accomplished in a very few honrs, the pupil,
when he meets with a noun ending like anyone of those nouns given in the fables, will
easily ascertain the gender by recurring to theguiding word: for instance, if he wants to usea word ending in ais, or in ard, he Avill immedi-ately call to mind the word frais or hazard,and, remembering that those nouns occur in thefable with masculine actors, viz., a tvild boar, ahorse, and a man, he will decide at once andwith confidence tliat ais and ard are masculineterminations, and that the word he wants to useis masculine. The feminine endings, being inlro-
FRENCH NOUNS. 9
(luced in three fables, having a female speakerin each of tliem, and every noun in them femi-
nine, will be fixed in the memory in the samemanner. The exceptions, which are not verynumerous, must be learned by heart. Thepupil must remember that the nouns onlygive the rule ; they are printed in italics to bemore easily observed : but, of course, a personlearning French cannot be so ignorant of gram-mar as to find any difficulty in distinguishing the
substantives from the other parts of speech.
In the perusal of these fables I trust that the
reader will remember, that, as the plan requireda certain number of endings to be introducedwith connection in a fable, all the masculinesbeing in one place, and all the feniinines in
another, there could be little choice as to wordsand phrases. This ought to disarm all criticism
against the construction of the lines and sen-
tences.
For the peculiarity and oddity of some of the
lines, 1 shall make no apology, as the practice
of Von Feinagle in his admirable " Art of
Memory," and the experience of all who haveformed systems to aid the memory, agree in
proving that eccentric, quaint, or, as they maybe cfilled, out of the icaj/ expressions, are muchmore easily fixed in the recollection than senten-
ces unmarked by any peculiarity.
FIRST MASCL'LINE FABLE :
Which gives the Gender of 5740 Nouns.
Le Ciieval et t,e Sanglieu.
l;n sangUer, (1) fier de son pouvnir, (2)
Prenant \e frais (3) dans un hosqnet, (4)
Rencontra, un beau soir,
Par hazard, (5) un bidet.
" Ho! }naraud," (6) dit-il, enfurieiuv, (7)" Qui te rend si audacieux?
Que fais-tu ici, malotrti?" (8)" Oh rien!" (9) " Rien, dis-tu!
Je suis le roi (10) et le maitre (11) ici, Pardi
!
De Juin (12) a Mai, (13) de Mercredi a
Mardi; (14)
Et si, dfes V instant, (15) sans dire mot, (IG)
Tu ne tournes pas le dos, (17)
i'rt// (18) je te mangerai comme un gigot.''
Le cheval, (19) en ce cas, (20)
Retourna sur ses pas
;
Vite, comme de lait (21) ou de vin, (22) uu
ocean (23)
(^oule dans teslomac (24) d'un gourmand : (25)
A.ussi vite qu'un oiseau (26) ou le vent. (27)
Notre clievalj enfuribund, (28)
Pour se venger de cet affront, (^29)
12 GENDERS OF
A Vhomme (30) s'adressa,
Et son antagoniste (31)'Iui nomma.
"Oui," dit riiomme, " mais un mord, (32)
un licou (33)
II faut te mettre sur le ecu."
II n'aime point le licou
;
Et il croit que le frein (34)
N'a pas le bon gout (35)
De Yherbage (36) ou du grain. (57)
N^anmoins il part, et dans le viandis (38)
II trouve son ennemi.
Plein de courage et dejiel, (39)
Comme Vedair, (40) feu (41) du ciel,
lis s'^lancent sur le tyran
;
Et le chasseur (42) mort I'etend.
Le cheval le remercie,
Avec beaucoup d^esprit: (43)
"Et maintenant que j'ai mon hut, (44)
Adieu !" dit-il ; mais I'honime I'arrfite d'un refns!
(45)" Non! non! raon pauvre fou,
J'ai besoin (46) de vous,"
Dit le chasseur; et puis
II I'entraine au logis.
Ainsi Vorgueil (47) et I'outrage
Furent punis dans le sanglier:
Et le cheval par un dur esclavage,
Paya cher le plaisir (48) de s'6tre venge.
FRENCH NOUNS. 13
NOTES TO THE FIRST MASCULINEFABLE.
1. SangUer. Tliere are 643 noiins ending in
er, all masculine except la mer, the sea, and unacuillei*, a spoon. I recommend those learners,
who are advanced beyond childhood, to fix all
exceptions in the memory, by forming- them into
short sentences, after the manner of Feinagle,
in his "Art of Memory," For instance, theymight sa.\',the man who attempts to learn loithont
method, is like one ri'ho tries to empty the seawith a spoon: vider la nier avec une cuiller.
After which it is scarcely possible that the wordsmer and cuiller could enter the mind, withoutbeing remembered as exceptions.
2. Pouvoir. There are 144 words in oir all
masculine.
3. Frais. 24 in ais all masculine.
4. Bosquet. 303 French nouns end in ct:
the only one feminine is une for6t, a forest.
5. Hazard. 83 in urd are all masculine.
6. Maraud. 22 ending in aud, all mascu-line.
7. FurieuA'. The learner will observe that
tliis adjective is here used as a substantive.
—
French adjectives are very frequently made sub-
stantives. There are fifty nouns in <'//.?', all
masculine.
8. Malotru. There are 49 nouns in n, of
wliich gill, birdlime, tribu, a tribe, and vertu
K
14 GENDERS OF
virtue, are feminine. Bru, a daughter-in-law, is
feminine of course. Words which are mascu-
lines or feminines absolute, as designating males
and females, it is not necessary to except parti-
cularly, as their gender must be immediately
obvious.
9. Rien. 78 i" ^^h all masculine.
10. Roi. Of 24 in oi, loi and foi, law and
faith, are the only feminines, except parol, a wall,
which is chiefly used in the plural, parois.
11. Ma'itre. 3 in o<<re, masculine.
12. Juin. 1 in uin, masculine.
13. Mai. 17 in «J, all masculine.
14. Mardi. There are 98 nouns in i; of
which the feminines are merci, mercy, fourmi,
an ant, and I'apres midi, the afternoon.
15. Instant. 123 in ant, many of which are
participles converted into substantives, are all
masculines.
16. Mot. Of 102 in ot, the only feminine
is la dot, the marriage portion.
17. I^os. 12 in OS, all masculine.
18. Fat. 128 in at, all masculine.
19. Cheval. 69 in «7, all masculine.
20. Cas. 68 in as, all masculine.
21. Lait. 15 in ««7, all masculine.
22. Vin. Of 239 in in, fin, the end, is the
only exception, with catin, a feminine absolute.
23. Ocean. 95 in an, all masculine.
24. Estomac. 21 in ac, all masculine.
25. Gourmand. 13 in and, all masculine.
26. Oiseau. Of 226 nouns in au, peau, the
sldn, and eau, water, are the only feminines : re-
member these tv.o exceptions by this sentence ;
in Spain skins are used to carry water.
