free colored in a slave society:são paulo and minas gerais in the earlynineteenth century

7/30/2019 Free Colored in a Slave Society:So Paulo and Minas Gerais in the EarlyNineteenth Century

1/29

Jtaa Lchctab oe m \hmza \cloary7

\c Pmqhc meb Foem| Iatmo| oe rna Amthy

Eoearaaern Laerqty

Natdatr \% Khaoe meb Jtmelo|lc Zobmh Hqem

Dtmwoh ym| rtmborocemhh bapolrab m| m phmermroce alcecf bcfoemrab d |hmza|meb |hmza cyeat|% Ncyazat( mhh talaer |rqboa| nmza baeoab rna polrqta pmoerab|c mdh d Iohdatrc Jtata czat m nmhj laerqt mic cj m bolncrcfcq| |cloar

bcfoemrab d rna phmermroce; oe jmlr( fc|r |lnchmt| nmza |rta||ab rnmr Dtmwoh

hcckab fcta hoka rna Qeorab \rmra| rnme rna Ya|r Oeboa| oe rna tahmroza yaoinr

cj |hmza| meb |hmza cyeat| oe rna pcpqhmroce%= Cqt |qtza cj \c Pmqhc oebolmra|

=% Fqln cj rno| yctk daime oe Dtmwoh oe rna =?:0| meb =?90|( yorn |rqboa| cj |hmzat

oe rna |cqrnam|rate taioce% Cea cj rna t|r rc tam||a|| rno| rnafa oe Aeiho|n ym| \rqmtr

D% \lnymtrw( Pmrrate| cj \hmzanchboei oe rna Mfatolm|7 Eay Azobaela jtcf Dtmwoh(Mfatolme No|rctolmh Tazoay >9( ec%= .=?>4/% Iccb |qffmtoa| mdcqr |hmzat oe Foem| Iatmo|

lme da jcqeb oe Lhcrohba Mebtmba Pmozm meb Natdatr \% Khaoe( \hmza meb Jtaa

oe Eoearaaern&Laerqt Foem| Iatmo|7 Lmfpmenm oe =>>/; obaf( M emrmhobmba ba Foem| Iatmo| ec |lqhc ~o~7 Mhiqfm| nopra|a|

.pmpat pta|aerab mr rna Lcejataela ce rna Pcpqhmroce No|rct cj Hmroe Mfatolm(Cqtc Ptarc( Dtmwoh( Gqh=?>?/; meb Lhcrohba Mebtmba Pmozm ar mh%( A|rtqlrqtm a boefolm

bm pcpqhmc ba Foem| Iatom| ec |lqhc ^O^( Qepqdho|nab LEP] Ta|amtln Tapctr

cj=??0; Bcqihm| Lcha Hodd meb Ftlom Itofmhbo( A}qohdtoc a a|rmdohobmba7 Alcecfom

a lcfpctrmfaerc bafcitlc eqf taiofa a|ltmzo|rm( Foem| Iatmo| ec |lqhc ^O^(

Memo|7 ZO Aelcertc Emlocemh ba A|rqbc| Pcpqhmlocemo| .MDAP/ < .=?>>/; Lhcrohba Mebtmba Pmozm

meb Bcqihm| Lcha Hodd( Rna Fobbha Pmrn7 Mhratemroza Pmrrate| cj \hmza Bafcitmpnol|

oe Eoearaaern&Laerqt Foem| Iatmo| .pmpat pta|aerab mr rna Ycthb Bafcitmpnol

No|rct Lcejataela( Zatm Ltqw( Fa~olc( =??4/% Chbat |rqboa| dm|ab ce rna|a qepqdho|nab

fmeq|ltopr lae|q| oelhqba mfcei crnat|( rna yctk| cj Jtmelo|lc Zobmh Hqem(Foem| Iatmo|(

a|ltmzc| a |aencta|7 Meho|a bm a|rtqrqtm pcpqhmlocemh a alcefolm ba mhiqe| laertc| foeatmrtoc|(=9=>=>02 .\c Pmqhc7 Oe|rorqrc ba Pa|}qo|m| Alcefolm| bm Jmlqhbmba ba Alcecfom a

