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Frederick III, German Emperor

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For the medieval emperor, seeFrederick III, Holy Roman Emperor. Frederick III

Kaiser Frederick III

German Emperor; King of Prussia

Reign 9 March15 June 1888

Predecessor William I

Successor William II

Spouse Victoria, Princess Royal

Issue

William II, German EmperorCharlotte, Duchess of Saxe-Meiningen

Prince Henry

Prince SigismundViktoria, Princess Adolf of Schaumburg-Lippe

Prince Waldemar

Sophie, Queen of the HellenesMargaret, Landgravine of Hesse-Kassel

House Hohenzollern

Father William I, German Emperor

Mother Augusta of Saxe-Weimar

Born18 October 1831Neues Palais, Potsdam, Germany

Died15 June 1888 (aged 56)Potsdam, German Empire

Religion Evangelical Christian Church

Prussian Royalty

House of Hohenzollern
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Frederick III (German:Friedrich

III., DeutscherKaiserund Knig von

Preuen; 18 October 1831 15 June

1888) was German Emperorand King

ofPrussia for 99 days in 1888, the

Year of the Three Emperors.Friedrich Wilhelm Nikolaus Karl,

known informally as Fritz,[1]was the

only son of EmperorWilliam I and

was raised in his family's tradition of

military service. Although celebrated

as a young man for his leadership and

successes during the Second

Schleswig, Austro-Prussian and

Franco-Prussian wars,[2][3]he

nevertheless professed a hatred of

warfare and was praised by friendsand enemies alike for his humane

conduct. Following the unification of

Germany in 1871 his father, then

King of Prussia, became the German

Emperor. On William's death at the

age of 90 on 9 March 1888, the throne

passed to Frederick, who had by then

been Crown Prince for 27 years.

Frederick was suffering from cancer

of the larynx when he died on 15 June

1888, aged 56, following

unsuccessful medical treatments for

his condition.

Frederick married Princess Victoria,

eldest daughter ofQueen Victoria of

the United Kingdom. The couple

were well matched; their shared

liberal ideology led them to seek

greater representation for commoners

in the government. Frederick, in spiteof his conservative militaristic family

background, had developed liberal

tendencies as a result of his ties with

Britain and his studies at the

University of Bonn. As the Crown

Prince, he often opposed the

conservative ChancellorOtto von

Bismarck, particularly in speaking out

against Bismarck's policy of uniting

Germany through force, and in urging

that the power of the Chancellorship be curbed. Liberals in both Germany and Britain hopedthat as emperor, Frederick III would move to liberalize the German Empire.

Frederick III

Children

Wilhelm II

Charlotte, Duchess of Saxe-

Meiningen

Prince Henry

Prince Sigismund

Princess Viktoria

Prince Waldemar

Sophia, Queen of the Hellenes

Margaret, Landgravine of Hesse-

Kassel

Grandchildren

Prince Waldemar

Prince Sigismund

Prince Heinrich

Great Grandchi ldren

Princess Barbara

Prince Alfred
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Frederick and Victoria were great admirers of the Prince Consort of the United Kingdom,

Victoria's father. They planned to rule as consorts, like Albert and Queen Victoria, and to

reform the fatal flaws in the executive branch that Bismarck had created for himself. The

office of Chancellor, responsible to the Emperor, would be replaced with a British-style

cabinet, with ministers responsible to the Reichstag. Government policy would be based on

the consensus of the cabinet. Frederick "described the Imperial Constitution as ingeniouslycontrived chaos."[4]

"The Crown Prince and Princess shared the outlook of the Progressive Party, and

Bismarck was haunted by the fear that should the old Emperor die--and he was now in

his seventies--they would call on one of the Progressive leaders to become Chancellor.

He sought to guard against such a turn by keeping the Crown Prince from a position of

any influence and by using foul means as well as fair to make him unpopular."[5]

However, his illness prevented him from effectively establishing policies and measures to

achieve this, and such moves as he was able to make were later abandoned by his son and

successor, William II.

The timing of Frederick's death and the length of his reign are important topics among

historians. The premature demise of Frederick III is considered a potential turning point in

German history;[6]and whether or not he would have made the Empire more liberal if he had

lived longer is still discussed.