FRENCH NOUNS. 15
27. Vent. Of 710 nouns in rut, gent, a'
nation, and dent, a tooth, are the only feniinines:
with jument, a mare, of course,
28. Furihond. 10 in and, all masculine.
29. Affront. 6 in ont, all masciiUne.
30. Homme. There sre 13 in omme, of
which BOiume, a sum, gomme, gum, and porame,
an apple, are feminine. Somme, a sleep or nap,
is masculine : vide page 54 line 3.
31. Antagoniste. Of 151 in iste, piste, a foot-
step, batiste, cambric, liste, a list, and baliste,
an immense Roman cross-bow, are feminine.
32. Mord. 13 in ord, all masculine.
33. Licou. 41 in on, all masculine.
34. Frein. 9 in cin, all masculine.
35. Gout. 23 in ont, all masculine.
3G. Herbage. There are 374 nouns in age,
of which the following are feminine: rage, male-
rage, rage, image, an image, page, a page of a
book, cage, a cage, nage, the act of sailing, am-bages, doubtful expressions, plage,the sea shore,
and passeragc and saxifrage, the names of plants.
The two last are seldom used.
37. Grain. Of 06 in ain, la main, the hand,
is feminine ; it takes its gender from the Latin
manus.38. Viandls. Of 127 in ^S souris, a mouse,
vis, a screw, brcbis, a sheep, (leur de lis, a lily,
and chauve-souris, a bat, arc feminine; as are
Iris and Themis, of course, as females,
39. Fiel. 45 in el, all masculine.
40. Eclair. 17 in ««>, all masculine, except
la chair, the flesh, which is derived from, and
follows the Latin caro, carnis.
41. Feu. 30 in eu, all masculine.
n 2
16 GENDERS OF
42. Chasseur. As words of this ending occur
very frequently, the learner must he quite per-
fect in this note. There are 1234 words in
etir, all masculine hut (>7 ; hut, though the ex-
ceptions ai"e so numerous, they may be learned
in two tiiinutes. Remember that, ed'cept eight,
all the masculine nouns in eiir designate menin their actions or trade, and are derived fromverbs, or Latin nouns in or, as parleur, jaseur,
acteur, lecteur, &c. The eight masculines in
enr, which do not designate men, are equa-
teur, labeur, heur, luck, and its compounds,bonheur, malheur, with honneur, deshonneur,
and pleurs, tears. Therefore, whenever the
learner meets with a word in enr, which ex-
presses a living creature, he must rememberit is masculine: and if it does not express a
living creature, it is feminine, if it he not one
of the eight masculines mentioned above. The67 feminines in eur express properties and qua-
lities, as laideur, ugliness, hauteur, height,
rongeur, redness, 8cc. Let the learner copy out
this note three or four times, that he may retain
and understand it thoroughly: it is of great con-
sequence, as the termination eur occurs so very
frequently.
43. Esprit. 44 in it, all masculine.
44. But. 22 in nt, all masculine.
45. Refus. 34 in us, all masculine.
46. Besoin. 15 in oin, all masculine. Thereader will observe, that I could not well in-
clude oin in the rule of in, ait in the rule of it,
&c. as, though the gender and two final letters
are the same, the pronunciation is so different,
FRENCH NOUNS. 17
that the memory wouhl not easily refer hesoin
to vin, or lait to esprit.
47. Orgueil. 17 in cU, all masculine.
48. Plaisir. 17 in "*» all masculine.
The learner will observe, that though, in
these fables, a termination is sometimes rejjeated,
yet none are to be found hut such as give the
rule; therefore, the repetition will help, rather
than confuse the memory: thus, for a word
in ot or age, if mot and herbage do not instantly
occur to tiie mind as the guiding word, gigot anil
courage very probably may : and so of the rest.
s J
18 GENDERS OF
SECOND MASCULINE FABLE:
Which gives the Gender of 1470 Noims.
Les deux Militaires et l'Ours.
Diiuxfils (1) de Mars, (2) frais et gaillai'ds,
Pour voyager prirent leur depart; (3)
Et firent entr'eux le marche (4)
De mutucllement s'assister.
Au d^clin du ;o?<r, (5)
lis entendent un grand bruit; (6)
Et, en Imrlant, un ours (7)
D'un bois (8) sortit.
11 vient droit Jl nos militaires ; (9)
Us ne peuvent fuir, et que faire?
Un d'eux, Idger et dispos,
Laisse son conipagnon (10) seul;
Et, s'elan^ant d'un saut, (11)
Grimpe sur un tilleul. (12)
L'autre, qui toujours le rusbif {\^) ainia,
Et qui buvait comme un Czar, (14) ou un
Bacha, (15)
Et qui ^tait aussi gras et gros
Qu'un nioine, (16) ou qw'un popjilo, (17)
Dans un sillon (18) s'etendit,
Tout de son long; (19) et le mort (20) contrefit.
FRENCH NOUNS. 19
L'ours s'approcbe en coiirrou.v ; (21)Mais il manque son coup; (22)Car, en lui flairant le corps, (23)II prend uotre homme pour un mort.
Et, corame aux cadavres (24) il ne touche pas,
Grognant coninie un clogue, (25) il s"en va.
Le inatamnre (26) de Wirbre (27) descendit,
Et demanda ce que l'ours avait dit
;
'• Car, du haut," dit-il, " j'ai observ^,
Que de pres il semblait te parler.''
" Oui ! il m'a uverti," lui dit-il,
" Que celui, qui deserte son ami
Dans le temps (28) du peril, (29)N'est digne que de mepris.''
20 GENDERS OF
NOTES TO THE Sl^COND MASCULINEFABLE.
1. Flls. There are 6 nouns in ils, all mascu-line.
2. Mars. 7 in cirs, all masculine.
[\. Depart. Of 24 in art, hart, a halter,
part, a part, and its compounds quotepart and
plupart are the only feminines.
4. Marchc. The learner must take particular
notice, that nouns ending in e with the acute
accent, are to be divided into tico classes: viz.
1st, those which end in t^, as bonte, beaut^,
&c. ; and 2d, those where the final ^ is preceded
by some other letter than t, as marche, cure,
abbe, c&U, &c. It is only -with the latter class
we have to do in this place, as t^ is a feminine
ending-, and is noticed in note 20 of the first fe-
minine fable, at the word beaute.
Remember, therefore, that every one of the
354 words ending in ^ with the acute accent,
not immediately preceded by t, is masculine, ex-
cept these four feminines, piti^, pity, moiti^,
moiety, amiti6, friendship, and inimitie, hatred;
which may be fixed in this sentence—c'est grand
pitie quand un horame change Vamitie qu'il
avait pour sa moitie en inimitie.
5. Jour. Of 28 in o?<r and 6 in nr, all are
masculine except cour, a court, and its com-
pounds, and tour, a tower, a castle at chess :
tour, a turn, a trick, a turner's tool, is mascu-
line: vide page 54.
FRENCH NOUNS. 21
6. Bruit. Of 15 in itit, miit, night, is the
only feminine: 7H/;n<?7, midnight, is masculine.
