free world magazine

Poverty, Inequality and Social exclusion

The stakes of exclusion in India

Data and more

data

Citadelle Lafarrière or a story

of pride and bravery

THROUGH EVA’S LENSES:

Appearances, realities and agents of change

Building a community beyond borders

Free World Magazine | July, 2014 2

Contents

Contents

Politics & Economics 5

The stakes of exclusion in India 5

Poverty is fought with change 8

Data and more data 10

An indifferent reality 12

Culture & Society 14

La Citadelle Lafarrière or a story of pride

and bravery 14

A true story: Kids Circle Haiti 16

Proverbs around the world: Haiti 20

Who wants to eat “ceviche”? 22

Famous quotes 25

Free World Questions 26

Beyond my Thoughts 27

¡A la vista... baby! 29

A window unto the world 29

Through Eva’s lenses: Appearances, realities,

and agents of change 31

Statistics 40

COLLABORATING PARTNERS

IN THIS ISSUE

Associated Writers:

Jorge Gresely (Manta, Ecuador)

Kelly Gène (Paris, France)

Raphaëlle Pallarès (Paris, France)

Laud Marcia Jasmin (Port-au-Prince, Haiti)

Federica Ruggia (Campagna, Italy)

Associated Artists:

Alba Piazza (Buenos Aires, Argentina)

Nickeal (Ottawa, Canada)

Katherin Góngora (El Carmen, Ecuador)

Andrés Ganchala (Quito, Ecuador)

Gaby Mero (Quito, Ecuador)

Eva De Luis (Palencia, Spain)

Laure Daudin (Clermont Ferrand, France)

Johalie Jasmin (Port-au-Prince, Haiti)

5 10

22 25

3 Free World Magazine | July, 2014

Editor’s letter/ FW Team

H ello everyone, I’m sure you’re asking yourselves: What is this magazine? So to

every question, there is an answer. Free World Magazine is a media which

looks to provide interesting and engaging articles about what’s happening in

the world, highlighting the fact that we are ever more becoming global citi-

zens, with similar interests, issues, hopes and dreams, as well as important differences that

shape our varying identities. This is a magazine for the average young adult that walks

around with a free spirit and an open mind, dreaming of collecting stamps in his passport.

The subject areas will range from the world’s political and economic debates, to social ques-

tions, and cultural manifestations.

The main theme developed in this first edition is “Poverty, Inequality and Social Exclu-

sion”, international socio-economic pathologies which still exist in our contemporary socie-

ties, in many cases due to public policies which promote social inequality and wealth mis-

distribution.

From Haiti, the American country with the highest number of poor citizens, our Creative

Director, Corrine Joseph brings us “A True Story” about her experience in an orphanage in

Port-au-Prince.

Finally, a special thank you to all our collaborating partners worldwide. Enjoy the read-

ing!

Marco Narea

Free World Magazine’s Editor-in-Chief

EDITOR’S LETTER

Corrine Joseph

Creative Director

Ma. José Viejó

Contents Director

Having obtained a degree in Fo-

reign Trade and International

Negotiation by the Universidad

Laica “Eloy Alfaro” de Manabí

(Ecuador), she’s a member of the

Missionary Baptist Church, and

volunteers at the “Por Amor”

Foundation, where she provides

spiritual and social support for

children at risk.

A Law student at the University

of Ottawa (Canada), with a

previous degree in Communica-

tions, she is involved with

JVEA and Kids Circle, two

volunteer groups mainly focu-

sed on promoting youth involve-

ment in their community and

raising awareness for child

poverty in Haiti.

F W TEAM

5

Politics & Economics

The risks of exclusion in India

By Raphaëlle Pallarès & Kelly Gène

Masters in Crisis Analysis and Humanitarian Action / Members of ERCE (En Route Contre l’Exclusion)

Paris, France

W riting about poverty first requires to at

least give a slight definition of the con-

cept, but such a definition is very varia-

ble. Poverty has a different meaning ac-

cording to countries, continents, cultures, areas and time.

If we add to that the fact that value judgments are always

involved when it comes to defining it, and the fact that its

definitions are often linked to political, economic or his-

torical issues, it becomes easy to picture the difficulty

which lies in defining this concept. To quote the United

Nations, it can be defined as “ the total absence of oppor-

tunities, accompanied by high levels of undernourish-

ment, hunger, illiteracy, lack of education, physical and

mental ailments, emotional and social instability, unhap-

piness, sorrow and hopelessness for the future. Poverty is

also characterized by a chronic shortage of economic,

social and political participation, relegating individuals to

exclusion as social beings, preventing access to the bene-

fits of economic and social development and thereby lim-

iting their cultural development”.

We will try to explain that notion and everything it

implies through the example of India, because of a strik-

ing singularity of this emerging country: for most Indians,

being poor is neither a shame nor an injustice. There, ex-

clusion is tied to a myriad of issues. Most of them are

difficult to grasp because they are closely related to cul-

tural matters. However, as in every country in the world,

poverty is one of them.

In 2012, as members of ERCE, a French association

which aims to promote international solidarity, we went

to South India to work on a project with a local NGO,

INDP India. Once there, we were shocked by the honesty

of that continent-sized country where poverty is nothing

but omnipresent. There, they do not try to hide it; it is

everywhere. It is a reality but also and mainly, a banality.

In Europe, if someone is poor he/she will try to hide it

behind clothes, smiles, social codes etc. In India, as well

as in Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh or Nepal, where

poverty is tightly linked to the Jâti of a person (in San-

skrit, birth, belonging to a caste/ a group of people shar-

ing the same status, the same job and/or the same lan-

guage), being poor is not a shame to hide, it is a fact, thus

there is no point in faking.

We quickly realized that the poverty some people are

living in is linked to caste-based discrimination, and to

the notion of karma, though of course it cannot be re-

duced to just those issues. According to the UN, caste

discrimination is ‘discrimination on the basis of work and

descent’. It is an ancient form of oppressive, hierarchical

social organization that classifies people according to

their family of birth. In India, it has remained in place

despite its legal abolition because of its religious back-

ground, as well as the social and economic persecution

POLITICS & ECONOMICS Now to serious business

Free World Magazine | July, 2014

6


and segregation of those who break cast ‘rules’ (rules

defining their way of life, including the work they can

claim to do).

The “Brahmanical System” (in traditional Hindu socie-

ties) states that those born in families who don’t belong to

the major cast categories are ‘untouchable’ and can never

come into contact with members of those various casts.