Contents

1 Personal lifeo 1.1 Early life and educationo 1.2 Marriage and family

2 Political lifeo 2.1 Crown Princeo 2.2 German Empire and brief reign

3 Legacy 4 Titles, styles, honors and arms

o 4.1 Titles and styleso 4.2 Honors

5 Ancestry 6 Issue 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links

Personal life

Early life and education
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Frederick William was born in the New Palace at Potsdam in Prussia on 18 October 1831. He

was a scion of the House of Hohenzollern, rulers of Prussia, then the most powerful of the

German states. Frederick's father, Prince William, was a younger brother of King Frederick

William IV and, having been raised in the military traditions of the Hohenzollerns, developed

into a strict disciplinarian. William fell in love with his cousin Elisa Radziwill, a Princess of

the Polish nobility, but his parents felt Elisa's rank was not suitable for the bride of a PrussianPrince and forced a more suitable match.[7]The woman selected to be his wife, Princess

Augusta of Saxe-Weimar, had been raised in the more intellectual and artistic atmosphere of

Weimar, which gave its citizens greater participation in politics and limited the powers of its

rulers through a constitution;[8][9]Augusta was well-known across Europe for her liberal

views.[10]Because of their differences, the couple did not have a happy marriage and,[8][9]as a

result, Frederick grew up in a troubled household, which left him with memories of a lonely

childhood.[8][11]He had one sister, Louise (later Grand Duchess ofBaden), who was eight

years his junior and very close to him.

Frederick grew up during a tumultuous political period as the concept ofliberalism in

Germany, which evolved during the 1840s, was gaining widespread and enthusiasticsupport.[12]The liberals sought a unified Germany and were constitutional monarchists who

desired a constitution to ensure equal protection under the law, the protection of property, and

the safeguarding of basic civil rights.[13]Overall, the liberals desired a government ruled by

popular representation.[9]When Frederick was 17, these emergent nationalistic and liberal

sentiments sparked a series of political uprisings across the German states and elsewhere in

Europe. In Germany, their goal was to protect freedoms, such as the freedom of assembly and

freedom of the press, and to create a German parliament and constitution.[12][14]Although the

uprisings ultimately brought about no lasting changes, liberal sentiments remained an

influential force in German politics throughout Frederick's life.[15]

Despite the value placed by the Hohenzollern family on a traditional military education,

Augusta insisted that her son also receive a classical education.[11]Accordingly, Frederick was

thoroughly tutored in both military traditions and the liberal arts. He was a talented student,

particularly good at foreign languages, becoming fluent in English and French, and studying

Latin. He also studied history, geography, physics, music and religion, and excelled at

gymnastics; as required of a Prussian Prince, he became a very good rider.[16]Hohenzollern

princes were made familiar with the military traditions of their dynasty at an early age;

Frederick was ten when he was commissioned as a second lieutenant into the First Infantry

Regiment of Guards and invested with the Order of the Black Eagle. As he grew older, he was

expected to maintain an active involvement in military affairs.[17]But, at the age of 18, he

broke with family tradition and entered the University of Bonn. His time spent at theuniversity, coupled with the influence of less conservative family members, were instrumental

in his embrace of liberal beliefs.[18]

Marriage and family

See also: Rulers of Germany family tree
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Victoria, Princess Royaleldest daughter ofQueen Victoriawhom Frederick married in

1858

Royal marriages of the 19th century were arranged to secure alliances and to maintain bloodties among the European nations. As early as 1851, Queen Victoria of Great Britain and her

consort Prince Albert were making plans to marry their eldest daughter, Victoria, Princess

Royal, to Frederick. The royal dynasty in Britain was predominantly German; there was little

British blood in Queen Victoria, and none in her husband.[19]The monarchs desired to

maintain their family's blood ties to Germany, and Prince Albert further hoped that the

marriage would lead to the liberalization and modernization of Prussia. King Leopold I of

Belgium, uncle of the British monarch and consort, also favoured this pairing; he had long

treasured Baron Stockmar's idea of a marriage alliance between Britain and Prussia.[20]

Frederick's father, Prince William, had no interest in the arrangement, hoping instead for a

Russian Grand Duchess as his daughter-in-law.[19]However, Princess Augusta was greatly in

favour of a match for her son that would bring closer connections with Britain.[1]

The betrothal of the young couple was announced in April 1856,[21]and their marriage took

place on 25 January 1858 in the Chapel ofSt. James's Palace, London. To mark the occasion,

Frederick was promoted to Major-General in the Prussian army. The newlyweds were

compatible from the start and their marriage was a loving one;[22][23]Victoria too had received

a liberal education and shared her husband's views. The couple often resided at the Crown