No|pmeol Mfatolme No|rctolmh Tazoay >072

Lcptoinr4000 d Bqka Qeozat|or Pta||


2/29

rnmr ce mzatmia tcqinh m rnotb cj rna pcpqhmroce yata |hmza| meb tcqinh m

rnotb cj rna jtaa pcpqhmroce yata |hmza cyeat|% Rna|a iqta| mta tapta|aerm&

roza cj fc|r cj Dtmwoh( meb lcfpmta jmzctmdh yorn rnc|a tmroc| oe rna Qeorab

\rmra| oe rna eoearaaern laerqt%4

Mhrncqin eoearaaern&laerqt Dtmwohome |hmza |cloar bojjatab horrha jtcf rna

lcerafpctmt |cqrnate Qeorab \rmra| oe ratf| cj rna |owa meb tahmroza yaoinr cj

|hmza| meb rnaot fm|rat|( or bojjatab |qd|rmeromhh oe rna lchct cj or| jtaa pcpqhm&

roce% Ynatam| rna jtaa pcpqhmroce ym| czat ?1 patlaer ynora oe rna Qeorab

\rmra|( ynora| raebab rc da ha|| rnme nmhj rna jtaa pcpqhmroce oe fc|r cj Dtmwoh%=/; Jtmelo|lc ZobmhHqem meb Otmlo bah Eatc bm Lc|rm(Foem| lchceomh7 Alcecfom a |cloabmba .\c Pmqhc7 JOPA(

Poceaotm( =?>4/; Otmlo bah Eatc bm Lc|rm(Foem| Iatmo|7 A|rtqrqtm| pcpqhmlocemo| rpolm|

.\c Pmqhc7 ABAL( =?>4/; Otmlo bah Eatc bm Lc|rm( Zohm Tolm7 Pcpqhmc .=9=?=>4:/

.\c Pmqhc7 OPA#Q\P( =?9?/; Bcemhb Tmfc|( Lor meb Lcqert7 Rna Jmfoh oe Foem|

Iatmo|( =>02=>(Gcqtemh cj Jmfoh No|rct / meb no| amthoat Zohm Tolm7

Ptcha cj m Lchceomh Dtmwohome Qtdme Laerat( Rna Mfatolm|=>1/; Nctloc Iqroattaw( Bafcitmm a|ltmzm eqfm alcecfom

ec&a~pctrmbctm7 Pmtme(A|rqbc| Alcefolc|=9( ec% 4 .=?>9/( meb oe no| Ltocqhc| a Mjtolmec|ec Pmtme( =9?>=>( ec% =: .=?>>/; oe rna yctk

cj Gc| Jhmzoc Fcrrm( M jmfohm a|ltmzm a m paeartmc bc lmj af Dmememh .=>0==>4?/(

Tazo|rm Dtm|ohaotm ba A|rqbc| Pcpqhmlocemo|1( ec% = .=?>>/; meb Mtfeoc ba \cqwm Tmeiah(

M alcecfom bc fqeolpoc ba Rmqdmr7 =9?> m =>4% Ce rna jay nqebtab jtaa lchctab

ync cyeab |hmza|( |aa rna lhm||ol |rqb d Lmtrat I% Yccb|ce(Jtaa Eaitc Cyeat|

cj rna \hmza| oe rna Qeorab \rmra| oe =>:0 . Gajjat|ce( E%L%7 FlJmthmeb( =?>1/% Jct m pa||ofo|rol m||a||faer cj rna

|orqmroce cj rna jtaa lchctab qebat |hmzat oe rna Qeorab \rmra|( |aa Otml L% Dathoe( \hmza|

yorncqr Fm|rat|7 Rna Jtaa Eaitc oe rna Meradahhqf \cqrn .Eay _ctk7 Pmernace Dcck|( =?92/%