Thus, the dominant groups are physically and spiritually

defined, and are set with no way of evolution. Rights and

obligations of castes are determined by birth, that is to say

they are fixed and hereditary. The assignment of basic

rights among the various casts is unequal and hierar-

chical, with those at the top enjoying most rights coupled

with least duties and those at the bottom performing most

duties coupled with fewer rights (see the pyramid below).

Far from being a remnant of the past, caste discrimina-

tion goes on in its traditional, mostly rural, forms of phys-

ical and occupational segregation and economic exploita-

tion, in regards to access to lands and to criminal justice,

but also in the modern Indian education system, in mar-

riage, dining, and regarding the new employment oppor-

tunities provided by India’s economic boom. Actually,

the specificity of modern India is that it has built its

growth on this structural organization of society. Even

though in India (as in most countries) poverty is strongly

linked to social, economic and opportunity inequalities,

there it is believed to be fair, normal and justified by be-

liefs shared by many Indians, such as the notion of karma

(cycle of causes and consequences tied to the existence of

every living thing. Understood as immutable, it is linked

to reincarnation, and means that their lives now are the

product of their past lives). Thus, poverty among the Shu-

dras, who are at the bottom of the pyramidal system, and

Dalit people (formerly called Untouchables) who are out

of the cast system, is not something to be ashamed of or

something to fight against, even if they respectively con-

stitute around 49% and 20% of the population.

Historically, the caste system has formed the social and

economic framework of the country. Both Shudras and

Dalit people are excluded from the impressive economi-

cal rise the country is currently going through. The sys-

tem of social and economic governance is based on prin-

ciples and customary rules involving the division of peo-

ple into social groups. Such a system can only be main-

tained through the rigid enforcement of social ostracism

in case of any deviations from the rules. For example, if

someone gets married outside his/her cast he/she will

probably be dishonored and rejected by his/her family. In

temples or churches, people from different castes will not

have their religious services at the same time, and as far

as Dalit are concerned, they often are refused the right to

enter religious places. Supported by philosophical ele-

ments, the doctrine of inequality constitutes the moral,

social and legal foundations of Hindu society1.

As we were trying to get to know this country, we be-

came more and more aware of these tacit rules, and, per-

haps because we were five women, we began to focus our

interest on the lot of Indian women. We were questioning

ourselves about the struggles of an Indian Dalit woman.

We talked with girls, we observed women and communi-

ties and we participated in some meetings of women in-

volved in cooperatives.

Dalit women have to face a double discrimination in all

the spheres of life, as gender biases and caste discrimina-

tion fuel one another. They are more affected by poverty,

and a majority of them experience physical and/or sexual

abuse from people of dominant casts

“The system of social and economic

governance is based on principles and

customary rules involving the division of

People into social groups.”


7


( a behavior commonly used to sustain the oppression of

the Dalit community) as well as from members of their

own group. If young Dalit boys have to face huge diffi-

culties to follow regular

schooling (as we wit-

nessed, they are often re-

jected from the closest

school and have to walk

for miles to attend a school

willing to welcome them),

it is even more difficult for

Dalit girls. These gender-

based discriminations are

socio-cultural realities, and

are also reflected in access

to nutrition. In some parts

of India, little girls and

women are less fed and

receive smaller portions

because of imposed gender

discrimination, but also

sometimes because of self-

deprivation: in poor house-

holds, women can tend to

reduce their amount of

food to favor the “males”

of the family, because they

are more likely to get a job,

to bring back money. What

is worrying is that those

social factors are some-

times reinforced by public

policies2.

Facing this situation,

and watching the great

work done by NGOs,

groups of people, and

sometimes institutions, we tried to go beyond our own

cultural background and to understand the apparent

“passivity” of some Dalits in front of these discrimina-

tions. Helped by our Indian co-workers, we quickly be-

came familiar with the concept of karma. According to

karma, there is no point in trying to change your current

situation; there is only meaning in trying to live your life

in the conditions you were born into, because it is the

only way to get a better life in your next life. Though it

may be beyond our understanding, you cannot hope to

understand India if you do not understand karma. The

difficulty for Dalits who are trying to emancipate them-

selves from their condition is to reconcile their beliefs

with their will to change

their lives and their chil-

dren’s. Awareness-raising

can only be achieved by the

Dalits and for the Dalits.

Despite its prodigious

economic growth, India,

like so many countries, did

not sort out problems inher-

ited from its past, it has

only hidden them behind

progress and modernity, but

is facing the same challeng-

es as any developing coun-

try: how to reconcile glob-

alization and tradition?

Nowadays, only a small

part of the population is

profiting from the economic

growth, and those who kept

silent for such a long time

are now starting to protest.

Will India be able to be-

come a great power if it

cannot take its whole popu-

lation into account? How

can India reconcile the par-

adoxes it is made of? In a

country where you need to

use a different glass accord-

ing to your caste, does eco-

nomic progress really make

sense? FW

Notes: 1 Cast an eye on the Dalit of India. 2 Times of change.

Bibliography:

- “Defining Poverty”: http://www.polity.co.uk/keyconcepts/samples/lister-

chapter.pdf

- “Touchées par les Intouchables”, En Route Contre l’Exclusion, 2013.

- Definition of poverty: http://unchronicle.un.org/

- “Rendre les politiques nutritionnelles favorables aux femmes”, 29 no-

vembre 2012 (Oxfam website, blog channel), Jayati Ghosh.

- Times of Change, INDP India.

- International Dalit Solidarity Network Cast an eye on the Dalit of India,

2006.


http://www.polity.co.uk/keyconcepts/samples/lister-chapter.pdf

http://www.polity.co.uk/keyconcepts/samples/lister-chapter.pdf

http://unchronicle.un.org/

8


Poverty is fought with changes

With Federica Ruggia

INTERVIEWEE PROFILE

Federica Ruggia Doctor in Developing Science and International Cooperation

Campagna, Italia

How would you define poverty, inequality and social

exclusion?

I would say that they are three concepts that are inter-

connected, because poverty is the lack of means to sur-

vive, and this creates inequality because society today

excludes poor people, distancing them further from so-

cial life.

From your perspective, what are the factors that have

prolonged the existence of these social pathologies

worldwide?

I believe that globalization and the capitalist system

has made poverty a factor which today still cannot be

defeated, because a rich society needs poverty to survive.

Since poverty is a characteristic of developing countries,

why do poor people in developed countries who need

governmental social assistance to survive still exist... Is

it due to social exclusion?

