• Franklin __________________________

his legendary role in signing the Declaration of independence

and discovering how electricity works.

• Franklin __________________

one of the world’s most practical inventors.

• During his lifetime, Franklin ________ many ingenious item.

• He ________________ scientific research.

• His cleverness _________________ the overall quality of life for many people.

is most often remembered for

is often celebrated as

devoted himself to

help to improve

invented

1. Archimedes Buoyancy Law

2. Charles Darwin theory of evolution

the survival of the fittest

3. Thomas Newcomen steam engine

4. Gregor Mendel father of modern geneticsfather of modern genetics

5. 5. Marie Curie radium

6. Thomas Edison electricity

7. Leonardo da Vinci painter

8. Sir Humphry Davy a lamp to keep safety

9. Zhang Heng seismograph

10. Stephen Hawking a theory about black holes

Archimedes

““Give me a place to stand and Give me a place to stand and I will move the world.”I will move the world.”

1. Who discovered that objects in water are lifted up by a force that help them to float?

Buoyancy

Law

2. Who wrote a book explaining how animals and plants developed as the environment changed?

Charles Darwin

适者生存：适者生存：the _______ of the fittestthe _______ of the fittestsurvivalsurvival

3.Who invent the first steam engine?

Thomas Newcomen

James Watt improved it still James Watt improved it still further in the 1770s turning further in the 1770s turning it into the first modern steam it into the first modern steam engine used on the railways.engine used on the railways.

4. Who used peas to show how physical characteristics are passed from parents to their children?

Gregor Mendel

(father of modern genetics)(father of modern genetics)

5. Who discovered radium?

A. Marie Curie

6.Who invented the way of giving electricity to everybody in large cities?

Thomas Edison

7.Who was the painter that studied dead bodies to improve his painting of people?

Leonardo da Vinci

8. Who invented a lamp to keep miners safe underground?

Sir Humphry Davy 　

9. Who invented the earliest instrument to tell people where earthquakes happened?

Zhang Heng

seismograph地震仪

10.Who put forward a theory about black holes?

Stephen Hawking

• Science is organized knowledge.

Stages in a research

• Make a guess

• Discover a problem

• Make a conclusion

• Prove the guess1) Think up a method Making investigationsDoing experiments2) Collect evidence3) Analyze evidence

1

3

4

Prove a New Idea in a Scientific Research

2

John Snow defeats “King Cholera”

--- an example of scientific research

John Snow (1813-1858)

a doctor in Great Britain. He

a_______ Queen Victoria as her

personal p________

ttended

hysician

H1N1, SARS, cholera, _______, _______ are

all infectious diseases.

bird flu AIDS

“King Cholera” is an i and d disease.

nfectious eadly

Paragraph Conclusion

John Snow Defeats “King Cholera”

Paragraph Problem

Paragraph Guess

_______________________

Paragraph

Cholera caused many deaths.

Paragraph

Way to Prove

1

2-3

3-5

6

7 Make a suggestion

Para 2 Make a guessPara 2 Make a guess

The possible reasons:

Cholera was spread by air floating around.

Cholera was spread by the food victims ate.√

The second suggested that people absorbed this disease into their bodies with their meals.

multiplied

said /thought/held

Para 3 Think up a method

when & where how

Para 3-6 Prove the guessPara 3-6 Prove the guess

investigation1854London

enquiringgathering information

Step 1) Enquiry about _________&__________ Street.

Step 2) Look into _______________________________.

1) deaths near__________

2) no deaths who drank ____

______ is

responsible.

water pump

beer

Water

to blame

Broad S. Cambridge

the source of the water for the 2 streets.

1) Water of the ______ was fr

om ________________.

2) Disease __________ when

stopping ____________.

Cholera was spread

by ____ not ______.germthe river polluted

slowed down

drinking water

well

air

Para 4-6 evidence --- analysis --- conclusion

Two living _______________ but drinking _________ died.away from Broad S. well water

1. He suggest that the water supplies be examine

d and new methods of dealing with polluted wa

ter be found.

