Do You Remember?Do You Remember?1. The time period where Scholars began to

use reason to question superstition, ignorance, intolerance, and tyranny is known as…

The EnlightenmentThe Enlightenment2. The Time in France when Divine Right

was questioned and a radical movement violently overthrew the Monarchy is known as…

The French RevolutionThe French Revolution

How do these images How do these images reflect the power of reflect the power of

Louis XIV?Louis XIV?

The EnlightenmentThe EnlightenmentThe Enlightenment grew out of the Scientific

Revolution of the 1500s and 1600s, with its amazing discoveries by thinkers like

Copernicus and Newton.

Scientific successes created great confidence in the power of reason. If people used reason

to find laws that governed the physical world, why not use reason to discover natural laws

that govern human nature?

CopernicusCopernicusHeliocentric Heliocentric

TheoryTheory

NewtonNewtonLaws of Laws of

Gravity and Gravity and MotionMotion

Enlightenment Matching!Enlightenment Matching!Match the Enlightenment Thinker with their major

idea

Thomas Thomas HobbesHobbes John LockeJohn Locke Baron de Baron de

MontesquieuMontesquieu

People are naturally evil, driven by selfishness

and greed. To avoid a “Nasty, brutish and short life” people must give up their freedom to a strong

and strict government that will ensure order. A

leviathan!

People are naturally good and have three natural rights, “life,

Liberty, and Property.” Government is there to

protect those rights. The people have a right

to change their government if it fails to

do so.

The powers of government should be separated into

executive, legislative, and

judicial branches, to prevent any one

group from gaining too much power.

Enlightenment Matching!Enlightenment Matching!Match the Enlightenment Thinker with their major

idea

Questioned the notion that women were by nature

inferior to men and argued that women have been

excluded from the social contract. Stated that a

women’s first duty was to be a good mother, but that a woman should be able to have an education and

equal rights of men.

People are basically good but become

corrupted by society. In an ideal society, people

would make the laws and would obey them willingly. Government

should act for the “Common good.”

Writer and orator who targeted corrupt officials and criticized inequality,

and superstition. Fought for freedom of

speech by saying, “I do not agree with a word

you say, but I will defend to the death your right to

say it.”

Mary Mary WollstonecraftWollstonecraft

VoltaireVoltaire Jean-Jacques Jean-Jacques RousseauRousseau

Enlightenment SummaryEnlightenment SummaryWhich of the following were thoughts and goals of

the Enlightenment?

To Question “Divine Right” ruleTo Question “Divine Right” rule

To limit the Power of the KingTo limit the Power of the King

To give strong rulers total control over their nation.To give strong rulers total control over their nation.

To ensure the protection of an individual’s natural To ensure the protection of an individual’s natural rights of “Life, Liberty, and Property.”rights of “Life, Liberty, and Property.”

To preserve old traditions, customs, and superstitionsTo preserve old traditions, customs, and superstitions

To protect free speech, religious freedom, and ensure To protect free speech, religious freedom, and ensure social equalitysocial equality

The French RevolutionThe French Revolution (1789-1799)(1789-1799)

Long Range CausesLong Range Causes1. King’s Abuse of Power: 1. King’s Abuse of Power:

King Louis XVI King Louis XVI

2. Inequality Among Social Classes: 2. Inequality Among Social Classes: First, Second, and Third EstateFirst, Second, and Third Estate

3. Unfair Tax System: 3. Unfair Tax System: Only Third Estate had to pay taxesOnly Third Estate had to pay taxes

4.4. Enlightenment Ideas: Freedom, Enlightenment Ideas: Freedom, rights, and limited power of the Kingrights, and limited power of the King

5. Struggle For Power: Nobles wanted to 5. Struggle For Power: Nobles wanted to play larger role in governmentplay larger role in government

Short Range CausesShort Range Causes

2. However, due to unfair 2. However, due to unfair votingvoting methods, methods, the Third Estate, or the Third Estate, or BOURGEOISIEBOURGEOISIE, left the , left the

Estates General and created their own Estates General and created their own National AssemblyNational Assembly

3. Tennis Court Oath - The Third Estate stormed the 3. Tennis Court Oath - The Third Estate stormed the King’s indoor tennis court. They demanded a King’s indoor tennis court. They demanded a

constitution for France and swore not to leave until their constitution for France and swore not to leave until their demands were met.demands were met.

