french revolution. the background the ancien regime: 3 estates (classes) 1 st estate: the clergy...
TRANSCRIPT
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French Revolution
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THE BACKGROUND
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The Ancien Regime: 3 Estates (classes) 1st Estate: The Clergy
130,000 people (1%) Owned lots of land Received tithes + fees
2nd Estate: The Nobility hereditary 300,000 people (2%) Owned 30% of the land Controlled almost everything,
paid no taxes
3rd Estate: Everybody Else Wealthy Commoners=17% Peasants=80% Lacked political privileges paid ALL taxes
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3rd Estate Top Component: The Bourgeoisie
Involved in commerce, finance, manufacture AKA had some money
Bourgeoisie= wealthy and growing middle class in France.
Literate, influenced by Enlightenment ideas
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3rd Estate Lower Component Sans-Culottes
Sans-Culottes= Urban Poor People
Life was OK when crops were good if they weren’t.
Violent protests and anger over Increased bread prices taxes
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THE CAUSES
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I. National Bankruptcy Expensive wars (American War for
Independence) Unfair tax system Versailles = 1/3 of national budget
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The Unlucky Couple
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II. New Ideas About Government Locke; natural rights Rousseau; government = a contract okay to overthrow a government not doing
its job Bourgeoisie (Middle Class) began to
demand to have a say in their government
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III. No Food bad harvests Hungry people = angry people
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THE EVENTS
MODERATE PHASE
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IV. Crisis Louis XVI called the Estates General
(Parliament) to a meeting to help gain support for new taxes
Estates General = members from each estate who met to help advise the King
Argued over how to vote – by estate or one man, one vote
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V. National Assembly 3rd estate walked out Met at a tennis court on the palace grounds Gave the Tennis Court Oath – would not
disband until France had a Constitution Night of August 4th - Abolished nobility France now a Constitutional Monarchy
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VI. Storming of the Bastille Prison July 14, 1789 Paris urban workers (sans culottes)
attacked the Bastille (gov’t prison) which was thought to hold weapons that would be used to stop the people’s revolution
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The Events
The Radical Phase
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VII. Reign of Terror Austria & Prussian rulers invade France to stop
the revolution (absolute monarchs feared their own people would rise up and overthrow them)
Fear & panic grip France Radical “Jacobin” political party takes control
of Paris. France run by the Committee of Public Safety (led by Robespierre)
Guillotine used to execute “enemies of the revolution” including Louis XVI
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Order Restored
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VIII. Napoleon Successful war general Has a coup d’etat (military takeover) Declares himself EMPEROR (ironic, right?!) Conquered almost all of Europe – stopped
by the Russian winter & “scorched earth” policy of the Russians
Napoleonic Code = equality before the law & meritocracy but NOT “freedom” [rights like speech, press, and assembly restricted]
“If the Press is not controlled, I shall not remain in power 3 days.” - Napoleon
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IX. Napoleon’s Downfall British and others defeat his army at
Waterloo – he is exiled to St. Helena Island in the Atlantic
Constitutional Monarchy (not absolute!) restored in France. Very few rich men = voters. Napoleonic Code = still used.
Congress of Vienna – reestablishes the old monarchs overthrown by Napoleon…Europe moving toward democracy but not there yet!