2. The water companies were instructed

not to expose people to polluted water.

(should )

(should )

Para 7 Suggestion

(that) they (should) not expose people to polluted water.

• Suggest

• He insisted that he ________________( 被送到 )

to the front.

• He insisted that he _________ （没有偷） the money.

• The water company were also instructed that _______________________________________（不要让人们暴露在） polluted water any more.

Learning about language

p.4 Ex. 1

1. victim

2. physician

3. analyse

4. defeat

5. challenge

6. enquiry

7. pump

8. blame

9. absorb

10. link…to

Ex. 2

1. severe

2. suspected

3. exposed

4. experts

5. cure

6. foresaw

7. concluded

8. announce

9. attended

Learning about language

p.4 Ex. 3

make a suggestion make a decision

make a plan make a contribution

make a speech make a noise

make a change make a noise

make a change make a description

make an investigation

Language Points

1. people ( )exposed to sth.

the deadly disease of its day

face the challenge

2. float around

absorb sth. into bodies

3. spread through the neighbourhoods

gather information

find out why

4. Mark the exact places

a valuable clue

many of the deaths

make further investigations

The water was to blame.

• 暴露在霍乱之下的人们• 那个时代致命的疾病• 面对挑战• 四处漂浮• 把某物吸收到体内• 在邻里传播• 收集信息• 发现事情真相• 标出确切的地方• 一个有价值的线索• 许多起死亡• 做深入调查• 水是该受到责备的

5. look into the source

remove the handle from the pump

soon afterwards

6. supporting evidence

be linked to

deliver sth. to some place

was able to announce with certainty

7. instruct sb. to do sth.

• 调查源头• 把把手从水泵那里除去

• 在那以后不久• 支持性的证据• 与…相联系• 把…送到某地• 能够很确信地宣布

• 指导某人干某事

Sentence patterns

• Many thousands of terrified people died every time there was an outbreak.

• The first theory suggested that cholera multiplied in the air.

• To prevent this from happening again, John Snow suggested that the source of all water supplies should be examined .

• John Snow was so e ______ that he a________• Queen Victoria . He wanted to find the c______ of cholera

in order to d______ it. He was determined to face the c__________ so that people e_______ to it would not fall v________ to the d_________ disease. In 1854 when a cholera b______ out, he began to gather information. He m______ on a map where all the dead people had lived and he found that many people who had drunk the dirty water from the p______ died. So he decided that the polluted water carried the virus. He told people to remove the h________.He suggested that the s_____ of all water supply be e_________ and the water companies were i__________ not to e________ people to polluted water any more. Finally, “King Cholera” was defeated.

xpert ttendedause

efeathallenge xposedictim eadly

rokearked

ump

andle ourcexamined

nstructed xpose

Word 1 attendTo be present at an event or activity

To look after someone

To deal with sth. or sb.

.

attend to your work

attend her mother

attend church

attend, attendance, attention, attentive

1) It’s parents’ responsibility to ensure children’s regular __________ at school.2) We’ll have an _________ 24 hours with him to keep an eye on him.3) Students are _________, taking notes in class. 4) The conversation failed to held my _________.

attendanceattendant

attentiveattention

.

expose vt.1)fail to protect sb./sth. from sth. harmful

Westerns likes exposing their skin to the sun.

Kids with no adults home are always exposed to the computer for a long time.

Kids with no adults home are always left exposed to...

2) make sth. known to the public

The incident exposed the weakness of present educational system.

3) to introduce new ideas, activities to sb.

Schools are again exposing children to the classic.

_____ to sunlight for too much time will do harm to one’s skin.

A. Exposed B. Exposing

C. Being exposed D. Having exposed

.

Word 4 expose vt.expose sth. to sb. sb. is exposed to sth.

玩电脑游戏的小朋友们经常会接触到一些暴力内容。Children playing computer games are always exposed to something violent.