Prince's Palace and had eight children: William in 1859, Charlotte in 1860, Henry in 1862,

Sigismund in 1864, Victoria in 1866, Waldemarin 1868, Sophie in 1870 and Margaret in

1872. Sigismund died at the age of 2 and Waldemar at age 11,[24]and their eldest son,

William, suffered from a withered arm

probably due to his difficult and dangerous breechbirth, although it could have also resulted from a mild case ofcerebral palsy.[25][26]William,

who became emperor after Frederick's death, shared none of his parent's liberal ideas; his

mother viewed him as a "complete Prussian".[27]This difference in ideology created a rift

between William and his parents, and relations between them were strained throughout their

lives.[27][28]

Political life

Crown Prince
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William allowed Frederick few official duties, such as attending balls and socializing with

dignitaries.

When his father succeeded to the Prussian throne as King William I on 2 January 1861,Frederick became the Crown Prince. Already twenty-nine years old, he would be Crown

Prince for a further twenty-seven years. The new king was initially considered politically

neutral; Frederick and Prussia's liberal elements hoped that he would usher in a new era of

liberal policies. The liberals managed to greatly increase their majority in the Prussian Diet,

but William soon showed that he preferred the conservative ways. On the other hand,

Frederick declared himself in complete agreement with the "essential liberal policy for

internal and foreign affairs".[29]

Because William was a dogmatic soldier and unlikely to change his ideas at the age of sixty-

four,[30]he regularly clashed with the Diet over policies. In September 1862, one such

disagreement almost led to Frederick being crowned and replacing his father as king; Williamthreatened to abdicate when the Diet refused to fund his plans for the army's reorganization.

Frederick was appalled by this action, and said that an abdication would "constitute a threat to

the dynasty, country and Crown".[31]William reconsidered, and instead appointed Otto von

Bismarckas Minister-President. The appointment of Bismarck, an authoritarian who often

ignored or overruled the Diet, set Frederick on a collision course with his father and led to his

exclusion from affairs of state for the rest of William's reign. Frederick insisted on bloodless

"moral conquests", unifying Germany by liberal and peaceful means, but it was Bismarck's

policy ofblood and iron that prevailed.[18]His protests against William's rule peaked at

Danzig on 4 June 1863, where at an official reception in the city he loudly denounced

Bismarck's restrictions on freedom of the press.[32][33][34]Consequently, Frederick was

excluded from positions of political power throughout his father's reign. Retaining his militaryportfolio, he continued to represent Germany and its Emperor at ceremonies, weddings, and

celebrations, such as Queen Victoria's Golden Jubilee in 1887.[35]

Frederick was severely reproached by his father for his liberal ideas, so he spent a large

portion of time in Britain where Queen Victoria frequently allowed him to represent her at

ceremonies and social functions.[36]
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7/14

20 August 1870,Illustrated London Newscelebrates the Crown Prince's Franco-Prussian War

achievements.

Frederick experienced his first combat in the Second Schleswig War. Appointed to supervise

the supreme German Confederation commanderField Marshal Wrangel and his staff, the

Crown Prince tactfully managed disputes between Wrangel and the other officers. The

Prussians and theirAustrian allies defeated the Danes and conquered the southern part of

Jutland, but after the war they spent two years politicking to assume leadership of the German

states. This culminated in the Austro-Prussian War, and although Frederick had opposed a

war against Austria, he accepted command of one of Prussia's three armies, with General

Leonhard Graf von Blumenthal as his chief of staff. The timely arrival of his II Army was

crucial to the Prussian victory in 1866 at the decisive Battle of Kniggrtz, which won the war

for Prussia.[37]After the battle, William presented Frederick with the OrderPour le Mrite for

his personal gallantry on the field and leadership of the II Army.[2]A few days before

Kniggrtz, Frederick had written to his wife, expressing his hope that this would be the last

war he would have to fight. On the third day of the battle he wrote to her again: "Who knows

whether we may not have to wage a third war in order to keep what we have now won?"[38]

Four years later Frederick was in action again, this time during the Franco-Prussian Warof

1870, in which he was once more paired with Blumenthal and commanded the III Army,

consisting of troops from the southern German states.[39][40]He was praised for his leadership

after defeating the French at the battles ofWissembourg and Wrth,[40]and met with further

successes at the Battle of Sedan and during the Siege of Paris. Frederick's humane treatment

of his country's foes earned him their respect and the plaudits of neutral observers.