7- Ours. There are 11 in ours, all mascu-line. S sounds in un ours.
8. Bois. Of 20 in ois, the only feminine is
fois, a time : as three times, four times, &c.9. Militaire. There are 198 words in aire.
They are all masculine, except 11 names of
plants, as zedoaire, &c. and affaire, husiness,
aire, a floor, glaire, the white of an egg, paire,
a pair, gramraaire, grammar, chaire, a pulpit,
jugulaire, the jugular vein, haire, and statuaire.
10. Compagnon. As ahout one-ninth part of
the French substantives end in on, the learner
must be very exact in their genders. Theyare subdivided into four classes, nouns in ion
and aison, Avhich belong to the feminines, and
illon and on, which belong to the masculines.
—
For illon, see note 18 of this fable. Of those
which end in oi {^without being in ion, aison, and
illon), there are 405. These are all masculine,
except four designations of women, as laideron,
&c. and the following 14, which I have formedinto a sentence, to help the memory. Cet homme,e\\ pamoisnn, qu'on entraine en ;j/v'50» avec des
mandissons, a commis une trahison : car on I'en-
voya pour acheter du ble dans la inoisson, pour
en fournir lifoison toute la garnison; mais sui-
vant sa^rt^oM, il d^pensa tout en hoisson et chan-
sons. II a vendu sa toison pour sa ran^ou.
Cette le<,on doit Ctre sa guirison. The excep-
tions in 071 are in italics.
11. Saut. 14 in ant, all masculine.
12. Tilleul. 10 in etd, all masculine.
22 GENDERS OF
13. Roshif. Roast-beef. The French also
say un rosbif d'agneau, a roasted quarter of
lamb. There are 47 in if, all masculine.
14. Czar. 9 in ar, all masculine.
15. Bacha. The 65 nouns in a are all words
adopted from other languages : they are all mas-
culine, except, s^pia, bandora, talpa, falaca,
vinula, ara, and ])olenta.
16. Mohie. Of 12 in oine, all are masculine,
except the names of plants and stones.
17. Popido. Of 43 in 0, mostly borrowed
from the Italian, the only exception is virago,
which is feminine, of course, as denoting a fe-
male.
18. Sillon. 44 in Won, all masculine without
exception : vide page 21, note 10.
19. Lo7ig, 2 in otig, both masculine.
20. 3fo7t here means a dead man. La mort,
death, is the only feminine of 21 in ort.
21 . Courromv. Of 9 in ou.v, toux, a cough,
is the only feminine.
22. Coup. 5 in oup, all masculines.
23. Corps. 2 in orps, both masculine.
24. Cadavres. 2 in owre, both masculine.
25. Dogue. Of26inoo-Ke, the only femi-
nines are drogue, ^glogue, vogue, synagogue,
and pirogue, a canoe.
26. Mutamore. Of 19 in arc, mandragore,
m^'taphore, aurore, and pdcore, are feminine.
27. Arhre. 3 in arbre, all masculine.
28. Temps. 8 in emps, all masculine.
29. Phil. 52 in tV, all masculine without
exception.
FRENCH NOrXS. 23
THIRD MASCULINE FABLE:
IVIilch gives the Cender of 694 Noiois.
L'AviDE (1) tromp^ et puni.
A un Arahe, (2) esclave (3) ll Rome, (4) on avait
dit
Que, dans un chiotaphe, (5) il y avait un tresor:
(6)
Vers le minuit, il s'y introduit,
Croyant y gagner un kilogramme (7) d'or.
Uu sac de cuir (8) pesant il y trouva.
Que tout joyeux il emporta:
Mais il trouva du mecompte (9) quand il I'exa-
rainait
;
Car, au lieu de I'or qu'il attendait,
II n\v trouve que nomhre (10) de Lares (11) de
plomh (12)
Et de cuivre, (13) auxquels les prfitres de RomeDes dieux des atres (14) donnaient \cnom. (15)
Ije.s parens (16) du di'fnnt, (17) iniornu's du sa-
crilege,
Entrainorent Ic coupahle (]S) devant le siege (19)
24 GENDERS OP
Du consul (20) de Rome, des juges (21) un
prodig-e ; (22)
Qui dit, " \ebien-itre (23) dn public (24) exige
Que ce vol (25) d'iconoclaste (2G) soit puni;
Et que iJingt (27) coups de baton soient le prLv
(28)^ ^
D'avoir m^prise I'asile (29) des morts,
Et les emblemes(30) des dieux que Rome adore.''
Par le travail (31) du ministre (32) et du disciple
(33) du droit,
Le hclitre (/34) souffre avec stoicisme (35) le
chatiment de son exploit: (36)
Et a ses compagnons dit de sangfroid, (37)
"i]/<?.'?s/r<?.'?/(3S)avant de couriraucun risque^{3d)
sacliez pourquoi I"
FRENCH NOUNS. 25
NOTES TO THE THIRD MASCULINE
FABLE.
1. Avide. There are 38 nouns in j(^<? : thefeminines are ride, a wrinkle, bride, a bridle,
i^uide, a rein, with egide, pyraniide, cantharide,
heraorroides, and cycloide.
2. Arube. Of 12 in abn, all are masculinebut Souabe, Suabia, and syllabe, a syllable:
by a singularity, the compounds of syllabe, as
monosyllabe. &c. are masculine.
3. Esclave. Of 19 in rtue, the feminines are
cave, a cellar, rave, a radish, with octave, bave,entraves, and (^'paves, strayed animals.
4. Rome. 27 in ome, all masculine.5. Chiotaphe, Of 31 in aphe, all are mas-
culine except ^pigraphe, epitaphe, orthographe.6. Tresor. 12 in o;*, all masculine.
7. Kilogramme, there are 19 nouns in
(iinme : of v.hich all that do not end in grammeare feminine, as are anagramme, and epigramrae.
8. Ciiir. 1 in nir, masculine.
9. Mecnmpte. 7 in ompte, 2 in omtc, all
masculine.
10. Nombre. 9 in ombre, all masculine ex-cept ombre, shade.
11. Lares. The Lares were, among the Ho-mans, household gods, or gods of the fireside;
whfM-f! small metal images of them, a few ii\ches
c
26 GENDERS OF
long, were placed. They were so called fromLar, home. Of 19 nouns in arc, the feniinines
are cithare, tare, fanfare, and tiare.
12. Plornh. 4 in omb, all masculine.
12. Cuivre. Of 8 in iiu-e, livre, a poundweight, also a piece of money, is the only femi-
nine: livre, a book, is masculine: vide page 50.
14. yltre. 20 in aire, and G in artre, all
masculine, but finatre, bad silk, chartre, martre,
and dartre,
15. Nom. 7 ill om, all masculine.
16. Parens. 11 in ens, all masculine.
17- Defunt. 3 in nnt, all masculine.
18. Coiipahle. 20 in able, all masculine ex-
cept fable, table, and etable.