I do not think it is due to social exclusion, I think pov-

erty in developed countries is a problem of wealth distri-

bution, and now with the economic crisis, a part of the

population will always need government assistance. The

middle class is disappearing and this has expanded the

gap between rich and poor, a process that generates social

exclusion; therefore it is a consequence rather than a

cause.

Is it social exclusion which has allowed the existence of

slums in the big cities of the world (like Barcelona, Par-

is, New York, Rio de Janeiro, etc.)?

The slums were created due to migration, either inter-

nally within the country or externally. Also, the slum pop-

ulation changes over the years due to the fact that those

who lived there before improved their living conditions

and moved to other more affluent neighborhoods, they

obtained better paying jobs and their children were able to

study and climb the social ladder, but since there are al-

ways new people looking for a better quality of life, there

will always be more to fill the empty seats left by others.

In your opinion, to what is due the irony that having the

most natural resources, the developing countries are still

the ones suffering most from economic and social ine-

quality on the planet?

In my opinion this is due to the fact that developing

countries have not begun to work their natural resources,

instead selling them cheaply then buying goods produced

in developed countries. Governments fail to create a poli-

cy where wealth is distributed, and also fail to build the

foundations needed to exploit their resources to their own

benefit.


9


Is poverty, inequality and social

exclusion the main causes of a vio-

lent society?

I think there are other major

causes. There are other factors that

have negative effects such as smug-

gling and narcotics, labor exploita-

tion, gender inequality, misinfor-

mation in the media, and the lack of

courage in people, all of these creat-

ing a violent society.

The United Nations (UN) consider

poverty a human condition charac-

terized by a sustained or chronic

deprivation of the resources, capa-

bilities, choices, security and power

necessary for the enjoyment of an

adequate standard of living and

other civil, cultural, economic, po-

litical and social rights. What do

you think the UN should do to

eradicate global poverty?

I do not think the UN can act

efficiently in the eradication of pov-

erty. Poverty must be eradicated by

the people themselves with their

rulers through public policies that

truly seek to accomplish this goal.

The change has to start at the bot-

tom, else there is no UN policy that

can achieve it. FW

“The change has to

start at the bottom,

else there is no

policy that [...] can

achieve it.”

Photo: Gaby Mero


10


BLOG

Breaking barriers with information

Data and more data

By Sofía Prieto

Member of Marea Naranja (Blog of professionals claiming the space of Social Services in Spain)

Granada, Spain

mareanaranjagranada.wordpress.com/2014/05/03/datos-y-mas-datos/

In recent weeks, reports on Spain’s current situation did

not stop appearing, in reference to some aspects that wor-

ry us as Spaniards and Andalusians. I recognize that may-

be I’m sensitive to this data, already that I got my hands

on them due to their ideological and/or informative prox-

imity. I guess this will not be general knowledge for all

Andalusians, and there are others who are more interested

in different topics, such as soccer, Survivor or how the

weather will be. Without being judgmental about what is

really important, I cannot ignore that I’m a social services

professional and I feel restless about the data. In a docu-

ment presented in March by Caritas and the FOESSA

Foundation intitled “Análisis y Perspectivas 2014”,

they stated that “the quality and strength of social rela-

tions in Spain are vital re-

sources to avoid the risk of

social disruption generated

by the effects of the crisis

regarding inequality of

income levels”.

According to the April

report of Eurostat, Spain has seven out of ten regions with

the highest unemployment rates of all Europe (including

Andalucía).

Spain is the second European country, after Greece,

which has less capacity to reduce child poverty through

social aid, according to Save the Children.

Not forgetting the data provided by our fellows from

the Social Services Directors and Managers Association,

who are constantly working and telling us about the con-

sequences involved in the dismantling of the

“Dependence Law”, and the entry into force of the “Local

Reform Act”, etc, it’s interesting to see what politicians

and citizens have to say about these reports.

Significant were the words of Minister Montoro, de-

bunking the Caritas reports in saying that they are “purely

statistical”, they “mix concepts”, and “provoke a debate

that does not correspond to reality”. Perhaps Mr. Montoro

has other ways to get data, but I think right now citizens

require involvement from their politicians and not disdain

for data they think is not beneficial for them. On the other

hand, some seem to believe everything certain television

commentators say about these information on shows

where they appear with “experts”, though we don't even

know their curriculum. They are free to comment on any

topic without explaining

what training or experi-

ence permits them to

give these categorical

opinions.

It seems that just from

being on TV they have

the absolute truth regarding some issues, and of course,

when they say that they “don’t see much need on the

streets”, that the crisis is not as harsh as it is painted, that

in Andalucía there’s unemployment because the popula-

tion actually lives from an underground economy and

subsidies, and that the kids really have what they need… I

feel like I'm hallucinating and I’m fit to be tied. A little

rigor to make these claims!!! Why are they given so much

space on TV, where opinions are generated? Do we really

prefer to believe these arguments? Do we not like our

“Spain is the second European country,

after Greece, which has less capacity to reduce

child poverty through social aid,

according to Save the Children.”


11


reality, and so prefer to believe the

most optimistic liberal discourse?

That one really does well because he

deserves it, and can get what he

aims for with effort? Well it is not

so. Many of us believe in data, we

see how dangerous this rich and

poor social polarization is, we don’t

believe in blaming the poor and the

unemployed, claiming they are in

this situation because he/she wants

to be and because they do nothing to

improve their situation.

We do believe this situation is

worrying and shameful. Some be-

lieve that government intervention is

necessary in times of risk of social

exclusion for it to be a risk and not a

reality. Furthermore, that interven-

tion should be professional and apo-

litical, valuing social indicators and

professional solutions, as well social

resources capable of responding.

Besides, there are those of us who

think that the current situation will

cripple us even more in the future if

we do not look at the situation as it

truly is, and together come up with a

remedy.

FW

A population of 46,7

millon

(AP Photo / Andrés Kudacki)

An unemployment

rate of 25,6 %

An inflation rate

of 1,5%

Spain

in numbers (2013) “Some believe that govern-

ment intervention is neces-

sary in times of risk of

social exclusion, for it to be

a risk and not a reality.”


12


T he humanity of the

twenty-first century

enjoys remarkable

technological ad-

vancements that should make us

feel happy to belong to this time,

however now we see greater eco-

nomic inequality. This inequality

contributes to major problems, de-

spite having alternatives which

easily help majorities to solve

many shortcomings. These

"advances" should be

rightfully and exclusive-

ly according to the Dec-

laration of Human

Rights, unfortunately

that is often not the situ-

ation.