[41]

Afterthe Battle of Wrth, a London journalist witnessed the Crown Prince's many visits to

wounded Prussian soldiers and lauded his deeds, extolling the love and respect the soldiers

held for Frederick. Following his victory, Frederick had remarked to two Paris journalists, "I

do not like war gentlemen. If I should reign I would never make it."[3]One French journalist

remarked that "the Crown Prince has left countless traits of kindness and humanity in the land

that he fought against."[41]For his behaviour and accomplishments,The Timeswrote a tribute

to Frederick in July 1871, stating that "the Prince has won as much honour for his gentleness

as for his prowess in the war".[41]

German Empire and brief reign
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Frederick as crown prince, 1875

In 1871, following Prussia's victories, the German states were united into the German Empire,

with William as the Emperor and Frederick as heir-apparent to the new German monarchy.

Bismarck, now Chancellor, disliked Frederick and distrusted the liberal attitudes of the Crown

Prince and Princess. Often at odds with his father's and Bismarck's policies and actions,

Frederick sided with the country's liberals[42]in their opposition to the expansion of the

empire's army.[43]The Crown Prince also became involved in many public works projects,

such as the establishment of schools and churches in the area of Bornstdt near Potsdam.[44][45]

To assist his father's effort to turn Berlin, the capital city, into a great cultural centre, he was

appointed Protector of Public Museums; it was largely due to Frederick that considerable

artistic collections were acquired, housed in Berlin's new Kaiser Friedrich Museum (later

known as the Bode Museum) after his death.[46]

Anton von Werner's depiction of William's proclamation as Emperor; Frederick is standing

behind his father, his brother-in-law, the Grand Duke of Baden leads the cheering.

Germany's progressive elements hoped that William's death, and thus Frederick's succession,

would usher the country into a new era governed along liberal lines.[43][47]The conservativeWilliam, however, lived a long life, dying at the age of 90 on 9 March 1888. Logically,

Frederick should have taken as his regnal name eitherFrederick I (if the Bismarckian empire

was considered a new entity) orFrederick IV (if it was considered a continuation of the old

Holy Roman Empire, which had had three emperors named Frederick); he himself preferred

the latter. However, on the advice of Bismarck that this would create legal problems, he optedto simply keep the same regnal name he had as king of Prussia. By the time he ascended the
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throne, Frederick was 56 years old and suffering from a debilitating cancer of the larynx. He

viewed his illness with dismay, crying "To think I should have such a horrid disgusting illness

... I had so hoped to have been of use to my country."[48]He received conflicting medical

advice regarding treatment.[49][50][page needed] In Germany, DoctorErnst von Bergmannproposed

to remove the larynx completely, but his colleague, DoctorRudolf Virchow, disagreed;[51]

such an operation had never been performed without the death of the patient.[52]

The BritishdoctorSir Morell Mackenzie, who had diagnosed the cancer,[53]advised a tracheotomy, to

which Frederick and his wife agreed.[50]On 8 February, a month before his father died, a

cannula was fitted to allow Frederick to breathe;[54]for the remainder of his life he was unable

to speak and often communicated through writing.[55]During the operation, Dr. Bergmann

almost killed him by missing the incision in the trachea and forcing the cannula into the

wrong place.[50]Frederick started to cough and bleed, and Bergmann placed his forefinger into

the wound to enlarge it. The bleeding subsided after two hours, but Bergmann's actions

resulted in an abscess in Frederick's neck, producing pus which gave the new Emperor

discomfort for the remaining months of his life.[54]Later, Frederick would ask "Why did

Bergmann put his finger in my throat?"[54]and complain that "Bergmann ill-treated [me]".[54]

Kaiser-Friedrich-Mausoleum (Potsdam): Frederick is entombed in this sarcophagus, whichbears his likeness on top

In spite of his illness, Frederick did his best to fulfil his obligations as Emperor. Immediately

after the announcement of his accession, he took the ribbon and star of his Order of the Black

Eagle from his jacket and pinned it on the dress of his wife; he was determined to honor her

position as Empress.[56]As the German Emperor, he officially received Queen Victoria of the