19. Siege. 12 in ege, all masc. but allege.
20. Consul. 8 in 7il, all masculine.
21. Juge. 10 in uge, all masculine.
22. Prodige. Of 15 in ige, tige, the bodyof a tree, and volige, a thin board, are feminine.
23. Bien-ctre. Of 36 in ctre, gu6tre, a
gaiter, and fenfetre, a window, are the only fe-
niinines.
24. Public. 10 in ic, all masculine.
25. I^ol. 19 in nl, all masculine.
26. Iconoclaste, from two Greek words, sig-
nifies a breaker and despiser of sacred imag-es.
Of 10 in aste, and 6 in astre, all are masculine,
except caste, a tribe, and haste, a dart, whichfollows the Latin hasta, a javelin.
27. Vingt. I in int. Le vingt de se mois.
28. Pria?. Of 1 1 in ?>,perdrix, a partridge,
is the only feminine.
29. Jsilc. I have taken a license to call a
FRENCH NOUNS. 2/
cenotaph '^ asilc nes mm'ts :" but it means an
empty tomb. Of 26 in He, the feminines are
pile, vigile, ilc, bile, file, huile, tuile, and their
compounds. The learner must distinguish Hefrom ille, which belongs to the feminines.
30. Emblhnt^. Of 36 in em^, br6me, cr6me,
and trirfime are feminine, and a sequence at
piquet, as la septifeme. AVhen part or share is
spoken of, the numerals become nouns masculine,
as, un douzit-me, a twelfth part.
31. Travail. 24 in ail, all masculine.
32. Ministrc. 5 in istrc, all masculine, as
are 6 in astre, 4 in nstre, and 7 i" estre, except
orchestra. Bistre, a paint, is doubtful.
33. Disciple. 4 in iple, all masculine.
34. Bi'Utre. Of 19 in itre, vitre, a window,dpitre, mitre, litre, and huitre, are feminine.
35. Stoicisme. 110 in «««?, all masculine.
36. E.vploit. 10 in oi7, all masculine.
37 Sangfroid. 2 in oid, and 2 in oids, all
masculine.
38. Messires. 20 in ire, all masculine ex-
cept cire, satire, mire, ire, and H(?gire.
39. Risque. 6 in isque, all masculine ex-
cept bisque, an advantage, and brisque, a gameat cards.
The i)upil, having learned the three preceding
fables by heart, and read the notes with atten-
tion, will know the genders of 7904 masculine
nouns. I will add two easy rules, which give
3/7 more, and there will then remain only a few
masculines in e mnte, which, by those who wish
to be very exact, may be learnt separately.
c2
28 GENDERS OF
RULE I.
There are 310 nouns which end with aCONSONANT, and are of terminations different
from all those given in the six fables. These310 nouns are all masculine, except faim, hun-ger, paix, peace, chaux, lime, clef, a key,mceurs, manners, soif, thirst, croix, a cross,
noix, a nut, poix, pitch, voix, the voice, andLa Toussaint, All Saints' day. Remember,therefore, that the guide to this rule is tlie final
letter being a consonant.
RULE II.
There are Qi^ nouns of which the last vowel
that sounds is a Y : these are all masculine,
except a few words seldom used, viz. hydre,
clepsydre, idylle, sibylle, hymne,* a Christian
hymn, lymphe, lymph, crypte, lyre, martyre,
a female martyr, analyse, and amethyste. Addto these exceptions myrrhe, myrrh, which is also
feminine.
* Note that hymne, a hymn, when used in speaking of
a religions song of the ancients is masculine : but whenit is used to designate a religious song of Christians, it is
feminine.
FRENCH NOUNS, 29
Masculine Words in e Mttte, not comprehended
in the preceding Rules.
Un vestibule, a ball
Un scrupule, a doubtUn pendule, a pendulumLe crepuscule, twilight
Un globule, a small globe
Le Sucre, sugar
Un microscope,a microscope
Un telescope, a telescope
Un soliloque, a soliloquy
Un divorce, a divorce
Un orme, an elmUn poste, a post
Un pouce, a thumbUn tube, a tube
Le coude, the elbowLe rouge, rougeLc comble, the height
Un ongle, a nail or clawUn insecte, an insect
Un dialecte, a dialect
Un spectre, a spectre
Un remede, a remedyUn cedre, a cedar
Un siecle, an age
Le r^gne, the reign
Un signe, a sign
Un labyrinthe, a labyrinth
Un philtre, a potion
Un chitrrc, a cipher
Un trone, a throne
Un code, a codeLe pcriode, the height
Un carosse, a carriage
Un poeme, a poemUn cofFre, a trunk
Le linge, linen
Le bronze, bronzeUn vignoble, a vineyard
Un cloitre, a monastery
Un sabre, a sabre
Un candclabre, a chandelier
Le sacre, the consecration
Un acte, an act
Un pacte, a compactLediaphragme,thediaphragmUn aigle, an eagle
Le vinaigre, vinegar
Un glaive, a swordL'ambre, amberLe blame, reproof
Un drame, a play
Le camphre, camphorUn cancre, a crab
Le change, changeL^n melange, a medleyUn angle, an angle
Le manque, wantLe chanvre, hempUn vacarme, an uproar
Vn charme, a charmUn cigarre, a cigar
Un masque, a maskUn casque, a helmet
Un asthme, an asthmaUn saule, a willow
Un aune, an aider-tree
Un royaume, a kingdomLe baume, balmUn psaumc, a psalmL'axe, the axis
Le luxe, luxuryUn buste, a bust
Un muscle, a muscle
Vn volume, a volumeUn rliume, a cold
Le rostumc, dress
Lc cuke, worship
Un turaulte, a tumult
3 c
30 GENDERS OF
These 78 nouns, with all those (31) ending in
aclc, asme, tiple, oxe, and ordre, complete the
enumeration of the masculines, which amount to
8415, including 182 designations of men, ending
in e mute, as apotre, an apostle, oncle, an uncle,
and the like, which it was entirely unnecessary
to mention, as respecting their gender there can
he no doubt.
END OF THE MASCULINE.
FRENCH NOUNS. 31
FIKST FEMININE FABLE :
Wkich gives the Gender of 4059 Nouns.
L'Attente de^ue.
Une jeune^//e (1) avait une donzaine (2)De belles tasses (3) de porcelaine,
Avec des coupes, (4) etdes petites cruches, (5)Des ventouses (6) et d'autres franfreluclies,
Que sur sa tete (7) ^ la ventc, (8)Portaitla jolie debitante. (9)" Je les vendrai," dit-elle en reverie, (10)"Et une chance (II) ?i la loterie
Puis j'acheterais
Avec la monnoie. (12)
Et de certitude {\3) certaine, grande/or/H/i6'(14)
je gagnerai
;
Parceque la dernifere lune je I'ai rfiv^:
Et riche alors, et bien raise,
J'aurai une mo7it)'e{\5)comme une marquise. (\6)Done j'irai a la danse ; (17)Ettous nie feront la reverence. (18)'Quelle <at7^e/'(19)dira.t-on. 'quelle heaute r{2Q)Et puis on me priera si danser."'