The speeches of the leaders, es-

pecially in developing countries are

encouraging only until they are

compared with the time of applica-

tion and we can recognize them for

the utopian and suitable thing they

are to say for those who enunciate

them. In one of its reports, the

United Nations indicates a circum-

stantial improvement in the eco-

nomic growth of Latin America,

subject to the behavior of the do-

mestic economy of both Brazil and

Argentina.

The economic policy applied in

Argentina, allowed both Argentina

and Brazil to recently increase their

GDP by 3.5% and 3% respectively

(according to ECLA), a little

against expectations, but still deter-

minants of the region’s economic

health.

Instruments such as the raising

of salaries contributed to an in-

crease of consumption, which in

turn contributed to the increased

flow of fresh funds to the private

sector via credit.

The prospects are economically

encouraging to South American

nations considering that these are

mainly commodities exporters,

facing an extractive China, increas-

ingly hungry for raw materials to

feed to its growing economy.

As people committed to man

and nature, we should rethink the

contributions we bring in the

search for solutions to resolve these

imbalances. We

should strive to for-

mulate proposals

that highlight our

belief in ourselves,

and our capacities as individuals,

with inclusive training processes,

and taking into account the need to

respect our environment. At the

end of the day this is the only vehi-

cle capable of organizing a global

transformation towards a more just

and fair world, in order to reach the

coveted status of Good Living. FW

An indifferent reality

OPINION

Exercising free speech

Eco. Jorge Gresely, MBA.

Professor at Universidad Laica “Eloy Alfaro” de Manabí

Foreign Trade Carreer, School of Economics

[email protected]

Manta, Ecuador

“Instruments such as the raising of

salaries contributed to an

increase of consumption.”


“To victory and peace always”

Calle Gustavo Sampaio, Leme, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.

Foto: Alba Piazza

2014

14

Culture & Society

CULTURE & SOCIETY Because we all belong to one

By Laud Marcia Jasmin

Port-au-Prince, Haiti

L a Citadelle Laferrière is a

famous monument built

194 years ago in Milot,

Northern Haiti. This for-

tress, the construction of which was

led by Henri Christophe, revered

king of the north and hero of Haitian

history, was designed to keep the

newly independent nation safe from

French incursions.

La Citadelle du Roi Henri Chris-

tophe, another designation for this

memorial, is the symbol of the time

where Haitians were fighting to

keep their land, pride and dignity

which had been trampled upon dur-

ing the reign of slavery. Erected by

more than 20 000 workers, this

structure is also solid proof of the

skills and capacities of a country

which now seems to constantly

LA CITADELLE LAFERRIÈRE : A STORY OF

PRIDE AND BRAVERY


La Citadelle Laferrière, its imposing presence and dramatic appearance. Photo by Johalie Jasmin

15

Culture & Society

struggle. Dominating a

mountain slope, La Cita-

delle did not lose its im-

posing bearing even after

more than a century. Visi-

tors come from every-

where in the country, as

well as from around the

world to climb on foot or

on horseback towards the

8th wonder of the modern

world, a title that my

compatriots are certainly

proud of. If the construc-

tion is now only inhabited

by the spirit of the braves,

one can still find tangible

vestiges of the war. In-

deed, cannonball stock-

piles and the cannons

which served to fire at the

enemy are still laid out

inside the fort.

Haitian people are truly

devoted to La Citadelle

Laferrière for it is a re-

minder of a glorious past

and a sacred legacy. It is

also the right place to

connect with nature and

the souls of sleeping war-

riors, not to mention the

perfect place for creative

brains to relive the past,

while standing on the

parapets and observing

the vast surrounds, a

place where one can truly

feel the peace that lies in

the heart of the victor.

FW


The fortress perched on a mountainside.

Cannonballs laid out in pyramidal forms next to the fortress’ heavy cannons.

Photos by Johalie Jasmin

Photo by Johalie Jasmin

16

Culture & Society

O rphanages in Haiti vary

in their forms and sizes.

Many of these institu-

tions care for children

as young as newborns, as well as

much older teenagers, including 18

year olds. These children are just as

much in need of love, care and af-

fection, which unfortunately local

staff are often too busy to offer them

on an individual basis. These or-

phanages are also filled with chil-

dren eager to learn, whether that be

further general knowledge, cultural

facts, a new skill in arts and craft, or

sports.

On the other hand, Haiti is faced

with another serious social problem

where its youth is concerned. Many

children in Haiti are extremely poor

and spend most of their time in the

streets, earning a living through var-

ious activities such as begging,

"squeegeeing", soliciting money in

exchange of cleaning shoes, or vari-

ous other forms of solicitation. Not

only do they earn very little, as most

Haitian passersby are desensitized

towards their plight, but these activi-

ties also put in jeopardy their health

and security.

A couple months ago, I decided

that even though I couldn’t change

the situation of all of Haiti’s chil-

dren. I could still make a small dif-

ference in the life of a few. There-

fore, with the support of the Centre

for Global and Community Engage-

ment at the University of Ottawa, I

dedicated myself to designing a pro-

ject that would bring a smile to one

group of Haitian children this sum-

mer. Contacting Kings Garden, an

orphanage in need in the city of Port

-au-Prince, I sought permission to

integrate the orphanage during the

course of the summer where I would

organize a series of activities for the

children, from arts and craft to

sports and interactive games. I was

welcomed with open arms.

The Kings Garden currently cares

for 36 children from age 3 to 18.

With not much outside stimulation

they have to entertain themselves

with what little they have most of

the time. My work in the orphanage

seeks to provide these children with

the attention and mental stimulation

they need in order to better develop


A True Story

Kids Circle Haiti

By Corrine Joseph

Port-au-Prince, Haiti

Culture & Society

healthy social skills and self-

confidence. Over the course of the

summer, I will be developing a wide

range of stimulating activities, ap-

propriate for various age groups, in

the form of many arts and craft pro-

jects and sports games. As many of

the older children are interested, I

will also organise language and cul-

ture classes, where I will informally

teach beginner ESL classes. Further-

more, some weeks shall end with a

cultural presentation from a local

organisation, which can range from

a performance art act to a guest

speaker. I also intend to teach act-

ing, by putting on a play, where the

children will take on different roles,

which will be presented at the end of

my stay at the orphanage and cele-

brated with a supper. In order to

carry out these activities I will be

gathering local youth recommend by

JVEA, a local youth volunteering


organization which seeks to bring

awareness to street kids.