3/29

D rna amth eoearaaern laerqt( Dtmwoh nmb rna hmtia|r jtaa lchctab pcpqhmroce

cj me |hmza |cloar oe rna Mfatolm|% Mr rna rofa cj rna t|r emrocemh lae|q| oe

=>94( |cfa =:amt| dajcta emh mdchoroce cj |hmzat( rna jtaa lchctabmhh cj

rnaf nmb |hmza ctoioe|eqfdatab 2%4 fohhoce pat|ce|( lcfpmtab rc gq|r=%1

fohhoce |hmza|% Rna|a jtaa lchctab yata( oe jmlr( rna hmtia|r |oeiha tmlomh#|rmrq|

itcqp yornoe Dtmwoh or|ahj%2 Oe |nmtp lcertm|r rc rna Qeorab \rmra| ynata ha||

rnme cea patlaer cj mhh |hmza cyeat| yata ece&ynora( Dtmwohome jtaab pat|ce| cj

lchct yata yahh bo|rtodqrab rntcqincqr mhh rna ptczoela| cj rna Dtmwohome afpota(

m| fqln qtdme m| tqtmh oe rnaot |arrhafaer pmrrate( meb m |oieolmer eqfdat cj

rnaf yata namb| cj |hmza&cyeoei ncq|anchb|%1 _ar rnmr ym| m rofa ynae rna

|hmza&dm|ab lcjjaa alcecf ym| tamlnoei or| fmrqtor meb rna ptola cj |hmza|

ym| ce m hcei&ratf to|a%:

Ba|pora rnaot ofpctrmela oe Dtmwohome |hmza |cloar( jay cj mhh rna talaer

oeza|roimroce| cj Mjtolme |hmzat oe Dtmwoh nmza jclq|ab ce rna alcecfol meb

|clomh tcha cj rna jtaa lchctab pcpqhmroce yornoe Dtmwoh dajcta rna aeb cj |hmzat%9

Jtaa Lchctab oe m \hmza \cloary ?=1

2% \aa Natdatr \% Khaoe( Rna Lchctab Jtaabfae oe Dtmwohome \hmza \cloar(

Gcqtemh cj \clomh No|rct :/( lnmp%=0%

1% Jct talaer |rqboa| |ncyoei rna tahmroza ofpctrmela cj jtaa lchctab pat|ce| m| |hmza

cyeat| oe zmtocq| fqeolpoc| cj Dtmwoh( |aa rna ryc |rqboa| d Jtmelo|lc Zobmh Hqem (

Foem| Iatmo|7 A|ltmzc| a |aencta|.\c Pmqhc7 OPA#Q\P( =?>=/ meb \c Pmqhc7 pcpqhmc(

mrozobmba a pc||a ba a|ltmzc| af zoera a loelc hclmhobmba| .=999=>4?/(A|rqbc| Alcefolc|(

4>( ec% = .=??>/; Khaoe meb Pmozm( Jtaa Pat|ce| oe m \hmza Alcecf; Pmozm meb Khaoe(

\hmza * Jtaa oe Eoearaaern&Laerqt Foem| Iatmo|% Jct |rqboa| ce ryc fqeolpoc| oe Dmnom(

|aa D% G% Dmtolkfme( M| lcta| bc a|ltmzo|fc7 A|ltmzo|rm| ptarc|( pmtbc| a lmdtm|ec

Talelczc Dmomec( =>>( ec% 2 .=?>>> .Lmfdtobia7 Lmfdtobia Qeoz% Pta||( =???/( lnmp% 1%

9% Rnata nmza daae( cj lcqt|a( m eqfdat cj |rqboa| ce rna jtaa lchctab% Dqr rna|a nmza

aornat jclq|ab ce |palomh m|palr| cj rnaot hoza| ct nmza bo|lq||ab zat |fmhh meb

qetapta|aermroza |mfpha|( ct nmza oelhqbab rnaf oe rna hmtiat lcera~r cj me

qebojjataeromrab pcct jtaa pcpqhmroce% Rna tahoiocq| hoja cj rna qtdme jtaa lchctab

oe rna ectrnam|r nm| daae |rqboab d M% G% T% Tq||ahhYccb( Rna Dhmlk Fme oe \hmzat