Pleine de la vanite
Dp octte fau6Be id<e, (21)
32 eBNDERS OF
Elle secoua la tete; et tout h, Vheure (22)
Arriva une terrible mesuventure: (23)
Cette sccousse (24) detruisit la b^elle creation (25)
I)e son imagination :
Sa marcliandise est cassee il sa vue ; (26^
Et, dans une minute, (27) voilii sa richesse (28)
perdue.
FRENCH NOUNS. 33
NOTES TO THE FIRST FEMININEFABLE.
1. Fille. There are 102 nouns m ille, all
feminine except vaudeville, codille, calville,niille,
codicille, quadrille, spadille, and trille.
2. Donzaine. 47 in able, all feminine ex-
cej)t Le Maine, a province of France, domaine,a domain, and capitaine, a masculine absolute.
3. Tasse. 48 in asse, all feminine but Par-nasse.
4. Coupes. 13 in oupe, all feminine exceptgroupe.
ii. Criichc. IG in uche, and 10 in ondie, all
feminine except baudruche, a technical word,j)iedouche, a pedestal, and two nouns denotingmen.
0. Ventouse. 15 in onsc, all feminine.
7. Tite. Of 30 nouns in e^e, all are femi-
nine, except 6 comi)ounds, coupe-tfite, &c. andthe names of men, as prophete.
8. Vente. 35 in elite, all feminine except le
trente, the 30tli day of the month.9. Dihitante. 49 in ante, all feminine ex-
cept 3 names of men, rossinante, a mean horse,
and adiante.
10. Reverie. There are 715 nouns in ie, all
feminine, except g^nie, genius,two names of men,one word from the Greek, perihelie, parapluie,
])avie, and Le Messie, the Messiah: incendle
is doubtful.
34 GFNDERS OF
11. Chance. 164 m ance, all feminine but
ranee i Du lard qui sent le ranee, bacon that
smells rusty.
12. Monnnie. 14 in oie, all feminine except
le foie, the liver,
13. Certitude. 47 in ude, all feminine ex-
cept prelude. Most of these follow the gender
of the Latin, being derived from nouns in ndo.
14. Fortune. 23 in nne, all feminine.
15. Montre. 8 in outre, all feminine except
le pour et le contre, pro and con.
16. Marquise. 49 in ise, all feminine.
17. Danse. T \n anse , n\\ itunmnQ
.
18. Reverence. 134 in encc, all feminine but
le silence, silence.
19. Taille, '/O'ln aille, all feminine
20. Reaute, There are 512 nouns ending
in ie : they occur very frequently, and are all
feminine except a few, viz. 6t^, the summer,traite, a treaty velout^, velvet lace, pfitd, a pie,
cote, a side, le benedicit^, a prayer, and a small
number of names of men derived from participles,
as d^put(5, revoke, 8cc.
21. Idee. There are 271 nouns in ^<?, all
feminine except musee, a museum, troph^e, and
a few words derived from the Greek, as Hy-men^e, coryphee, scarabde, &c., which are very
rarely used.
22. Hi^ure. 11 in e?«T, all feminine.
23. Mesaventure. Of 305 nouns in iire, all
are feminine except augure, parjure, and mur-
mure, with Tellure, a kind of metal first madein France about 1760.
24. Secousse. 12 in onsse, all feminine.
FREXCn NOUNS. 35
25. Creatio}i. Particular attention must be
paid to nouns in ?o», which amount to 1173.
They are all feminine except eight designations of
males, and pion, a pawn at chess, sepfentrion,
the north, croupion, the rump, scorpion, a scor-
pion, withfanion, camion, scion, bastion, gabion,
gallon, talion, million, billion, trillion, lampion,
and brimborions.
26. Vue. 44 in iie, all feminine.
27. Minute. 13 in nte, and )4 in ovtc, all
feminine but parachute, and doute, doubt.
28. Richesse. 90 in esse, all feminine with-
out exception.
36 GENDERS OF
SECOND FEMININE FABLE,
Which gives the Ocndcr of 1452 Nonna.
La Jolie Julienne, la TuLirE,
ET LA Rose.Julienne, (1) la rosirre, (2) reine, (3) tie laffite,
Avec sa conrotine (4) siir la tSte,
De sa conduits (5) sans tacke, (6) digne ricotn-
pense, {7)
Courait dans les allies s't^chappaiit de la danse.
D'une nnde (8) pure elle arrose
Sa favorite, (9) sa chfere I'ose. (10)
La tuUpe, (11) de la rose voisine,
A lajawiisse (12) de jalousie faisant Isimine, (13)
Var pique (14) dit fl notre heroine,
" Fourquo], 3fademoiselle, (15) de grace,
Faut il que je cfede la place (16)
A cette roHg-eaude, (17) cette idole, (18)
Dont tu sembles ^trefoUe ? (19)
Pourquoi, sans 7'ime, (20) ni raison, (21)
Perdrais-je a la comparaison ?
Dans ta robe (22) en guirlunde (23) tu la places
;
Ou dans tes houcles (24) tu I'enlaces.
N'ai-je pas une e.vcuse (25) d'etre en colere, (26)
De te voir avec ma rivaJe, (27) cette nabote; (28)
Et qu'a moi toujours on preffere
Cette pimbcche, (29) cette sotte?" (30)
FRBKtH NOUKS. 37
•' Ne sois point en peine,"
Reprit la vierge (31 ) reine :
" Ne le prends pas en grippe, (32)Jalouse tulipe
!
Dans la gelee, je te couvris de tiatte ; (33)Mais tu I'oublies, ingrate ! (34)Neanmoins, sans adulation,
Tu merites notre admiration:
Mais souviens-toi que la beaute exterieure
Cedera toujours aux beautes interieures."
S8 GENDEKS Of
NOTES TO THESECOND FEMININE FABLE.
1. Jidienne. There are 12 nouns in enne,
all feminine.
2. Rosiere. Of 297 nouns ending in iere,
all are feminine, except cimetifere. Words endings
in fere are classed separately. At Salenci, in
France, a young woman is annually chosen
"queen of the rose,'' La Rosiere. This honour
is conferred for supereminent virtue and correct-
ness of demeanour. The queen is crowned with
a garland of roses on the 8th of June. Madamede Genlis has written a little play, in which this
pleasing and honourable ceremony is admirably
described; it is called La Rosiere de Salenci.
3. Reine. 12 in eiue, all feminine.
4. Couronne. 30 in onne, all feminine, ex-
cept personne, nobody : personne, a person, is
feminine.
5. Conduite. 12 in uite, all feminine.
6. Tache. Of 30 nouns in ache, the only
masculines are gamaches, gaiters, panache, a
plume, relache, relaxation, and three or four
names of men, as bravache, a bully, &c.