As most children do not live such

isolation or similar social conditions

it is sometimes difficult to under-

stand the importance of such an ini-

tiative. Before making the trip to

Haiti, as I was discussing how im-

portant this project was to me and

how even though supporting or-

phans was not a new cause, it re-

mained a pertinent and important

one, someone said to me “ Let’s be

real you’re not saving them”. I

couldn’t agree more, it would take

more than a summer of scheduled

activities to give these children what

they truly need and deserve. Howev-

er, it does not diminish this project

and how much they can benefit from

it. In such conditions, the simple

gesture of holding a child can go a

long way, especially for the 3 year

olds. After a day of activity, while

talking about their life at the orphan-

age, an 18 year old stated that in fact

Haitian groups rarely come to inter-

act with them, most visitors being

foreigners. This statement encour-

ages me and lets me know that it is

in fact worth it. I am now more de-

termined than ever to see this initia-

tive grow so that it may benefit

more kids in the future.


19

Culture & Society


If you’re interested about knowing more about my time at the orphanage, keep an eye out for my upcoming blog, Kids

Circle, which will be posted on Free World Magazine as well. FW

20

Culture & Society

Proverbs around the world


Language of origin: Kreyòl (Creole)

Haiti

« Lèw pa gen manman ou tete grann »

Literal translation:

When you have no mother, you

suckle grandma.

Meaning:

When you do not have exactly what you

need, you simply must contend yourself

with what you can obtain.

« Bat chen tann mèt li »


Beat the dog, wait for its master.

Meaning:

Whatever our actions, we must expect

the consequences.

« Nou se kabrit Tomazo, menm plim menm pli-

may »


We are goats from Tomazo (a region), with

the same feathers, same plumage.

Meaning:

Like attracts like.

« Dèye mὸn gen mὸn »


Behind mountains, there

are mountains.

Meaning:

Things are not always what they

seem. There are always

obstacles to overcome.

« Rayi chen di dan l blan»


Hate the dog, but say its teeth are white.

Meaning:

You should always recognize someone’s

qualities, whether that person is an enemy or not.

What about you? The Climate is changing,

The next conference on climate change will be held in Paris in 2015.

It is not a breaking news; the climate is changing, leading to increasing economical, political,

and ecological instabilities.

But is the climate the only thing to change?

How is the climate changing?

How is the economical climate changing?

How is the educational system changing?

And how are WE changing?

We will be the architects of « Other Climates »

https://www.facebook.com/autresclimats

Kelly Gène (France)

[email protected]

http://www.positive-rio.tv

¡Join this iniciative!

22

Culture & Society

Who wants to eat “ceviche”?

U undoubtedly, a good place to eat is the gen-

eral requirement for any night out where

dinner is involved. Once found, it will likely

become a habit to frequent this place to en-

joy a delicious dish with family and friends. In this issue,

we will discuss a typical dish from the coastal region of

Ecuador named "Ceviche".

But first things first: What is ceviche? Ceviche is a dish

made of fish cubes marinated in lemon juice, accompa-

nied by vegetables such as cucumber, onion, tomato and

cilantro, though many "cevicherías" (places that sell

ceviche) can also add pepper and lettuce. This is typically

accompanied by "chifles" (banana snacks), although

patacones and white rice are also possible choices for a

side dish. This is a meal that many in Ecuador eat for

breakfast, others at midmorning, and others still for lunch.

It is undoubtedly a very popular dish, desired by both

locals and foreigners.

While it is true that the

Ecuadorian ceviche dif-

fers from the Peruvian

one, with different culi-

nary touches, the prepara-

tion is similar. Today we

will learn more about the

Ecuadorian version, and

the best cevichería in

Manta, Ecuador.

Considered one of the

most important cities in

Ecuador with a population

of 250 thousand, Manta is

located in a beautiful bay

which welcomes many

cruises through its sea-

port. Located in the province of Manabí, it has rural and

urban areas where wet and desert climates are mixed with

temperatures ranging between 24ºC and 32ºC. Manta's

economy is based primarily on trade, tourism and the

fishing industries. The city with the largest fishing fleet in

the country, the contribution of the fisheries sector is 7%

of the GDP. Manta annually receives thousands of tour-

ists from all over the world, and is currently experiencing

a real estate "boom". With its very own airport, it is home

to many immigrants mainly from Canada, Russia, France

and the United States.

Now, back to what makes us salivate. Ceviche is cultural

food in Manta. It is the weekend’s typical family meal,

and on the other hand, it is considered anti-hangover

food. So on a weekend it's consumption is remarkable

from youth to adults after a night out. We all want to stay

home and relax after a long week at work or school some-

times, doing nothing more but watch a movie, chat with

frends, etc, all while eating some good ceviche. Well,

until a few years ago there was no delivery service for

this kind of food, although it already existed for classic

fast food such as pizza and burgers.

Then, the idea of selling ceviche with delivery service

emerged; giving birth to Fish Seafood Delivery. This

business started in October 2011. Ceviches were prepared

from home only on Sundays in order to test customer


23

Culture & Society

customer reactions. The type of fish chosen was the

"mahi - mahi", which is also known as dolphin-fish, dora-

do, dorado-dolphin or parrot. The ceviche also included a

chili sauce and peanut cream, which gave a new and dis-

tinctive flavor to ceviche, while still maintaining the

slight acidity of the lemon juice with which it was pre-

pared.

Peanuts are a typical ingredient in Manabi's cui-

sine, due to extensive cultivation in this region. You will

find a variety of dishes that use peanut, especially in Jipi-

japa (a city 45 minutes away from Manta) where it has

long been a typical thing to prepare ceviche with peanut

cream. However, those living outside that particular re-

gion who prefered ceviche

prepared in that manner had

to travel far to get a plate.

The first month following

the business launch was

very successful. Customers

were taking to the idea. They liked the taste, service and

price, so the opportunity for growth was noted.

In December of the same year the menu expands

to shrimp ceviche ... Yes, you read right, not only can

ceviche be made with fish, it can also be made with other

seafood, although some of these are cooked instead of

marinated, with an exquisitely unique flavor. Moreover,

as a matter of taste and logistics, the “mahi - mahi” is

changed to "wahoo" fish, also known as "ono" and part of

the "whitefish" family which is very appreciated in na-

tional and international markets. The number of custom-

ers then began to grow, going from friends to friends of

friends.

Due to the increas-

ing number of

sales, it was neces-

sary to invest in a

widescreen display

case to store a larger amount of vegetables, and ceviche.