1. King is bankrupt and is forced 1. King is bankrupt and is forced to summon ESTATES GENERAL, to summon ESTATES GENERAL, a body of government with all 3 a body of government with all 3

classes represented.classes represented.

Tennis Court OathTennis Court Oath

The Bourgeoisie storm The Bourgeoisie storm and and capturecapture the the

Bastille, a Paris Bastille, a Paris prisonprison and a symbol of the and a symbol of the OLD REGIMEOLD REGIME. This . This was considered a was considered a

victory for the victory for the masses. It displayed masses. It displayed

the power of the the power of the Bourgeoisie and Bourgeoisie and

marked the start of marked the start of the the RevolutionRevolution..

The Spark of the Revolution!The Spark of the Revolution!

BASTILLE DAY BASTILLE DAY July 14, 1789July 14, 1789

1. National 1. National AssemblyAssembly Created (June 17, 1789) Created (June 17, 1789)

The National Assembly!The National Assembly!

Issued “Issued “Declaration of the Rights of ManDeclaration of the Rights of Man”:”: All Frenchmen had basic rights of speech, All Frenchmen had basic rights of speech,

religion, and press. religion, and press. Denied the Denied the DIVINE RIGHT THEORYDIVINE RIGHT THEORY Said that government rested on the consent of Said that government rested on the consent of

the people.the people.

2. Reformed 2. Reformed LegalLegal System: Elected judges, trial by System: Elected judges, trial by jury, ended brutal jury, ended brutal punishmentpunishment..

3. Wrote A 3. Wrote A ConstitutionConstitution (1791): Reformed government (1791): Reformed government by establishing a LIMITED by establishing a LIMITED MONARCHYMONARCHY..

4. Abolished special 4. Abolished special treatmenttreatment of nobles and of nobles and clergyclergy..

““Liberty, Liberty, EqualityEquality, , Fraternity”Fraternity”

SloganSlogan

CausesCauses

The Reign of Terror!The Reign of Terror!

1. King Louis XVI and his family are captured 1. King Louis XVI and his family are captured and brought to Paris.and brought to Paris.

2. 2. PrussiaPrussia and and AustriaAustria declare war on France declare war on France to aid Royal Family and restore Monarchy.to aid Royal Family and restore Monarchy.

3. A 3. A RADICALRADICAL group ( group (JacobinsJacobins) took over the ) took over the Assembly and declared France a Republic.Assembly and declared France a Republic.

4. The radicals were led by 4. The radicals were led by Maximilien Maximilien RobespierreRobespierre and set up the and set up the Committee on Committee on Public SafetyPublic Safety..

5. King Louis XVI was put on trial by treason, 5. King Louis XVI was put on trial by treason, found guilty, found guilty, beheadedbeheaded in 1793. in 1793.

BeforeAfter

Execution of King Louis XVI!Execution of King Louis XVI!

REIGN OF TERROR (1793-1794)REIGN OF TERROR (1793-1794)

The Republic began to The Republic began to execute anyone execute anyone

considered an “enemy” considered an “enemy” of the revolution. of the revolution.

Nobles or anyone who Nobles or anyone who spoke out was spoke out was

beheadedbeheadedwith the with the GUILLOTINEGUILLOTINE..

End of the Reign of TerrorEnd of the Reign of Terror

Finally, moderate Finally, moderate leaders were able leaders were able

to take back to take back power once power once threat of war threat of war

ended. ended. RobespierreRobespierre and and

other radical other radical leaders were leaders were

executed.executed.

Results of the French RevolutionResults of the French Revolution1. Political power in France shifted from Kings and 1. Political power in France shifted from Kings and

Nobility to the Nobility to the BourgeoisieBourgeoisie (Middle Class). (Middle Class).

2. Increased Nationalist feelings in France and 2. Increased Nationalist feelings in France and elsewhere.elsewhere.

3. Ideals of Revolution like “Liberty, Equality, Fraternity” 3. Ideals of Revolution like “Liberty, Equality, Fraternity” spread to other parts of Europe and the rest of the spread to other parts of Europe and the rest of the world….world….