7. Recompense. 8 in eiise, all feminine.
8. Onde. Of 14 in onde, the only masculine
is monde, the world.
9. Favorite. Of 48 in ite, all are feminine,
except the names of men, as satellite, Areopa-
gite, &c., and merite, demerite, gite, site, and
rite.
10. Rose. 15 in ose, all feminine.
FRKNCIl NOUNS. 3d
11. Tulipe. Of 12 in j/je, the only mascu-
lines are participe and principe.
12. Jaimisse. 14 in isse, all feminine.
13. Mine. 157 in ine, all feminine, except
le platine, platina.
14. Pique. There are 116 nouns \n ique.
The masculine exceptions are 26 designations
of men, as ecclesiastique, laique, Sec, with por-
tique, a portico, pique, at cards, topique, tro-
pique, cantique, distique, eraetique, narcotique,
and viatique.
15. Mademoiselle. Of 123 in elle, the only
masculines are libelle, a libel, vermicelle, vermi-
celli, isabelle, a colour, and violoucelle, a vio-
loncello. Les fiddles, true believers, is masc.
16. Place. 27 in ace, all feminine, except
espace, a space.
17- Roiigeaiale. 19 in aiide, all feminine.
18. Idole. Of 70 in olc, all are feminine,
except symbole, mole, a dyke, monopole, a mo-nopoly, pole, role, protocole, and capitole.
19. Folic. 12 in olle, all feminine.
20. Rime. 28 in ime, all feminine, except
regime, crime, centime, and dime, a tithable
district; but dime, tithe, is feminine.
21. Raison. 41 in aison, all feminine, with-
out exception.
22. Robe. 7 i" ohe and ohbe, all feminine,
but lobe and globe.
23. Guirlande. Of 37 in ande, the only
masculine is le multiplicande.
24. Boiccle. 3 in oncle, all feminine.
25. E.vcusc. 1 1 in use, all feminine.
26. ('olere. Of the 73 nouns in ere, the
i> 2
40 6BNDBRS OF
masculine exceptions are 7 designations of men,with visceres, mystere, ministere, cautere, adul-
tere, ulcere, cratere, caractere, hemisphere,
monastere, and a few words of very rare occur-
rence.
27. Rivale. Of 50 in ale, and 12 in idle,
all are feminine but scandale, intervalle, ovale,
petale, and the compounds of balle.
28. Nabote. 47 in ote, all feminine except
the names of men, antidote, and vote.
29. Pimheche. 47 in ecAe, all feminine, but
pr6che, a sermon.
30. Sottc. 37 in otte, all feminine but tire-
botte, a boot-jack.
11 in erge, all feminine but31. Vierge.
cierg'e,
32.
33.
a taper.
Grippe.
Natte.
34. Ingrate
4 in ippe, all feminine.
11 in atte, all feminine.
, 35 in ate, all feminine, except
the names of men, with automate, an automaton,
Euphrate, the Euphrates, and stigmate, which
is used only when speaking of the marks of our
Saviour's wounds.
FRENCH NOUNS 41
THIRD FEMININE FABLE,
Which gives the Geiider of 1406 Nouns.
La ViLliAGEOISE ET LA BeLETTE.
Une villugeoise, (I) ii, force (2) d'attrcipes, (3)
Trouva enfin dans sa trappe, (4)
Une irapudente belette, (5)
Qui mangeait en goinfrade (6) ses poulettes.
En phrase (7) adroite, la caj^tive (8) dit,
" O heWe paysarnie ! (9) epargne ma vie:
Me tuei' serait grande injustice; (10)
Car des vermines je suis la destructrice,
Et de tes ;;(y»/(^s (11) la sanvcgarde (12) et la
protectrice."
"Quelle t;er'^o^«e.''' (13) dit lafille: "quelle his-
toire! (14)
Je mourrais de horde (15) d'etre si niaise,
Que de me laisser croire
De telles fadaises! (16)
Aux poules confiees a ma charge (17) tu fais la
guerre, (18)
Aussi sur que pleines de scve, (19)
Nourries de la bone (20) de la terre,
Les branches (21) d'une citrouille (22) «tu d'une
gadele (23) s'el^vent.
I) 3
42 SENDERS OF
Si tu n'eusses pas use defeitites, (24)
Je ne t'aurais point punie;
Mais je n'ecoute plus tes plaintes, (25)
A cause (26) de ton hypocrisie.
Tu n'apportes dans ma cabane (27) que plaies
(28) et bosses; (29)
Et, aussi sur que j'espfere aller h mes noces, (30)
Trompeuse ,{3\)tu raourras !" et puis, sur la tfite,
Notre hegueule, (32) avec une w.aiUoche, (33)
assomma la b6te.
FRENCH NOUNS. 43
NOTES TO THE
THIRD FEMININE FABLE.
1. yUlageoise. There are 17 nouns in oise,
and 2 in olsse, all feminine.
2. Force. 7 i" orce, all feminine but di-
vorce.
3. Attrape. 14 in ape, all feminine butPape, and satrape, masculines absolute.
4. Truppe. 8 in appe, all feminine.
5. Belefte. Of 276 in ette, the only mascu-lines are amulette, sqnelette, and three compoundwords, as porte-mouchettes, a snuffer-tray. Thelearner will observe, that words compounded ofa verb and a substantive, are masculine, eventhough the noun be feminine, as porte-Iettre,
tire-balle, casse-noisette. &c.6. Goinfrade. Of 139 nouns in ade, stade,
jade, and grade, are the only masculines.
7. Phrase. Of 23 in use, vase, a vase, gym-nase, Pegase, and Caucase, are the only masc.
8. Captive. Of 43 in ivc, all are femininebut convive, a male guest : but we say, II faut 6tre
sur le qui vive, we must be on the alert.
9. Pai/sanne. 13 in anne, all feminine.
10. Injustice. There are 142 in ice. Themasculine exceptions are rather numerous, butmay be easily fixed. Remember that, except1 1 , all the feminines in ice designate women.These 1 1 feminines are malice, niilice, dtiices,
notice, police, lice, avarice, ^pice, justice, injus-
D 4
44 GENDERS OF
tice, and premices. Therefore, except these
1 I , when the learner meets with a noun in ice,
that does not name a female, he will know it to
be masculine.
11. Poule. 13 in oide, all feminine but
moule, a model.
12. Saiwegarde. 37 in arde, all feminine
but pericarde.
13. Vergogne. 14 in ogne, all feminine but
Bourgogne, Burgundy, where vin is ixnderstood.
14. Hlstolre. There are 80 words in oire.
This is the most diflBcult ending in the language,
as there are nearly as many masculines as femi-
nines. The learner must remember, that all
places in which any persons assemble, are mas-
culine ; as refectoire, a refectory ; all law and
church terras are masculine ; as offertoire, the
oflFertory, petitoire, an action at law; and the
remaining masculines in oire must be committed
to memory; boire, ivoire, vomitoire, deboire,
genitoires, purgatoire, territoire, and machica-
toire.