In March 2012, the days of sale were extended to Satur-

day, covering the entire weekend. Fish ceviche, shrimp,

shell, octopus and squid are now offered, and there is an

option to combine 3 seafood and get a "mixed ceviche",

or include them all and have a "sailor ceviche". Custom-

ers are steadily increasing, they love the new options and

can make recommendations through a mobile phone and a

Facebook page.

In June, clams and mussels are added to the op-

tions, and they also begin to sell a choice of hot dish, with

breaded fish, shrimps and squid. Customers are very re-

ceptive, so much so that the following month buying a

freezer becomes necessary.

The work was con-

stant, and the demand

reached a point where two

days a week and the small

space at home was not

enough to satisfy it. Thus in April 2013, a year and a half

after starting this adventure, and having seen a vision

materialize, Fish Cevichería was opened for business,

maintaining the delivery option but now serving a wide

variety of ceviches to customers from Tuesday to Sunday

from 08:30 am to 15:00 pm.

The owners believe that their differentiating fac-

tors when compared to other cevicherías in the city is the

chili sauce and the peanut cream. One flavor now being a

characteristic of "Fish", and the second making them the

first cevichería in the city to offer it. As for the delivery

service, although it existed long ago in some restaurants

in town, it was not available in cevicherías. Now the deli-

very time is averagely 25 minutes, the product's appearan-

ce is improved with the use of chifles, and customers are

saved from the hassle of dirty dishes which need to be

cleaned later. These are the key added values of the busi-

ness. Furthermore, this business has been a source of job

“Customers were taking to the idea. They liked

the taste, service and price, so the opportunity

for growth was noted.”


24

Culture & Society

creation, contributing to the local

economy, and boosting the retail

sector of the fishing industry by the

considerable amount of seafood

bought.

Nowadays, Fish Cevichería is

more than a cevichería, it has beco-

me a place to socialize, catering to

all manner of clientele. The arriving

customers are now friends getting

together for a beer, families heading

to the beach that stop for something

to eat, couples, business executives

stopping for a quick lunch, athletes

with particular diets, who appreciate

fish for their high protein content,

foreigners seeking a taste of the best

ceviche in town, local politicians

and many others.

Prices are very affordable. If

on a sunny day, you feel like going

for a mixed ceviche of fish, shrimp

and octopus, followed by an ice

cold beer, you can expect to pay

8,50 USD. If there is a Champions

League game, or a Formula 1 race,

Moto GP, ATP, etc, the euphoria of

the game is making you hungry, and

you feel like having a good sailor

ceviche (fish, shrimp, shells, oc-

topus, squid, clams and mussels)

and a glass of fresh orange juice,

you should pay about 11 USD. In

addition, in preparation of the 2014

Brazil World Cup, two 60 inch TV's

were purchased for the convenience

of customers.

If you like seafood and Ecua-

dor figures in your travel plans, par-

ticularly the city of Manta, we re-

commend you visit Fish Cevichería

to taste the best ceviche in town. FW

“The arriving customers are now friends getting together

for a beer, families heading to the beach that stop for so-

mething to eat, couples, business executives stopping for a

quick lunch...”

To know more about FISH CEVICHERÍA, visit its Facebook

page: https://www.facebook.com/FishSeafoodDelivery


25

Culture & Society

“I would be willing to exercise any trade if with it I could

get great wealth by honest means; on the contrary, if to

get rich I should employ dishonest means, I’d prefer to

remain in poverty dedicated to my favorite activities.”

Confucius (551 B.C. - 479 B.C.)

CHINESE PHILOSOPHER

“He who possesseth little is so much the less possessed.

Blessed be moderate poverty.”

Friedrich Nietzsche (1844 - 1900)

GERMAN PHILOSOPHER, POET,

MUSICIAN AND PHILOLOGIST

“The day shit is worth

money, poor people will be

born without an asshole.”

Gabriel García Márquez

(1927 - 2014)

COLOMBIAN WRITER,

NOVELIST AND JOURNALIST

“We got use to get up every day as if it could not be oth-

erwise, we got use to violence as something inevitable in

the news, we got use to the usual landscape of poverty

and misery walking down the streets of our city.”

Pope Francis (nacido en 1936)

ARGENTINEAN POPE

“No society can surely be flourishing and

happy, of which the far greater part of

the members are poor and miserable.”

Adam Smith (1723 - 1790)

SCOTCH PHILOSOPHER AND ECONOMIST

“In a system of free trade and free markets poor coun-

tries – and poor people – are not poor because others

are rich. Indeed, if others became less rich the poor

would in all probability become still poorer.”

Margaret Thatcher (1925 - 2013)

UNITED KINGDOM EX PRIME MINISTER

“Where the right of property dominates, where every-

thing is measured by money, one can not speak of fair-

ness and social welfare.”

Saint Thomas More (1478 - 1535)

ENGLISH THEOLOGIST, POLITICIAN AND WRITER

“If the misery of the poor be caused

not by the laws of nature, but by our

institutions, great is our sin.”

Charles Darwin (1809 - 1882)

ENGLISH NATURALIST

“The first equality is the equity.”

Victor Hugo (1802 - 1885)

FRENCH POET, PLAYWRIGHT AND WRITER

“Ethics and equity and the principles of justice do not

change with the calendar.”

D.H. Lawrence (1885 - 1930)

ENGLISH WRITER

“Forcing the rich to pay taxes is a necessity of war, but

also to force the poor is an outrage.”

Napoleon Bonaparte (1769 - 1821)

FRENCH MILITARY RULER

“Overcoming poverty is not a gesture of charity. It is an

act of justice.”

Nelson Mandela (1918 - 2013)

SOUTH AFRICAN POLITICIAN AND NOBEL PEACE PRIZE

“Poverty is not created by poor people. It has been cre-

ated and sustained by economic

and social systems that we have

designed for ourselves; the institu-

tions and concepts that make up

that system; the policies we pur-

sue.”

Muhammad Yunus (nacido en 1940)

BENGALI NOBEL PEACE PRIZE

Famous quotes

About poverty, inequality and social exclusion


26

Culture & Society

Free World Asks

Why do you think poverty, inequality and social

exclusion exist?

“I think poverty and inequality exist when someone

doesn't have access to instruction and culture, but is not

aware of the lack nor has the time to think about how to

improve his/her situation, because he or she has to spend

all the days of his/her life worrying about access to basic

welfare that should in fact be automatically guaranteed to

all.”