4. A new leader emerges and becomes one of the most 4. A new leader emerges and becomes one of the most

powerful dictators in European History…powerful dictators in European History…

Napoleon BonaparteNapoleon Bonaparte

You Idiot!

Emperor of FranceEmperor of France

1. A brilliant military leader, Napoleon 1. A brilliant military leader, Napoleon became a general at the age of 24. became a general at the age of 24.

2. In 1799, the popular general took over 2. In 1799, the popular general took over the government in a coup d’etat and the government in a coup d’etat and

named himself first consul. named himself first consul.

3. In 1802 he became consul for life 3. In 1802 he became consul for life

4. In 1804 he crowned himself Emperor 4. In 1804 he crowned himself Emperor

NapoleonNapoleonUse three words to Use three words to describe how the describe how the

artist portrays artist portrays Napoleon.Napoleon.

Describe the Describe the symbolism you see in symbolism you see in

this painting?this painting?

“France has more need of me than I have need of France.”

Napoleon BonaparteNapoleon BonapartePositive Impact Negative Impact

Pope Pius VII

Allowed Religious FreedomLimited free speech and censored newspapers

Used secret police and spies to find political opponents

Used Propaganda to manipulate public opinion

Napoleonic Code created stable code of civil laws

Encouraged new industry, built roads, canals, and bridgesProtected private property

French conquests spark nationalism

Allowed Religious Freedom Limited free speech and censored newspapers

Used secret police and spies to find political opponents

Used Propaganda to manipulate public opinion

Napoleonic Code created stable code of civil laws

Restored patriarchal authority and limited women’s rights

Created the Bank of FranceSet up French public schools

Napoleon BonaparteNapoleon BonapartePositive Impact Negative Impact

Crowned himself Emperor and gave himself total authorityGave legal equality to all men

Established law and orderThink about this…Is Napoleon a Hero or a Tyrant?

Napoleon’s EmpireNapoleon’s Empire

Master and CommanderMaster and CommanderOn October 21, 1805, at the Battle of Trafalgar, Horatio Nelson inflicted a crushing defeat on the numerically superior Franco-Spanish fleet. Hit

by a musket ball from a French sharpshooter, Nelson was taken

below and died with the knowledge that he had achieved another

famous victory.

His last words were, “Thank God, I have done my duty.”

Watch the film Clip:What were the advantages of

having a powerful navy?

Napoleon’s DeclineNapoleon’s DeclineContinental SystemContinental System

After defeat to British Navy After defeat to British Navy

at the Battle of Trafalgar, at the Battle of Trafalgar, Napoleon attempted to Napoleon attempted to

block all trade from Europe block all trade from Europe to Britain.to Britain.

The policy failed. It The policy failed. It created a scarcity of goods created a scarcity of goods in Europe, caused inflation in Europe, caused inflation

and led to increased and led to increased smuggling and crime.smuggling and crime.

Napoleon’s DeclineNapoleon’s Decline

Invasion of MoscowInvasion of Moscow

In 1812, Napoleon sent In 1812, Napoleon sent 600,000 troops to invade 600,000 troops to invade

Russia.Russia.

The Russians retreated and The Russians retreated and utilized a “Scorched Earth” utilized a “Scorched Earth” policy, burning down crops, policy, burning down crops,

villages, and cities.villages, and cities.

When the harsh winter When the harsh winter arrived, the French Troops arrived, the French Troops

had little food and no shelter. had little food and no shelter. They were forced to retreat They were forced to retreat 1,000 miles. Only 100,000 1,000 miles. Only 100,000

survived.survived.

Napoleon’s DeclineNapoleon’s Decline

How does this Painting portray the condition of the French Army in Russia?

Abdication of the ThroneAbdication of the ThroneIn 1813, Napoleon was defeated In 1813, Napoleon was defeated and France was threatened by a and France was threatened by a new alliance of Russia, Britain, new alliance of Russia, Britain,

Austria, and Prussia.Austria, and Prussia.

With little support from the With little support from the French people or army, Napoleon French people or army, Napoleon decided to abdicate, or give up, decided to abdicate, or give up,

his throne.his throne.

They sent him into exile to the They sent him into exile to the Island of Elba and named Louis Island of Elba and named Louis

XVIII, the brother of Louis XVI, as XVIII, the brother of Louis XVI, as King of France.King of France.

The Comeback!The Comeback!

