freeway revolts: why not the twin cities? thomas more nick dobda xiaozheng he
TRANSCRIPT
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Freeway Revolts: Freeway Revolts: Why not the Twin Why not the Twin
Cities?Cities?
Thomas More
Nick Dobda
Xiaozheng He
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Why Did Revolts Why Did Revolts Originate?Originate?
Prior to 1916Prior to 1916 Federal Aid Road Act (1916)Federal Aid Road Act (1916) Federal Highway Act (1921, Federal Highway Act (1921, 1934, 1944, 1952)1934, 1944, 1952)
Federal-Aid Highway Act (1956) Federal-Aid Highway Act (1956) From dirt roads, to surfaced roads, to a network of roads. That was the plan
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The National Highway The National Highway SystemSystem
Interstate SystemInterstate System Conceived in the 1930’sConceived in the 1930’s Funded by the Federal-Aid Highway Act Funded by the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956of 1956
Planned 41,000 miles of roadPlanned 41,000 miles of road To be completed in within 20 yearsTo be completed in within 20 years
35,000 miles actually built by 197535,000 miles actually built by 1975
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Problems Along the WayProblems Along the Way
Designed by State Engineers Designed by State Engineers Due to poor planning, problems Due to poor planning, problems arose that were not designed arose that were not designed forfor Miami, FL (Overton)Miami, FL (Overton) Nashville, TNNashville, TN Other CitiesOther Cities Minneapolis?Minneapolis?
Engineering Solutions to CongestionEngineering Solutions to Congestion
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St. Paul: I-94, Two St. Paul: I-94, Two PerspectivesPerspectives
EngineersEngineers Ultimately in charge of route selectionUltimately in charge of route selection
Chose route that would reduce congestion Chose route that would reduce congestion the mostthe most
Use of “Control points” and “Desire Lines”Use of “Control points” and “Desire Lines” Chose most inexpensive route to constructChose most inexpensive route to construct
City PlannersCity Planners Routes based on effect on local Routes based on effect on local communitiescommunities
Old Planners disagreed on route selectionOld Planners disagreed on route selection Newer Planners eventually agreed on routesNewer Planners eventually agreed on routes
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Activism & Freeway Activism & Freeway RevoltRevolt
Beginning in the late 1950’s thru the Beginning in the late 1950’s thru the 1980’s, civic activism against freeway 1980’s, civic activism against freeway construction construction
As the highway interstate system As the highway interstate system developed, questions arose about where developed, questions arose about where highways would go in cities. The highways would go in cities. The answer: existing neighborhoodsanswer: existing neighborhoods
Feds, States, & Localities tried to Feds, States, & Localities tried to override local citizen concernsoverride local citizen concerns
Environmental, energy and housing Environmental, energy and housing concerns were driving forces for concerns were driving forces for activists activists
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San FranciscoSan Francisco San Francisco Chronicle publishes map of San Francisco Chronicle publishes map of proposed city freeway routesproposed city freeway routes
Construction of the Embarcadero Freeway Construction of the Embarcadero Freeway beginsbegins
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Embarcadero FreewayEmbarcadero Freeway
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The Road to NowhereThe Road to Nowhere
..
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Freeway Revolt Across Freeway Revolt Across the USAthe USA
Other proposed and existing freeway Other proposed and existing freeway systems became the focus of activists, and systems became the focus of activists, and where either halted or torn downwhere either halted or torn down
Cities including Portland, OR, BaltimoreCities including Portland, OR, Baltimore Other examples include Boston’s “Big Dig” Other examples include Boston’s “Big Dig” projectproject
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Moses v. JacobsMoses v. Jacobs
Robert Moses: Visionary or Robert Moses: Visionary or Scoundrel?Scoundrel?
Jane Jacobs: Activist or Jane Jacobs: Activist or Development Thorn?Development Thorn?
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QuestionsQuestions
Where Did Revolts Come Where Did Revolts Come From?From?
Public Responses to Public Responses to FreewaysFreeways
How Do We Prevent Revolts?How Do We Prevent Revolts? What About the Twin Cities?What About the Twin Cities?
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What is Government What is Government Facing?Facing?
Transportation efficiency Transportation efficiency requirementrequirement
Increasing Increasing traffic congestion traffic congestion EnvironmentalismEnvironmentalism Energy shortageEnergy shortage
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How Can the Conflicts How Can the Conflicts be Solved?be Solved?
Expand road capacityExpand road capacity Add new links (better land use and Add new links (better land use and planning)planning)
Add new lanesAdd new lanes Develop public transportationDevelop public transportation
RailRail Bus rapid transitBus rapid transit
Restrict traffic demandsRestrict traffic demands Congestion ChargeCongestion Charge HOV lanesHOV lanes
Promote other alternativesPromote other alternatives TeleworkTelework Walk and bicycleWalk and bicycle
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Bus Rapid Transit (BRT)Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) ““BRT is a complete BRT is a complete rapid transit system rapid transit system that provides:that provides: The performance and The performance and feel of rail at afeel of rail at a
Fraction of the cost”Fraction of the cost” Many technologies Many technologies relatedrelated Busway planBusway plan Fare collectionFare collection Route designRoute design ITSITS Access routeAccess route
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BRT PlanningBRT Planning
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Car PoolingCar Pooling
High Occupancy Toll (HOT) lanesHigh Occupancy Toll (HOT) lanes California: SR91California: SR91 Texas: Katy Freeway Texas: Katy Freeway Colorado: I-25 (conversion from Colorado: I-25 (conversion from HOV lanes)HOV lanes)
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Minnesota HOTMinnesota HOT
Dynamic pricingDynamic pricing Spread the flow at peak hourSpread the flow at peak hour Finance road systemFinance road system Manage congestionManage congestion Reduce pollutionReduce pollution
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Congestion ChargeCongestion Charge
Singapore — the first Singapore — the first city had this policy in city had this policy in 19981998
London — the largest London — the largest city to do socity to do so
Other cities include:Other cities include: OsloOslo BergenBergen TrondheimTrondheim
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TeleworkTelework
““Employees perform their usual Employees perform their usual job duties away from their job duties away from their central workplace.” central workplace.”
Depending on newly-developed Depending on newly-developed technologies: telephone, fax, technologies: telephone, fax, Internet…Internet…
Work trips reduceWork trips reduce Flexible Working ScheduleFlexible Working Schedule
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Where Will it Stop?Where Will it Stop?
A transportation infrastructure A transportation infrastructure has to go somewhere.has to go somewhere. Rail linesRail lines Power linesPower lines PipelinesPipelines
If not here, then where?If not here, then where? Light Rail Revolt?Light Rail Revolt? NIMBYNIMBY
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QuestionsQuestions Can building a new rail line solve congestion? Can building a new rail line solve congestion? Can there be Rail Revolts? Or, Toll Revolts? Can there be Rail Revolts? Or, Toll Revolts?
Is it ethical for government officials (city, Is it ethical for government officials (city, state, and or national level) to use highways to state, and or national level) to use highways to develop cities as they see fit? develop cities as they see fit? Urban Renewal programs?Urban Renewal programs?
Do highways get designed to develop cities, or Do highways get designed to develop cities, or do cities end up getting developed around do cities end up getting developed around highways? highways? Won’t a city develop around a highway wherever the Won’t a city develop around a highway wherever the highway is located?highway is located?
Who should have the final decision on if a Who should have the final decision on if a highway is good for a city? highway is good for a city? Does the Public know what it good for itself?Does the Public know what it good for itself?
Have we learned from our mistakes in the past?Have we learned from our mistakes in the past?
Can there be more freeway revolts in the future?Can there be more freeway revolts in the future?