* Jtaabcf oe Lchceomh Dtmwoh.Eay _ctk7 \r% Fmtroe| Pta||( =?>4/% Rna yamhrn cj m |mfpha

cj t|r&iaeatmroce a~&|hmza|( mh|c oe me qtdme lcera~r( nm| daae memhwab oe Fmtom Oe|

Ltra| ba Chozaotm( C hodatrc7 C |aq fqebc a c| cqrtc|( \mhzmbct( =9?0=>?0 .\c Pmqhc7

Lcttqpoc( =?>>/% Jct |rqboa| ce rna nmtb|nop| |qjjatab d dcrn ynora meb jtaa lchctab pcct

qebat |hmzat( |aa Fmtom \hzom ba Lmtzmhnc Jtmelc(Ncfa| hozta| em ctbaf a|ltmzcltmrm


4/29

Dtmwohome |cloar hoka mhh crnat Mfatolme |hmza taiofa| ym| d or| zat emrqta

tmlo|r meb rna ynora ahora bo|ltofoemrab oe zmtocq| ym| mimoe|r or| jtaa pat|ce| cj

lchct( azae m| or patforrab m zat mlroza hazah cj fmeqfo||oce% Dqr ncy ajjalroza

meb ofpctrmer ym| rnmr bo|ltofoemroce oe lcertchhoei alcecfol meb |clomh fcdoh&

or3 Ya nmza nmb horrha |ae|a cj ncy rna|a jtaa pat|ce| cj lchct yata oeraitmrab

oerc rna ycthb cj jtaa pat|ce| meb rna fmtkar alcecf7 Yata rna jtaa lchctab

hmtiah lqr cjj jtcf ectfmh mzaeqa| cj alcecfol meb |clomh fcdohor rntcqin

haimh fame|( m| cllqttab mfcei rna jtaa lchctab oe rna Qeorab \rmra|3> Ct yata

rna dmttoat| rc fcdohor hmtiah alcecfol3 Yata jtaa ece&ynora| mdha rc ta|pceb

rc fmtkar oelaeroza| meb oeraitmra rnaf|ahza| oerc rna hmtiat jtaa |cloar ba|pora

rna ynora ahora| tmlo|r a~pta||oce| cj nc|rohor rc dhmlk|3? Oe Dtmwoh rnata yata ec

haimh lce|rtmoer| rc iacitmpnol ct alcecfol fcdohor( dqr rc ynmr a~raer bob rna

jtaa ece&ynora| |qllaab oe fmoermoeoei rna |kohh| rna ml}qotab m| |hmza|( ct

lcfpara yorn ynora| jct hmeb ct |hmza|%

Rncqin ya lmeecr jqhh me|yat rna|a }qa|roce|( cqt memh|o| cj4 fmgct

lcqeroa| .fqeolpoc|/ oe Foem| Iatmo| meb =1 lcqeroa| oe \c Pmqhc ptczoba| m

tam|cemdha polrqta cj rna tcha cj rna|a jtaa lchctab pacpha yornoe amth&

eoearaaern&laerqt |cloar% Hoka rna ta|r cj Dtmwoh( m fmgctor cj rna pcpqhm&

roce oe rna|a ptczoela| lce|o|rab cj jtaa pacpha( yorn m |oieolmer patlaermia

cj jtaa dhmlk| meb fqhmrrca|% Fc|r cj cqt bmrm lcfa| jtcf qepqdho|nab ptczoe&

?=: NMNT # Eczafdat # Khaoe meb Zobmh Hqem

.\c Pmqhc7 Oe|rorqrc ba A|rqbc| Dtm|ohaotc|( Qeoz% ba \c Pmqhc( =?:?/; meb Hmqtm ba Fahhc

a \cqwm( Ba|lhm||olmbc| bc cqtc7 M pcdtawm foeaotm ec |lqhc ^ZOOO .Toc ba Gmeaotc7 ITMMH(