United Kingdom (his mother-in-law) and King Oscar II of Sweden and Norway, and attended

the wedding of his son Prince Henry to his niece Princess Irene. However, Frederick reigned

for only 99 days,[57]and was unable to bring about much lasting change.[58]An edict he

penned before he ascended to the throne that would limit the powers of the chancellor and

monarch under the constitution was never put into effect,[59]although he did force Robert von

Puttkamerto resign as Prussian Minister of the Interioron 8 June, when evidence indicated

that Puttkamer had interfered in the Reichstag elections. Dr. Mackenzie wrote that the

Emperor had "an almost overwhelming sense of the duties of his position".[60]In a letter to

Lord Napier, Empress Victoria wrote "The Emperor is able to attend to his business, and do a

great deal, but not being able to speak is, of course, most trying."[61]Frederick had the fervour

but not the time to accomplish his desires, lamenting in May 1888, "I cannot die ... What

would happen to Germany?"[62]Frederick III died on 15 June 1888, and was succeeded by his

29-year-old son Wilhelm II. Frederick is buried in a mausoleum attached to the

Friedenskirche in Potsdam.[63]After his death, William Ewart Gladstone described him as the

"Barbarossa of German liberalism".

[64]

Empress Victoria went on to continue spreadingFrederick's thoughts and ideals throughout Germany, but no longer had power within the
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government.[65]

Legacy

Frederick III as crown prince, by Sergei Lvovich Levitsky 1870 (The Di Rocco Wieler Private

Collection, Toronto, Canada)

Frederick believed a state should not act against the popular opinion of its inhabitants.[32][66]

He had a long history of liberalism, and had discussed his ideas and intentions with Victoria

and others before his reign. Admiring Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha and the British

parliamentary system,[43][67]Frederick and his wife planned to rule as consorts and liberalize

Germany through the appointment of more liberal ministers.[68]They intended to severely

limit the office of Chancellor,[59]and reorganize Germany to include many elements of British

liberalism. Many historians, including William Harbutt Dawson and Erich Eyck, consider that

Frederick's early death put an end to the development of liberalism within the German

empire.[8]They believe that, given a longer reign and better health, Frederick might indeed

have transformed Germany into a more liberal democratic country, and prevented its

militaristic path toward war.[57][69][70]Dr. J. McCullough claims that Frederick would have

averted World War Iand by extension the resulting Weimar Republic[70]while other

historians such as Michael Balfour go even further by postulating that, as the end of WorldWar I directly affected the state of the world's development, the liberal German Emperor

might also have prevented the outbreak of World War II.[71]Author Michael Freund states

outright that both world wars would have been averted had Frederick lived longer.[72]

However, his father lived for 90 years, and Frederick ascended to the throne as a sick man in

late middle-age on the threshold of death. Unable to influence policy at the height of his

power, health, and popularity following his military successes, Frederick was again unable to

do so during his reign. His life inspired historian Frank Tipton to speculate: "What would

have happened had his father died sooner or if he himself had lived longer?"[73]
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United States magazinePuckmourned the passing of the liberal monarch, Frederick III.

Other historians, including Wilhelm Mommsen and Arthur Rosenberg, oppose the idea that

Frederick could have, or would have, liberalized Germany.[8]They believe that he would not

have dared to oppose both his father and Bismarck to change Germany's course; a natural

soldier, he was steeped in his family's strong military tradition, and had happily reported to

his father since he joined the army at the age of ten .[1]Andreas Dorpalen notes that Frederick

had complied with most of William's and Bismarck's policies early in his life, and would havebeen unlikely to change his behaviour.[67][74]According to Arthur Rosenberg, despite his

liberal tendencies Frederick still firmly believed in Bismarck and his system,[75]with

Dorpalen adding that in any case Frederick had too weak and ineffectual a character to have

brought about real change, regardless of how long he reigned.[47][76] James J. Sheehan states

that the political climate and party system of Germany during that period were too steeped in

the old ways for Frederick to overcome with liberalization.[77]Dorpalen also observes that

Frederick's liberal persona may have been exaggerated after his death, to keep the liberal

movement strong in Germany,[78]and he points out that the many mistakes made by William

II helped to paint his father in a more favorable light.[79]

Frederick's children

William in particular

held various political positions and greatly

influenced Europe. Unlike his father, William had not personally experienced the horrors of

war, and he enthusiastically embraced his family's military heritage, coming under Bismarck's

tutelage. The Chancellor, who disapproved of Frederick's and Victoria's liberal ways, felt

bound to increase the tensions between William and his parents.[80]William grew up full of

disdain for their opinions on government, and shortly after his father's death, proclaimed that

he would follow the path of his grandfather, William I. He made no reference to Frederick

