Free Electron Laser ProjectsX-FEL and the others

S. BertolucciINFN

European Initiatives

Scientific case: new research frontiers in Atomic, molecular and cluster physics Plasma and warm dense matter Condensed matter physics Material science Femtosecond chemistry Life science Single Biological molecules and clusters Imaging/holography Micro and nano lithography

X-Ray FELs are based on SASE (no mirrors !) need Ultra-High Brightness e- BeamsSelf-Amplified-Spontaneous-Emission amplifies the spontaneous radiation exponentially in a single passInteraction of a bright electron beam with noise in an undulator magnet results in a density modulation of the electron bunch at the optical wavelength: SASE instability leads to COHERENT EMISSION

Undulator RadiationThe electron trajectory is inside the radiation cone ifThe electron trajectory is determined by the undulator field and the electron energy

Relativistic MirrorCounter propagating pseudo-radiationCompton back-scattered radiation in the moving mirror frameDoppler effect in the laboratory frameTUNABILITY

Due to the finite duration the radiation is not monochromatic but contains a frequency spectrum which is obtained by Fourier transformation of a truncated plane wave

Spectral IntensityLine width

Conditions for SASE

SASE Saturation ResultsSince September 2000:3 SASE FELs demonstrate saturation

TTF FELLEUTL

LCLS Overviewgalayda@slac.stanford.edu

Linac Coherent Light Source

Project DescriptionInjector

LCLS Overviewgalayda@slac.stanford.edu

Estimated Cost, Revised Schedule$200M-$240M Total Estimated Cost range$245M-$295M Total Project Cost rangeFY2005Long-lead purchases for injector, undulatorFY2006 Construction beginsJanuary 2008 FEL Commissioning beginsSeptember 2008 Construction complete

CD-1CD-2aCD-2bCD-3aCD-3bCD-0Title IDesignCompleteXFELCommissioningCD-4

LCLS Overviewgalayda@slac.stanford.edu

CapabilitiesSpectral coverage: 0.15-1.5 nmPeak Brightness: 1033Average Brightness: 3 x 1022Pulse duration:

Conditions for SASE

Photo-Injector Beam dynamics R&D challenges for future X-ray sourcesThree Major Tasks to accomplish:Minimize all mechanisms leading to degradation of the rms normalized transverse emittance en Peak current enhancement by a factor 20-100 Damp the beam energy spread below the threshold Dg/g < r

S orgenteP ulsataA uto-amplificataR adiazioneC oerente

Self-Amplified Pulsed Coherent Radiation@ LNF

SPARC project

R&D program towards:

- high brightness 150 MeV electron beam, - a SASE-FEL experiment- Ultrashort X-ray generation- X-ray optics & diagnostics

Under INFN responsibility

SPARC 3D CAD modelUnder ENEAresponsibility

SPARCBrightness State of the ArtPITZATF SUMITOMO

Innovative Concepts / Components to reach max. brightness Use of Shaped Laser Pulses (minimize space charge non-linearities)Implementation of new optimized lay-out for an integrated photo-injector (proper phase tuning of emittance oscillations for max. brightness)Produce RF bunch compression with Emittance Preservation (increasing peak current at no expense of transverse emittance)

Emittance measurementsfor gaussian and square laser pulse shapesCourtesy of F. SakaiAchieving Record Emittances @ Sumitomo SHI + FESTA

LLaser Pulse Shaping TechniquesCollinear Acousto-Optic modulator (AOM)zTeO2DAZZLERLiquid Crystal Phase Mask

LINAC Working Point - Emittance

Slice analysis through the bunch

RF Deflector: principle of operation

Slice selection @ SPARC using a slit and RF Deflector, with and without clippingSPARC Review - Sept. 23rd 2003Bunch headBunch tailZ(m)300 mmCoupling of time-transverse coordinate with 1:1 c.c.

Brightness is crucial for many ApplicationsSASE FELsPlasma AcceleratorsRelativistic Thomson Monochromatic X-Ray SourcesCourtesy of D. Umstadter, Univ. of Michigan

Collaborations and UE programs SPARCDESYBNLUCLASLACUEMOUMOUUEEUROFELPITZMOU

FERMIA VUV - FEL user facility at 40-100 nm

SPARXAn R&D program for a X-ray FEL test facility Next steps in Italy: (only half of the original budget available from the Research Ministry to support two programs)

SPARX- test facility

upgrade the DAFNE Linac to drive a 5-10 nm SASE-FELand with seeding

Beam energy : 1.2 - 1.5 GeV

upgrade the injector to a RF photo-injector (SPARC-like)

Study group will preparea proposal within 2005

SPARC Injector + DAFNE LinacSPARX-inoa 5-10 nm SASE FEL source at LNFRFgunLinac 1IVPCE= .44 GeVE= .145 GeVf= -25Linac 2sz~ 210 mmsz~ 5080 mmsd < 1 E-3E= 1.25 GeVR56= 34 mm

Low Energy section

High energy sectiondogleg start

Time to conclude

FELs are opening new scenarios in many branches of scienceNo FELs possible without the skills of the accelerator physicistsNo FEL useful without a robust R&D in innovative instrumentationExciting possibilities to be investigated also in fundamental science