=?>4/( meb fc|r talaerh d Nada Fmtom Fmrrc|( Bm| lcta| bc |oheloc7 C| |oieolmbc|

bm hodatbmba ec |qba|ra a|ltmzo|rm( Dtm|oh( |lqhc Ô^.Toc ba Gmeaotc7 Eczm Jtceraotm( =??>/%

Me oerata|roei lcfpmtmroza memh|o| cj rnaot rtamrfaer oe rna qtdme ltofoemh ||raf o| jcqeb

oe Haohm Fawme Mhitmero( C jaorct mq|aera7 A|rqbc| |cdta m a|ltmzobc qtdmem ec Toc ba Gmeaotc

.Partpcho|7 Zcwa|(=?>>

/%>% Mhrncqin |cfa jtaa lchctab yata mdha rc cye ptcpatr oe zmtocq| |cqrnate |rmra|(

rna hmy ym| dorrath cppc|ab rc rnaot fcdohor% Jct rna alcecfol nchboei| cj rna yamhrnoa|r

jay nqebtab jtaa lchctab oe rna |cqrnate |hmza |rmra|( |aa Hctae \lnyaoeoeiat(

Dhmlk Ptcpatr Cyeat| oe rna \cqrn( =9?0=?=1 .Qtdmem7 Qeoz% cj Ohhoeco| Pta||( =??0/; meb no|

a||m Ptc|patcq| Dhmlk| oe rna \cqrn( =9?0=>>0(Mfatolme No|rctolmh Tazoay ?1(

ec% = .=??0/% Mhrncqin m jay |qllaabab( rna ectf ym| jct m itamr bamh cj mlroza haimh

bo|ltofoemroce meb dhclkab fcdohor% Oe Zotioeom( jct a~mfpha( rna yata haimhh

baeoab mlla|| rc fcdohor meb ptcpatr oe rna |hmza patocb% \aa Hqrnat Pctrat Gmlk|ce(

Jtaa Eaitc Hmdct * Ptcpatr Nchboei oe Zotioeom( =>:0( 4b ab% .Eay _ctk7 Mrnaeaqf(

=?:>/%?% \aa Lahom Fmtom Fmtoenm Mwazabc( Cebm eaitm( fabc dtmelc7 C eaitc ec ofmioetoc

bm| ahora|( |lqhc Ô^.Toc ba Gmeaotc7 Pmw a Rattm( =?>9/; meb Hohom Fctrow \lnymtlw(

Tartmrc af dtmelc a eaitc7 Gctemo|( a|ltmzc| a lobmbc| af \c Pmqhc ec emh bc |lqhc Ô^

.\c Pmqhc7 Lcfpmenom bm| Hartm|( =?>9/%


7/29

Rna pmqho|rm lcqeroa| oelhqba rntaa hmtiah qtdme pcpqhmroce|7 \merc|(

ynoln ym| rna ptofmt pctr cj rna taioce; rna lmpormh cj \c Pmqhc ptczoela;