Antonella Scalise

Bologna, Italy

“From my personal perspective social inequality is a con-

cept that originated as part of the capitalist economic

model, with the objective of explaining inequality, pov-

erty and underdevelopment. However, it’s important to

point out that economic models, as such, are not the only

cause of problems in our society, we must analyze the

other variables which in our countries are crucial for phe-

nomena to occur, such as: the mismanagement of the gov-

ernments in power, the misdistribution of the resources

and wealth, as well as a social culture oriented towards

achieving these social phenomena. In countries like ours,

these social disorders should not have an economic basis,

due to the availability of the resources we have at our

disposal. “

Erick Menéndez

Manta, Ecuador

“The answer to why poverty exists is not a simple one,

nor would I claim to know or understand every contrib-

uting element. However, to be brief, I would say a major

contribution to poverty-stricken areas is a lack of accessi-

ble education. Even a basic education allows residents to

know how to function and manage their resources in the

most productive and efficient way. Education often dis-

courages a high population growth rate as citizens learn

the responsibility that comes with a larger household in

relation to their accessible resources. In addition to edu-

cation, a moral or religious basis embedded within a com-

munity encourages a united body, helping others and ad-

ditionally discouraging divorce and teenage pregnancies

that drive conflict within a society. Finally, a good gov-

erning body to manage its citizens is another vital factor,

where both over-oppressive and lazy governments can

ultimately damage their citizens by not looking out for the

good of their people but rather, themselves.”

Tanya Layman

Boca Ratón, Estados Unidos de América

“These aspects of life are due to various factors, such as

poor economic resource policies from governments, lack

of strategies to raise the standards of living, without for-

getting lack of self-improvement training with regards to

both knowledge and the material side of things. It is cer-

tainly very clear when we say one cannot be blamed for

being born poor, but one can be held responsible for dy-

ing poor. This is seen from a more entrepreneurial point

of view, where one seeks to achieve a better lifestyle.

However, this will be much easier to achieve when gov-

ernments have policies which include principles of equity

and social inclusion in all aspects, from health, education,

employment, investment, etc, as these are the motors be-

hind a country’s development.”

Sara Farfán

Manta, Ecuador


27

Culture & Society


E verywhere around the world of music, you

can here the same saying when it comes to

Hip Hop: Its just not what it used to be. As a

22 year old artist, who found my niche in rap

music, I say otherwise. I think the problem is that there is

so many artists around the world that it becomes hard to

keep count. There is so much hidden talent that does not

get the opportunity to come out in broad day light for

different reasons, whether that be lack of will, mediocrity,

or most often insufficient funding.

I cannot stress enough how important I think it is to

encourage and fund young independent artists. The truth

of the matter is, I believe that is where the true future of

music lies. It's in that scene that artists still struggle to

come up with something new, something different and

orginal, not only to get a chance to be heard, but also be-

cause their love for what they do is still fresh. There is

still a certain meaning to their art, a message they want to

impart to the world. The ambition is still there. I think

once you're up there and everyone knows you, and you no

longer find yourself asking others to check out and criti-

que what you do, then you slowly start loosing that fire,

that motivation that pushes you to try and do better. I

think that is why so many signed artists lack creativity

today. Alot of the new music coming out these days have

no message behind them. It is much more about the mo-

ney then it is about the art, as opposed to when you're first

To the Beat of the Music

Hip Hop

NICKEAL

Beyond my thoughts

28

Culture & Society


starting out and growing as an artist

as well as an individual. Yet, I still

believe in music, and I still believe

in Hip Hop.

On june 24th, like so many inspi-

ring artists before me, I released a

mixtape intitled ''Beyond my

thoughts'' with nineteen titles. I

think the mixtape is true to its name.

The content is personal and explicit

and depicts my reality. One of the

songs intitled “Pot of Gold” relates a

real life experience I went through at

15 that changed my way of viewing

life forever. Things aren't always

what they seem. I believe there are

very inspiring messages enclosed in

this production, and I can only hope

that others see it too.

I wrote, mixed, and recorded all

the material with the help of my two

good friends, Danny Waters, my

producer at Le Baron Prodution, and

Bobby Micheal, another aspiring

rapper. I'm curently working on my

first selling album which will be a

short EP until my larger album co-

mes out. I don't want to rush my

2nd album because I intend it to

have a deeper unexploited message,

in addition to wanting to make some

general improvements. When it co-

mes to anything related to music,

between mixing and vocals and the

way I pronounce words, I'm always

practicing and seeking to improve.

English is not my first language so

sometimes I do have a hard time

with the way I’m saying things. I

don't mind though. When it comes

to music, I believe hard work and

sacrifice are worth it. Check

out "Beyond my thoughts", and let

me know what you think. FW

http://www.hotnewhiphop.com/nickeal-beyond-my-toughts-mixtape.113797.html?song-1923349

¡A la vista… baby!

¡A window unto the world!

Quai d'Orsay. Begun in 1844 and completed in 1855, this ico-

nic Parisian building evokes a provost of merchants of the seven-

teenth century. It has been occupied by the French Ministry of Fo-

reign Affairs since the mid-nineteenth century. (Photo: Kelly Ge ne)

Reservoir Aguilar de Campóo. Located in Palencia - Spain, this

reservoir was built in 1963. It has a capacity of 247 million cubic

meters in an area of 1,646 hectares.

(Photo: Katherin Go ngora)

Headquarters of the Unión de Naciones Suramericanas (UNASUR)(South American Nations Union). Created in May 2008 through

the Treaty of Brasilia, UNASUR is a regional integration bloc whose member states are the 12 countries of South America: Argentina, Boli-

via, Brazil, Colombia, Chile, Ecuador, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname , Uruguay and Venezuela. The headquarters are located in Quito,

Ecuador. (Photo: Gaby Mero)

Wall of John Lennon. It is a wall located in Prague, capital of Czech Republic. It began to be painted after the murder of John Len-

non in 1980 as a tribute, and it continues to be. It was a response to the Communist regime that did not allow that kind of music, and today

is a symbol of the freedom of expression that was achieved through the years. (Photo: Laure Daudin)

31

¡A la vista… baby!

Through Eva’ s lenses

Eva de Luis is a 25-years-old Spaniard, with a degree in Advertising and Public Relations. Exiled from her country for three years due to lack of opportunities and job insecurity, she is

currently working in Paris as a Manager of Media and Communication in an international non governmental organization. Passionate about landscape photography for over eight

years, she has taken as a serious challenge this complex project, knowing well that the sub-ject at hand is very difficult to capture in a series of images.