经常玩电脑游戏的孩子们上课通常很难集中注意力Children exposed to computer games all day always fail to pay attention in class.

经常听音乐的孩子不容易生气。Children exposed to music are less likely to be angry.

.

Word 6 absorb vt. absorb sth. sb. is absorbed in sth.

这男孩正忙着写信。The boy is absorbed in writing a letter.

忙着写信， 这男孩没有注意周边放生的事情 .The boy was absorbed in writing a letter and paid no attention to what was going on around.

Absorbed in writing a letter, The boy failed to notice what was going on around.

be engaged in be occupied with

.

Word 8 blame

sb. is to blameblame sb.______ sth. blame sth. ______ sb. put/lay blame ____ sth. _____ sb.

某人要负责任责备某人因某事 for

onfor on

孩子们经常把失败归结于他们人。事实上，他们自己才是改负责任的人。Children always blame their failure on others. In fact, they themselves are to blame.

Absorb: take in, suck in,

• A sponge absorbs water.

Water is ….

2.This book absorbs Simon.

Simon…

3. He absorbs her point of view.

Her point of view…

every time

• He will go to visit his teacher every/each time he goes downtown.

• The moment I saw him, I recognized him.

• The boy went pale immediately/directly/instantly he saw the snake.

• An Example• Excited• Morning Exercises• Expensive• Explain• Factories• Fail • Be Familiar with• His family are friendly• Favour• Fearful/frightening

• Fellow• Field• Flight• Fifth• Final exam• Finish• Flower• Follow• Foreigner• Forgot forgotten• Forgave forgiven

Past Participle as

the Attribute the Predicative

a well-known doctor

terrified people

the affected person

the astonished people

character

characteristic

人物，角色；性格；方块字

1.There are five characters in this novel.

2.build up one’s character

指某物的具体方面的特色，特征A characteristic of Jackie Chen is his big nose.

培养品性

put forward 提出；提前

1.None of the ideas that I put forward has been accepted.

2.Are you serious in putting forward such a view?

3.The attack had been put forward two hours.

4.Put the clock forward by ten minutes.

Phrases about “put”

down

out

aside

put off

up

on 　　　 away

记下关掉，熄灭放在一边，储存推迟，延期建造，举起，张贴穿上收好

1.The plan that you __________ at the meeting is wonderful.

2.Many tall buildings were ________ along the road.

3.Firefighters have been called to _______ the fire in the city centre.

4.He has a little money to ________ for future use/ a rainy day.

5.Don’t ______ until tomorrow what can be done today.

put forward

put up

put out

put aside

put off

1. to take good care of (a sick person, for example) 照看，照料。

…that he attended Queen Victoria as her personal physician.

The nurse attended her patients well.

We’ll attend to the solution of that problem later.

2. to give attention 注意，留意。

3. to be present at 出席，到场

• attend school 上学• attend a lecture 听讲座• attend church 去教堂• attend (at) a wedding 出席婚礼

But he became inspired when he thought about helping ordinary people exposed to cholera.

过去分词用作后置定语 , 意为 “患霍乱的”。

This was the most deadly disease of its day.

1. [adj.] 危险的；致命的；强有力的• a deadly disease/ weapon

• a deadly remark 击中要害的评论2. [adv.] 极度；非常；死一般地• deadly serious 十分认真 • deadly pale 死一般苍白

So many thousands of terrified people died every time there was an outbreak.

every time [conj.] = whenever

每次 , 每当

• Every time I see you pass by, my heart can’t help beating madly.

• Every time I meet him, I always think of the things happened between us.

immediately, the moment, directly, instantly 等与 every time 一样，都可以用作连词引导时间状语从句，意为 “一…就…”。

Attention

• I will give the letter to him immediately I see him.

• I came directly I got your letter.

The second suggested that people absorbed this disease into their bodies with their meals.

absorb…into 吸收

这家大公司逐渐将这些小的公司吞并了。

The big company has gradually absorbed these small companies into its own organization.