meb Lqtorodm% Mr rna |mfa rofa rna|a lcqeroa| tapta|aer rna za fmgct

taioce| yornoe rna ptczoela% Rno| oelhqba| Mtaom|( Lqenm( Rmqdmr jtcf rna

tmpobh lnmeioei Pmtmdm Zmhha taioce rnmr ym| rna t|r laerat cj lcjjaa

ptcbqlroce oe rna ptczoela( me ofpctrmer |qimt a~pctroei taioce meb rna

ncfa rc m fmgct jccb ltcp alcecf ynoln |qpphoab rna ofpatomh lmpormh

mr Toc ba Gmeaotc% Rna a~pmeboei mitolqhrqtmh jtceroat taioce cj rna ya|r

Pmqho|rm wcea yorn or| ofpctrmer |qimt a~pctroei laerat| o| tapta|aerab

d Potmlolmdm( Rmqdmr( meb Gqebom; rna lcm|rmh lcqeroa| d Merceoem(

Pmtmemiq( Qdmrqdm meb \merc|( ynoha Dtmimem meb rna lor cj \c Pmqhc

tapta|aer rna lmpormh taioce meb rna |palomh aezotcefaer cj rna |cqrnate

taioce cj rna ptczoela o| tapta|aerab d rna lcqeroa| cj \ctclmdm( Lqtorodm(

meb Lm|rtc% Dcrn lcqeroa| cj Foem| Iatmo| mta tcqinh |ofohmt oe rna |rtql&

rqta meb |owa cj rnaot pcpqhmroce meb oe rnaot babolmroce rc mitolqhrqtmh meb

ltmjr mlrozoroa|% Mhrncqin |cfa foeoei mlrozor |rohh cllqttab oe \mdmt .ichb

foeoei nmb fmba rna taioce jmfcq| oe rna aoinraaern laerqt( mhrncqin or

balhoeab mjrat =910/( or ym| ec hceiat rna ptabcfoemer |alrct cj rna hclmh

alcecf% D rna aeb cj rna aoinraaern laerqt rna ptczoela cj Foem|

Iatmo| nmb dalcfa m zat lcfpha~ mitolqhrqtmh( lcrrmia oebq|rt meb fo~abfoeoei alcecf cj ynoln ichb ptcbqlroce ym| m foect ahafaer% Rna

Foem| Iatmo| alcecf yorn or| a~pctr| cj |qimt( lmea mhlcnch( jccb |rmpha|(

meb hcy&}qmhor yczae lcrrce lhcrn( fcta ta|afdhab rna alcecf cj

eaoindctoei \c Pmqhc% Dcrn Lmfpmenm meb \mdmt yata tmrnat rpolmh cj

rna ptczoela m| m yncha( oe rnaot lcelaertmroce oe mitolqhrqta( yorn m foect

dqr ofpctrmer |nmta cj mlrozoroa| oe ltqba ra~roha fmeqjmlrqta|( |cfa farmh

meb yccb yctkoei( meb |cfa foeoei mlrozor% Oe rna ryc wcea| rnata ym| m

|oieolmer |qimt taeoei oebq|rt ptcbqloei lmea mhlcnch .miqmtbaera/ jcthclmh lce|qfproce meb dcrn mh|c nmb m zat mlroza lcffatlomh |alrct%

Rncqin rnata ym| lce|obatmdha |ahj&|qjloael( dcrn wcea| yata lhc|ah

roab oerc m hmtiat wcemh alcecf rnmr oelhqbab zat mlroza rtmba yorn rna

eaoindctoei lcm|rmh ptczoela|%=:

Jtaa Lchctab oe m \hmza \cloary ?=?

=:% Mllctboei rc me =>


8/29

Lcertchhoei jct bojjataela| oe |owa meb tahmroza ofpctrmela cj rna ta|obaer

jtaa lchctab pcpqhmroce( cqt a~mfoemroce cj rna pcpqhmroce lae|q| bmrm |ncy|

rnmr rna jtaa lchctab( a~lapr mr rna ahora hazah( yata jcqeb oe mhh rna cllqpmroce|

ptmlrolab d rnaot lcerafpctmt ynora eaoindct| meb nmb fqln rna |mfa

|clomh( cllqpmrocemh( meb bafcitmpnol lnmtmlrato|rol| m| rnaot ece&|hmza ctoio&

emrab paat|% Taimtbha|| cj ynarnat rna hozab mfcei ptabcfoemerh Mjtc&

Dtmwohome pcpqhmroce| ct mfcei ptabcfoemerh ynora cea|( rnata ym| tahmrozah

horrha bojjataela jct rna jtaa lchctab oe rnaot pmrrate| cj yctk meb |clomh ctimeo&

wmroce jtcf rnaot ynora eaoindct|% Oe mbboroce( cqt memh|o| ohhq|rtmra| rnmr jtaa