In 1815, Napoleon escaped the island of Elba and began a In 1815, Napoleon escaped the island of Elba and began a “Hundred Day Campaign” to Paris. As Napoleon marched “Hundred Day Campaign” to Paris. As Napoleon marched

towards Paris, soldiers and citizens began to support him. King towards Paris, soldiers and citizens began to support him. King Louis XVIII fled and Napoleon was back! Louis XVIII fled and Napoleon was back!

"From Napoleon to Louis XVIII. My good "From Napoleon to Louis XVIII. My good brother - there is no need to send any brother - there is no need to send any

more troops - I have enough."more troops - I have enough."

Battle of WaterlooBattle of Waterloo

June 18June 18thth, 1815, Napoleon was , 1815, Napoleon was defeated at the Battle of Waterloo defeated at the Battle of Waterloo by an allied force of British and by an allied force of British and

Prussian troops.Prussian troops.

Once again, Napoleon abdicated Once again, Napoleon abdicated the throne. This time, he was the throne. This time, he was

sent to the small Atlantic island sent to the small Atlantic island of St. Helena.of St. Helena.

Napoleon died in 1821 of Napoleon died in 1821 of stomach cancer. Recent studies stomach cancer. Recent studies

suggest Napoleon may have suggest Napoleon may have been poisoned. Others say he been poisoned. Others say he

may have secretly escaped.may have secretly escaped.

LegacyLegacy“I closed the gulf of anarchy and brought order out of chaos. I rewarded merit regardless of birth or wealth, wherever I found it. I abolished feudalism and restored equality to all regardless of religion and before the law. I fought the decrepit monarchies of the Old Regime because the alternative was the destruction of all this. I

purified the Revolution.”  

Did Napoleon do more to preserve the legacy of the French Revolution or to destroy it?

Is he a Hero or a Tyrant?

"So he too is nothing more than an ordinary man. Now he will also trample all human rights underfoot, and only pander to his ambition; he will place himself above everyone else and become a tyrant!"

- Ludwig von Beethoven

“Well, you have a sweet bike. And you're really good at hooking up with chicks. Plus you're like the only guy at school who has a mustache.”

- Napoleon Dynamite

1. Following the defeat of Napoleon, the major European powers of the day 1. Following the defeat of Napoleon, the major European powers of the day met in Vienna, Austria to establish a plan for peace and resolve other met in Vienna, Austria to establish a plan for peace and resolve other

problems that were created by Napoleon. problems that were created by Napoleon. This was called This was called The Congress of Vienna.The Congress of Vienna.

Congress of Vienna

Good question!

Headed by Austria's Prince Metternich, the Congress of Vienna Headed by Austria's Prince Metternich, the Congress of Vienna attempted to stem the tide of nationalism sweeping across Europe.attempted to stem the tide of nationalism sweeping across Europe.

Who were the European powers present at the conference you ask?

The major powers present at the Congress of Vienna included The major powers present at the Congress of Vienna included Austria, France, Prussia, Russia, and England.Austria, France, Prussia, Russia, and England.

1. Restore 1. Restore legitimacylegitimacy – This meant restoring the absolutist ruling – This meant restoring the absolutist ruling families to their thrones. families to their thrones. (turn back the clock)(turn back the clock)

What were other issues addressed at theCongress of Vienna?

2. Create a 2. Create a balance of powerbalance of power. This means that one nation should not . This means that one nation should not be allowed to dominate and threaten other nations. This would be allowed to dominate and threaten other nations. This would ensure that no future emperors would conquer Europe like Napoleon ensure that no future emperors would conquer Europe like Napoleon had done.had done.

King Louis XVIII of France

The Congress had two main goals:The Congress had two main goals:

3. Although the leaders of Europe wanted to weaken France, they chose to keep the country intact to prevent French resentment or nationalism and keep a balance of power.

These nationalistic movements in Europe would result in unified, sovereign These nationalistic movements in Europe would result in unified, sovereign nation-states. nation-states. 

The Congress of The Congress of Vienna was Vienna was

successful in successful in suppressing suppressing nationalistic nationalistic

movements from 1815 movements from 1815 to 1848, a period also to 1848, a period also

known as the known as the Metternich Age, Metternich Age,

however, nationalism however, nationalism would eventually would eventually return to Europe.return to Europe.