15. Honte. 12 in onte, all feminine, but
conte, a story.
16. Fadaise. 15 in wis/?, all feminine, except
malaise, mesaise.
17. Charge. 8 in arge, all feminine: but
we say, le large, the offing.
18. Guerre. Of 12 in erre, the masculines
are cimeterre, verre, parterre, and tonnerre.
19. Seve. 12 in eve, all feminine, but rfeve
and elfeve. Elfeve is both masculine and feminine.
20 Boue. 23 in one, all feminine.
21. Branches 14 in nnche, all feminine,
FRENCH NOUNS. 45
but Dinianche and mancbe, a handle: manche is
feminine when it means a sleeve.
22. Citrouille. 18 in oui/lc, all feminine.
23. Gadl'le. Of 19 in cle, the masculinesare zfele, modfele, parallele, a comparison, andinfidfele.
24. Fcintes. 12 in ehite, all feminine.
25. Pluhites. 6 in a'mte, all feminine.
26. Cause. 3 in mtse, 3 in ausse, all feminine.
27. Cahane. Of 50 nouns in ane, .all are
feminine, but ane, an ass, crane, the skull, manes,ghosts, organe, filigrane, arcane, and plane, aplane-tree.
28. Plaie. 49 in aie, all feminine, withoutexception.
29. Bosse. Of 12 in osse, the only mascu-lines are carosse and colosse.
30. Noces. 7 ill oce, all feminine but negoceand sacerdoce.
31. Trompeuse. There are 263 nouns in
euse, all feminine, without exception : they al-
most all designate females.
32. Begueide. 10 in eide, all feminine.
33. MaiUoche. I'here are 30 nouns in oche,all feminine, but proche, reproche, coche, medi-anoche, and loche, a loach.
The pupil, having learned thus far, f/ill havefixed in the memory the genders of 6917 femi-nine nouns. There remain about 210 more,which 1 could not introduce : many of these are
designations of females; as une dagorne, a shrew,d5
46 6BNDERS OF
veuve, a widow, ferame, a woman, sage-femme,
a midwife, and the like, the gender of which is
instantly obvious. The rest are added in the
following list:
—
Feminine Words in e mute, not comprehended in
the jireceding Rules.
Une lieue, a league Une bague, a ring
Une queue, a tail Uue eclipse, an eclipse
Une meute, a pack of hounds Une toufFe, a tuft
Une preuve, a proof Une huppe, a tuft
Une ceuvre, a deed Une perruque, a perukeUne manoeuvre, a manoeuvre La lutte, wrestling
Une fievre, a fever Une liutte, a hut
Une levre, a lip Une fugue, a fugue
Une bible, a bible Une couple, a couple
Une fibre, a fibre Une source, a source
Une affiche, a placard Une bourse, a purse
Une corniche, a cornice La bourbe, mudUne miche, a roll La fourbe, deceit
Une niche, a niche Les annonces, the bannsDes bribes, scraps La provende, provender
Des besides, spectacles Une legende, a legend
Une ferme, a farm Une amende, a fine
Une citerne, a cistern La tempe, a temple
Une lanterne, a lantern Une larme, a tear
Une caserne, barracks Une alarnie, an alarm
La gouverne, direction Les amies, weaponsUne giljerne, a cartridge-box Une harpe, a harp
Une serpe, a bill-book Une carpe, a carp
Unecontroverse,acontroversyUne remarque, a remarkLa perte, loss Une barque, a bark
L'alei te, alarm L'ainc, the soul
Une decouverte, a discovery Une cellule, a cell
Des conserves, preserves La cuticule, the cuticle
Des verves, whims La mule, the Pope's slipper
Une drachme, a dram Une pilule, a pill
Une cataracte, a cataract Une virgule, a commaL'epacte, the epact Une peninsule, a peninsula
Une montagne, a mountain Une pendule, a clock
Le campagne, the country La Sauge, sage
Une ch&taigne, a chestnut L'ebenc, ebony
FRENCH NOUNS. 47
La vergne, a sliip's yardUnc vague, a waveUne aile, a wingUne (lefaitc, a defeat
Une retraite, a retreat
Les Alpes, the Alps
Une jupe, a petticoat
La fresqiie, fresco
Une horloge, a clock
Une loge, a lodge
La ponipe, pompLa moelle, marrowUne tourte, a fruit pie
La fange, dirt
La frange, fringe
Une grange, a barnUne orange, an crangc
Une sc^ne, a scene
Une bibliotbeque, a library
Une valve, a valve
La leprc, leprosy
Les v^pres, vespers
Une guepe, a waspUne goutte, a dropUne boite, a boxLa pointe, the point
Une bonibe, a bombUne colouibe, a doveUne tombe, a monumentLa peste, a plague
Une veste, a waistcoat
Les cendres, ashes
Une reponse, an answerUne farce, a farce
Les louanges, praises
These nouns, with all those \n (se, arte, ourde,
and ampe, 28 in number, added to some female
designations, and a few words seldom used, com-
])lete the feminine list, which amounts to 7133.
This number, added to the masculines, 8415,
will give the total amount of the French nouns,
l.>,,')48; a calculation which, I believe, agrees
as nearly as possible witli those made by the
French grammarians.
As soon as tlie learner has committed the six
fables to memory, he ought to exercise himself
in the nppUcation of them. This may be done
by liis teacher taking a dictionary, and calling the
nouns, while the pupil, as each word is called,
refers it in his memory to the guiding word in the
fable, and answers as to the gender. A very
little practice will enable him to refer in a mo-ment to a word in the fables that ends like the
word he wants to know the gender of. For in-
48 GENDERS OF
Stance, suppose the word asked be haleiiie, the
breath, his memory will refer it to reine, or
peine, and, as these words occur in the fable
about the qaeen of the rose, a female, he will
know a1, once that haleine is feminine.
Gibier, game, he would refer to sangUer
;
metal, to cheval; enfance and esperance, to
chance; gravite to beaute ; fente to attente
;
carquois, to bois ; and so of the rest.
The following list comprehends all those nouns
which the French make masculine in one signi-
fication, and feminine in the other. I should re-
commend students who have made some progress
in the language, to copy them all three or four
times, as the surest method of impressing themon the memory :
—
IJne aide, help
Un aide, an assistant, as aide-de-camp
Un aigle, an eagle
L'aigle Imperiale, a standard, /em.
L'aise, comfort, eascj/f^m.