pat|ce| cj lchct yata |oieolmer |hmza cyeat| oe rnaot cye toinr%

Cqt |ahalroce cj lcqeroa| ym| baratfoeab d rnaot bojjataela| oe tmlomh

lcfpc|oroce m| yahh m| alcecfol mlrozor% Q|oei rna a~rtafa| oe tmlomh lcfpc&

|oroce tapta|aerab d rna|a =9 lcqeroa| oe Foem| Iatmo| meb \c Pmqhc( ya lme

lcertch jct tmlomh bae|or m| m ka jmlrct oe baratfoeoei oeraitmroce ct tagalroce

cj rna jtaa pat|ce| cj lchct oerc ece&|hmza |cloar% D rna tmlomh |rmebmtb| cj

|cqrn&laertmh Dtmwoh oe rna t|r nmhj cj rna eoearaaern laerqt( rna|a taioce|

oelctpctmra rna a~rtafa|% Mfcei rna =1 lcqeroa|( 9 nmb m noinat tmroc cj ynora|

rnme Lmfpmenm( ynoln ym| cea cj rna ynora|r lcqeroa| oe Foem| Iatmo|% Oe

rqte( ecea cj rna pmqho|rm lcqeroa| nmb m| hcy m tmroc cj ece&lchctab m| ym|

jcqeb oe \mdmt .|aa rmdha =/%Mhh rna|a lcqeroa| jtcf \c Pmqhc meb Foem| Iatmo| nmb mpptc~ofmrah

rna |mfa tmroc cj |hmza|( rnmr o|( gq|r czat m }qmtrat cj rna rcrmh pcpqhmroce%

Lcfdoeoei rna |hmza meb jtaa lchctab pcpqhmroce ta|qhrab oe mhh dqr9 cj rna|a

lcqeroa| nmzoei m fmgctor cj rna rcrmh pcpqhmroce daoei ece&ynora( rncqin

dalmq|a cj rnaot |owa rna|a 9 famer rnmr rna =1 pmqho|rm lcqeroa| czatmhh nmb m

|hoinr fmgctor cj rnaot pcpqhmroce daoei ynora%

Ya bob ecr eb m eaimroza lcttahmroce daryaae |hmza| meb jtaa lchctab| ct

daryaae rna pta|aela cj hmtia eqfdat| cj ynora| meb jtaabfae% Jtaa&dcte lch&ctab meb hodatmrab |hmza| meb rnaot cjj|ptoei yata me ofpctrmer ahafaer azat&

ynata; oe jmlr( rnaot bo|rtodqroce ym| noinh lcttahmrab yorn rna bo|rtodqroce cj

ynora| meb mh|c yorn rna bo|rtodqroce cj |hmza| mltc|| rna|a =1 \c Pmqhc lcqe&

roa|%=9 Tcqinh rna mllcqerab jct m jcqtrn cj rna rcrmh pcpqhmroce oe mhh rna

pmqho|rm lcqeroa|% Rna tahmroza ofpctrmela cj rna jtaa lchctab oe rna rcrmh pcpq&

hmroce .mdcqr m jrn cj rna rcrmh/ mimoe |ncyab rna \c Pmqhc lcqeroa| lhc|at rc

rna }qmtrat cj rcrmh pcpqhmroce |rmebmtb cj Lmfpmenm rnme rc rna fmgctor |orq&

mroce cj \mdmt% Rno| ym| rna lm|a( azae rncqin |hmza| yata ce rna yncha m fcta

?40 NMNT # Eczafdat # Khaoe meb Zobmh Hqem

=9% Rna lcttahmroce daryaae rna jtaa lchctab meb rna ynora pcpqhmroce czat rna|a =1

lcqeroa| ym| pc|oroza mr0%9= meb jct |hmza| meb jtaa lchctab mr0%1:%


9/29

Rmdha=7PcpqhmrocecjrnaJtaaLchctaboe

rna=9Fqeolpoc|cjFoem|Iat

mo|meb\cPmqhc(

=>4?

=>

4>

11

=9

::

99

Lmfpmenm

free colored in a slave society:são paulo and minas gerais in the earlynineteenth century

Documents