This edition she presents:

“Appearances, Realities and Agents of Change ”


01. Liberty, equality, fraternity.

Eva de Luis / June 2014

Official motto of the French Republic. Considered the three pillars on which a democratic and just society rests but... Is this the reality in France or just talk? Something to be considered by each individual, because not everyone in Paris will relate to this coin.

02. Paris, city of light.


Fifth largest city of Europe and most popular tourist destination in the world. Balanced, peaceful and romantic on the outside, but if we look a little further, we discover that it is all just ap-

pearances. In the background, La Défense, the main business district of Europe is home to al-most half of the big French companies.

03. In front of poverty: ¿Pity or indifference?


Looks of grief or utter indifference surrounding the homeless Parisians. He will not be separated from his belongings, as afraid of being robbed. He does not want his face to appear in the picture. He is ashamed and fears the situation in which he lives, afraid of never getting out of it, and afraid

of losing that fear.

04. Good morning. I am hungry please, Thank you.


She just asked for so-mething to eat in one of

the main streets of central Paris, Rue Rivoli, but pe-

destrians are more concer-ned about their purchases and promenades on a Sa-

turday afternoon than what happens a little furt-her down on the ground

they walk on. The smile of this woman having recei-ved a piece of bread with some cheese, is priceless.

05. Same job, different payroll.


Despite improvements in recent years, it seems incredible that today two people with the same job, responsibility and schedule, have different salaries. In France the wage gap between men

and women is 11% below the European average (16%), so much remains to be done to eradicate

this inequality.

06. Wallace fountains.


Paris has lived a very difficult time due to war around 1870 with various bombings. Fortu-nately the city was quickly rebuilt, thanks in part to bourgeois philanthropists such as Ri-chard Wallace. These emblematic fountains

were created following serious water supply problems faced by Parisians. The price of water was greater than wine or even absinthe, gene-rating severe social problems. Facing this situa-

tion, Wallace decided to finance these water sources in Paris and remedy such a basic need

like drinking water.

07. Looking for educational solutions.

Eva de Luis / May 2014

Small actions lead to big changes. This is how the "Raising Peace" project created by the Coordinating Committee for International Voluntary Service (CCIVS) began, with different courses and a campaign

through social networks, promoting peace building and human rights through international volunteer programs. To this end, in late May, the CCIVS has organized a course in the French Alps, designed for 30 youth from around the world, to educate them on Peace and Human Rights. The seed is planted,

now it is up to each person to make it bear fruit.

08. Parisian tissue.


Inequalities in Paris are rough and very noticeable. Change in a big city is difficult but not impossible as it is shown to be small local actions that achieve better results. In the fabric of Parisian society we find different stitches, yarns and styles. Diversity is what makes a particular fabric special, therefore one set of stitches should not be given more importance than another.

40

Statistics

Poverty headcount ratio at $2 a day (PPP) (% of population)*

This indicator shows the percentage of the population (by country) living on less than $ 2 a day, with the pur-

chasing power that the U.S. dollar had in 2005.

* The map and statistical data are for the period of 2009 - 2013, and are estimated by the World Bank (WB). [Online]. Retrieved from: http://datos.bancomundial.org/

indicador/SI.POV.2DAY/countries/1W?display=default

Angola 67,4 %

Argentina 1,9 %

Armenia 19,9 %

Bangladesh 76,5 %

Belarus 0,1 %

Bhutan 12,6 %

Brazil 10,8 %

Burkina Faso 72,6 %

Cambodia 49,5 %

Chile 2,7 %

China 27,2 %

Colombia 15,8 %

Costa Rica 6,0 %

Dominican Republic 9,9 %

Ecuador 10,6 %

El Salvador 16,9 %

Ethiopia 66,0 %

Fiji 22,9 %

Georgia 35,6 %

Honduras 29,8 %

India 68,8 %

Indonesia 43,3 %

Jordan 1,6 %

Kazakhstan 1,1 %

Kyrgystan 21,6 %

Latvia 0,6 %

Macedonia, FYR 9,1 %

Madagascar 92,6 %

Malasia 2,3 %

Malawi 82,3 %

Mali 78,7 %

Mexico 4,5 %

Moldova 4,4 %

Nepal 57,3 %

Nigeria 84,5 %

Panama 13,8 %

Paraguay 13,2 %

Peru 12,7 %

Philippines 41,5 %

Poland 0,2 %

Romania 1,8 %

Rwanda 82,4 %

Russian Fed. 0,1 %

Senegal 55,2 %

Sierra Leone 79,6 %

South Africa 31,3 %

Sri Lanka 23,9 %

Sudan 44,1 %

Swaziland 60,4 %

Thailand 4,1 %

Tajikistan 27,7 %

Togo 52,7 %

Tunisia 4,3 %

Turkey 4,7 %

Ukraine 0,1 %

Uganda 64,7 %

Uruguay 1,2 %

Zambia 86,6 %

Total world population living on less

than 1 USD per day (in 2013):

1.300 millones

Total world population living on less

than 2 USD per day (in 2013):

2.800 millones

Source: Diar io Hoy. [Online]

http://www.hoy.com.ec/noticias-

ecuador/1-300-millones-viven-con-

menos-de-un-dolar-593076.html

Note: Countr ies (17) in red letter have over half of their population living under these undesirable conditions, as indicated by percentage.



Statistics

Gini Index*

The Gini Index measures the extent to which the distribution of income among individuals or households

within an economy is far from a perfectly balanced distribution. Thus a Gini index of 0 represents perfect

equality, while an index of 100 represents perfect inequality.

Developed Countries (DC) VS. Least Developed Countries (LDC)

* Prepared with the latest data available from the United Nations Development Program (UNDP). [Online]. Retrieved from: https://data.undp.org/dataset/

Income-Gini-coefficient/36ku-rvrj

0

70

Sweden (25)

Germany (28,3)

Norway (25,3) Slovakia (26) Finland (26,9)

Angola (58,6)

Seychelles (65,8) South Africa (63,1)

African C.R. (56,3) Bolivia (56,3)

Note: For a better compar ison, the Wor ld’s 5 countr ies with higher and lower equitable distr ibutions were chosen.

This comparison allows us to observe 5 developed countries (random choice) with the 5 least developed coun-

tries in the world based on 4 indicators in 4 sectors (education, technology, health and environment) in order to

illustrate inequities between them.

35

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