Le malaise, discomfort
Un aune, an alder-tree
Une aune, an ell measure
Un barbe, a Barbary horse
Une barbe, a beard
Un barde, a bard, a poet
La barde, a slice of bacon roasted with a fowl
Un Basque, a Biscayan
Une basque, a skirt
Un berce, a bird
Une berce, a plant
Un braque, a setting dog
FRENCH NOUNb. 49
l^es braques, /6'/u. the claws of shell-fish
Uii c^pre, a privateer
line capre, a caper
Le caraque, cocoa
Une caraque, a carrack, a kind of ship
Le carpe, the wrist
Une carpe, a carp
Un cartouche, an ornament in designings
Une cartouche, a cartridge
Le Champagne, a French wineLa Champagne, a province of FranceUn coche, a waggon, a passage-boat
Une coche, an old sow, a notchLe conretable,the Lord High Constable of FrancsLa connetable, his lady
Un couple, a man and his wife
Une couple, a pair, a brace
Le clir^me, or cr6me, consecrated oil
Le cr^me de tarte, a drugLa cr^me, creamUn critique, a critic
Une critique, a criticism
Une dame, a lady
Le dame dame, a sort of cheese
Le, double, a duplicate, twice the value
La double, the second stomach of a ruminatinjf
animal
Un enseigne, an ensign, an officer
Une enseigne, a flag, a token
Un exemple, an example, a precedent
Une exemple, a writing copy, apattern
Le faux, falsehood
La faux, a scythe
Le fin, the main point
La fin, the end
50 6ENDBRS OF
Le follicule, the gall bladder
LafoUicule, the seed-vessel in plants
Un forfet, a gimlet
Une for^t, a forest
Un foudre, a tun-vessel, a wine-butt
Un foudre de guerre, a thunderbolt of war, a
great warrior
Une foudre, a thunderbolt
La foudre de Dieu, the wrath of GodUn fourbe, a swindler
La fourbe, knavery, deceit
Un garde, a guardsmanUne garde, a defence
Le grefFe, a register
La greflfe, a graft
Les gueules, gules, in heraldry, mas.
La gueule, the jaws of a beast
Un guide, a guide
Une guide, a rein
Le haute-paye, a soldier in extra pay
La haute-paye, extra pay
Un heliotrope, a sun-flower
Une heliotrope, a spotted precious stone
Un hymne, a chant of the ancients
Une hymne, a Christian hymnUn iris, a rainbow
Une iris, the circle round the pupil of the eye
Les larves, mas. evil spirits
Jia larve, a worm or grub
Une ligne, a line
Un interligne, a space between lines
Un litre, a measure for liquids
Une litre, mourning hangings used in churches
Un livre, a book
Une livre, a pound weight, a piece of money
FRENCH SOVNS. 51
Un manche, a lumdleUne manche, a sleeve, the straits of DoverUn manoeuvre, a bricklayers m^nUne manoeuvre, a manoeuvreUn martyre, a martyrdomUne martyre, a female martyrUn matamore, a boaster
Une matamore, a slave-prison
Un memoire, a bill, a memoir, a memorandumLa memoire, the memoryUn mire, a boar five years old
Une mire, an aim, the button at tlie muzzle of a
gun to take aim byUn mode, a mood, accident
La mode, fashion, customUn mole, a pier, a mole, a dykeUne mole, a tympany, a false idea
La mort, death
Un mort, a corpse, a dead manUn moufle, a pulley, a set of pulleys
Une moufle, a mitten
Un moule, a model, a pattern, an exampleUne moule, a muscle, a shell fish
L^n mousse, a ship hoyLa mousse, moss, froth
Un novice, a novice, a cabin-boy
Une novice, a female preparing to take the veil,
a nun expectant
Une nuit, a night
Une malenuit, a restless night
liC niinuit, midnight
]je grand ouivre, the philosopher's stone
I'll rpiivre, a literary workIi«'s hors dVpuvre, vuis. small ragouts, side disliei
Uiip oMivre, an action, a work, a deed
52 GENDERS OF
Un ombre, a sort of fish like the salmonL'ombre, mas., a game at cards
Une ombre, a shadow, a ghostLes ombres, mas., is applied to uninvited visitors
introduced to a feast in ancient Home, bythe invited guests
Un orgue, an organLes org\ies,fem., a pair of organsL'orge,/(?m., barley
L'orgemonde, peeled barley
Un page, a page, an attendant, a shij) boy
Une page, a page in a bookUn paillasse, a theatrical clownUne paillasse, a mattress
Un palme, a measure of length
Une palme, an advantage
Un panache, a plumeUne panache, a pea-henUn pantomime, a pantomime player
Une pantomime, a pantomimeUn parallele, a comparisonUne parallele, a parallel line
Le passe passe, juggling
Une passe, a pass in fencing, a hen-sparrowUn pendule, a pendulumUne pendule, a clock
Le periode, the height
La periode, an epoch, a period
Personne, mas., nobodyUne personne, a person
Un pique, a spade, at cards
Un pique nique, a pic nic, a party where each
contributes prvisions
Une pique, a spear, a quarrel
FRENCH NOUNS. 53
Un pivoine, a kind of snipe, a gnat-snapper
La pivoine, peony, a plant
Un plane, a plane-tree
Une plane, a plane, a carpenter's tool
Le platine, platina, a metal
La platina, the plate to which a watch movementis fastened, a copper-plate
Un plinthe, a squared body of soldiers
Une plinthe, a plinth, in architecture
U'^n pocle, a stove, a coffin pall
Une poele, a frying-pan
Un Polacre, a Polish gentleman
Une polacre, a polacca, a vessel in common use
in the MediterraneanLe ponte punto, one who gamblesLa ponte, the laying of eggs
Un poste, a station, a situation, office
La jioste, the post-office, tlie mail, travelling post
Le pourpre, purple, the purples, or spotted fever
La pourpre, used figuratively for the power anddignity of a king, pope, cardinal, &c.
Un pretexte, a j)retence, a pretext
La pretexte, an ancient Roman dress
Un piipille, a male pupil
Une pupille, the apple of the eye, a female pupil
Un regale, an organ pipe
La regale, the holding a vacant bishopric
Le relache, relaxation
Une relaclie, tlie touching at a sea-port
Un remise, a glass coachUne remise, a coaeh-house
Le serpentaire, a coni-tellation
La serpentaire, draggon-wortLe sinoplo, vert in heraldry, a chalk
La sinople, anemone, a flower
54 FRENCH NOUN'S,
Le solde, payment, balance of an account
La solde, the pay of a soldier
Un somme, a sleep, a nap
Une somme, a sum of money, a load
Un souris, a smile
Une souris, a mouseUne syllabe, a syllable
Un monosyllabe, a monosyllable
Un poly syllabe, a polysyllable
La terre, the earth
La terre a terre, short leaps of a horse
Le rezterre, a surface even with the ground
La tete, the head
Un tete-a-t6te, a tete-a-tete
Un torse, a torso, a mutilated statue
Une torse, a turner's tool
Un tour, a turn, trick, lathe
Une tour, a tower, rook at chess
Un triomphe, a triumph, victory
Une triomphe, a trump card, a game at cards
Un trompette, a trumpeter
Une trompette, a trumpet
Le vague, empty space
La vague, a wave
Un vase, a vase
La vase, slime, mudUn vis-Jl-vis, a carriage
Une vis, a screw
Un voile, a veil, a cover
Une voile, a sail
R. Richards, Printer, 39, Clement'i Laae.
4<'ih^
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