III.[81]William II abandoned all of his father's policies and ideas, and eventually led Germany

into World War I.[8][79]

Bismarck's plan of undermining Frederick and Victoria, and of using William II as a tool forretaining his own power, led to his own downfall. When Bismarck realized that William II

was about to dismiss him:

All Bismarck's resources were deployed; he even asked Empress Victoria to use her

influence with her son on his behalf. But the wizard had lost his magic; his spells were

powerless because they were exerted on people who did not respect them, and he who

had so signally disregarded Kant's command to use people as ends in themselves had

too small a stock of loyalty to draw on. As Lord Salisbury told Queen Victoria: 'The

very qualities which Bismarck fostered in the Emperor in order to strengthen himself

when the Emperor Frederick should come to the throne have been the qualities by

which he has been overthrown.' The Empress, with what must have been a mixture of
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puck_%28magazine%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puck_%28magazine%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puck_%28magazine%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mommsen_familyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Rosenberghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_III,_German_Emperor#cite_note-Dorpalen-2-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_III,_German_Emperor#cite_note-Dorpalen-2-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_III,_German_Emperor#cite_note-Dorpalen-2-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_III,_German_Emperor#cite_note-MacDonogh-17-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_III,_German_Emperor#cite_note-MacDonogh-17-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_III,_German_Emperor#cite_note-MacDonogh-17-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_III,_German_Emperor#cite_note-Dorpalen-3-67http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_III,_German_Emperor#cite_note-Dorpalen-3-67http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_III,_German_Emperor#cite_note-Dorpalen-3-67http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_III,_German_Emperor#cite_note-Rosenberg-34-75http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_III,_German_Emperor#cite_note-Rosenberg-34-75http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_III,_German_Emperor#cite_note-Rosenberg-34-75http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_III,_German_Emperor#cite_note-Sheehan-217-47http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_III,_German_Emperor#cite_note-Sheehan-217-47http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_J._Sheehanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_III,_German_Emperor#cite_note-Sheehan-216-77http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_III,_German_Emperor#cite_note-Sheehan-216-77http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_III,_German_Emperor#cite_note-Sheehan-216-77http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_III,_German_Emperor#cite_note-Dorpalen-30-78http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_III,_German_Emperor#cite_note-Dorpalen-30-78http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_III,_German_Emperor#cite_note-Dorpalen-30-78http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_III,_German_Emperor#cite_note-Dorpalen-31-79http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_III,_German_Emperor#cite_note-Dorpalen-31-79http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_III,_German_Emperor#cite_note-Dorpalen-31-79http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_III,_German_Emperor#cite_note-Feuchtwanger-243-80http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_III,_German_Emperor#cite_note-Feuchtwanger-243-80http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_III,_German_Emperor#cite_note-Feuchtwanger-243-80http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_III,_German_Emperor#cite_note-Kollander-178-81http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_III,_German_Emperor#cite_note-Kollander-178-81http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_III,_German_Emperor#cite_note-Kollander-178-81http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_III,_German_Emperor#cite_note-Dorpalen-2-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_III,_German_Emperor#cite_note-Dorpalen-2-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_III,_German_Emperor#cite_note-Dorpalen-2-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisburyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Friedrich_III_-_The_end_of_a_brave_life.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Friedrich_III_-_The_end_of_a_brave_life.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Friedrich_III_-_The_end_of_a_brave_life.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Friedrich_III_-_The_end_of_a_brave_life.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisburyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_III,_German_Emperor#cite_note-Dorpalen-2-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_III,_German_Emperor#cite_note-Dorpalen-2-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_III,_German_Emperor#cite_note-Kollander-178-81http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_III,_German_Emperor#cite_note-Feuchtwanger-243-80http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_III,_German_Emperor#cite_note-Dorpalen-31-79http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_III,_German_Emperor#cite_note-Dorpalen-30-78http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_III,_German_Emperor#cite_note-Sheehan-216-77http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_J._Sheehanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_III,_German_Emperor#cite_note-Sheehan-217-47http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_III,_German_Emperor#cite_note-Sheehan-217-47http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_III,_German_Emperor#cite_note-Rosenberg-34-75http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_III,_German_Emperor#cite_note-Dorpalen-3-67http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_III,_German_Emperor#cite_note-Dorpalen-3-67http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_III,_German_Emperor#cite_note-MacDonogh-17-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_III,_German_Emperor#cite_note-Dorpalen-2-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Rosenberghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mommsen_familyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puck_%28magazine%29


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pity and triumph, told him that her influence with her son could not save him for he

himself had destroyed it.[82]

Churches honouring Frederick include the Kaiser-Friedrich-Gedchtniskirche in Berlin and

the formerKalthof Church in Knigsberg. Mount Frederick William in the Jervis Inlet area of

the British Columbia Coast in Canada is named in his honour.[83]

Titles, styles, honors and arms

Monarchical styles ofGerman Emperor Frederick III, King

of Prussia

Reference style His Imperial and Royal Majesty

Spoken styleYour Imperial and Royal

Majesty

Alternative style Sire

Titles and styles

18 October 18312 January 1861:His Royal Highness Prince Frederick of Prussia 2 January 186118 January 1871:His Royal Highness The Crown Prince of

Prussia

18 January 18719 March 1888:His Imperial and Royal Highness The GermanCrown Prince, Crown Prince of Prussia

9 March 188815 June 1888:His Imperial and Royal Majesty The GermanEmperor, King of Prussia

Honors

At the age of ten he was invested with the Order of the Black Eagle.[17]Following his victory

at the Battle of Kniggrtz, he received the OrderPour le Mrite for his leadership during the

battle.[2]

Ancestry

[show]Ancestors of Frederick III, German Emperor

Issue

See also: Grandchildren of Victoria and Albert

Image Name Birth Death Notes
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_III,_German_Emperor#cite_note-82http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_III,_German_Emperor#cite_note-82http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_III,_German_Emperor#cite_note-82http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaiser-Friedrich-Ged%C3%A4chtniskirchehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalthof_Churchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Frederick_Williamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jervis_Inlethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia_Coasthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_III,_German_Emperor#cite_note-83http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_III,_German_Emperor#cite_note-83http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_III,_German_Emperor#cite_note-83http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Style_%28manner_of_address%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Style_%28manner_of_address%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_and_Royal_Majestyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Black_Eaglehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_III,_German_Emperor#cite_note-M-B-14-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_III,_German_Emperor#cite_note-M-B-14-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_III,_German_Emperor#cite_note-M-B-14-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_K%C3%B6niggr%C3%A4tzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pour_le_M%C3%A9ritehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_III,_German_Emperor#cite_note-Kollander-79-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_III,_German_Emperor#cite_note-Kollander-79-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_III,_German_Emperor#cite_note-Kollander-79-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_III,_German_Emperorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandchildren_of_Victoria_and_Alberthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wappen_Deutsches_Reich_-_Reichsadler_1889.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandchildren_of_Victoria_and_Alberthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_III,_German_Emperorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_III,_German_Emperor#cite_note-Kollander-79-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pour_le_M%C3%A9ritehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_K%C3%B6niggr%C3%A4tzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_III,_German_Emperor#cite_note-M-B-14-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Black_Eaglehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_and_Royal_Majestyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Style_%28manner_of_address%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_III,_German_Emperor#cite_note-83http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia_Coasthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jervis_Inlethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Frederick_Williamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalthof_Churchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaiser-Friedrich-Ged%C3%A4chtniskirchehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_III,_German_Emperor#cite_note-82


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William II,

German

Emperor

27 January

18594 June 1941

married (1), 27 February 1881,

Princess Auguste Viktoria of

Schleswig-Holstein; died 1921; had

issue

(2), 9 November 1922, PrincessHermine Reuss of Greiz, no issue

Princess

Charlotte24 July 1860

1 October

1919

married, 18 February 1878,

Bernhard III, Duke of Saxe-

Meiningen; had issue

Prince Henry14 August

1862

20 April

1929

married, 24 May 1888, his first

cousin Princess Irene of Hesse and

by Rhine; had issue

Prince

Sigismund

15

September

1864

18 June

1866

died ofmeningitis at 21 months.

First grandchild of Queen Victoria to

die.

Princess

Victoria

12 April

1866

13

November

1929

married (1), 19 November 1890,

Prince Adolf of Schaumburg-Lippe;

he died 1916; no issue

(2), 19 November 1927, Alexander

Zoubkov; no issue

Prince

Waldemar

10 February

1868

27 March

18

frederic iii

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