John snow suspected that the second theory was correct…

1. [v.] 怀疑，认为We suspected their honesty.

She was suspected of being a spy.

2. [n.] 嫌疑犯The police have arrested two suspects.

3. [adj.] 令人怀疑的，不可信的His reason for being absent is suspect.

In two particular streets, the cholera outbreak was so severe that more than 500 people died in ten days.

他发现特别在两条街道上，霍乱流行得特别厉害， 10天之内就死了 500 多人。

• He is a severe but efficient teacher.

• severe winter

• She received severe head injuries in the accident.

severe

It seemed that the water was to blame.

be to blame (for) 对…负责任，为… 应受谴责

• He was not to blame for the accident.blame sb. for sth. 为某事责备某人 • They blamed me for the delay of the plan.

• They blamed the failure of the talks on the Russians.

blame sth. on sb. 把某事归咎于某人

• accept/ bear/take the blame for sth. 对某事负责任

• put/lay the blame for sth. on sb. 将某事归咎于某人

With this extra evidence John Snow was able to announce with certainty that polluted water carried the virus.

1.They announced the date of their wedding last Friday.

2.The government has announced that electricity charges will go up in the spring.

3.The bright flowers announced that spring was here.make an announcement

The water companies were also instructed not to ….

[v.] 教授，命令instruct sb. to do sth.

instruction [n.] 指示，说明，指导我被吩咐在这等候，一直等到那位老师来后再走。I have been instructed to wait here until the

teacher arrives.

instructions 说明书

Using language

Copernicus’ Copernicus’ Revolutionary TheoryRevolutionary Theory

Revolutionary:bringing or causing total change

Maozedong made Jingangshanthe base for his revolutionary work, from which he started a revolution to destroy an old society and set up a new one.

Copernicus’ Revolutionary TheoryCopernicus’ Revolutionary Theory

Christian Church’s theory --- earth-centered theory _______ is the center of the __________.

Copernicus’ theory --- sun-centered theoryThe sun is ______at the ____ of the solar system.___________ go round the sun._________ goes round the earth.As the earth goes round the sun, it _____.

Para 2,3,4,5:

The problem about earth-centered theory:

• Some planets:

• Other planets:

Methods to solve the problem:

• ______ observations

• Use_________ knowledge to _______

• _______ his theory until is was complete

• ______ his theory privately to his friends

The influence of his theory on the modern idea of universe:

• What feelings did Copernicus?• evidence• frightened• He could not tell anyone about his theory as the

powerful Christian Church would have punished him for even suggesting such and idea.

• confused• Although he tried to ignore them, all his

mathematical calculations led to the same conclusion.

• Cautious• He showed it privately to his friends.• He only published it as he lay dying in 1543.

Copernicus

Friends

The Christian church

Response of different people

frightened confused cautious

interested and enthusiastic

rejected

The powerful Christian Church would have punished him for even suggesting such an idea.

Only if you put the sun there did the movements of the other planets in the sky make sense.

• Only if: only on condition that

• Only if you put the sun there did the movements of the other planets in the sky make sense.

• Only if you promise to keep the book clean _____________________ (我才愿意把书借给你 )will I lend the book to you

make sense in a sense common sense1) 讲得通； 有道理

What you said makes no sense (to me).

2) 表示“明智的，合情合理的”

It makes sense to teach children with the new method.

3) make sense of sth. 弄懂……，理解……

Can you make sense of this poem?

1. Lead to

only if

2. in a loop

at times, at others

4. A fixed sun

at the center of

lie dying

5. Built sth. on the basis of

the idea of gravity, which said….

a direct link between …

• 导致，导向• 只有在。。。情况下• 以一个圈• 有时。。。有时

• 一个固定的太阳• 在。。。的中心• 垂死• 建立。。。以。。。为基础

• 重力学说，说道。。。• 一个直接的联系

结束除了…还一路前进 , 向前 铺床为…腾出地方 导致相同的结论有意义由于那个原因有时候从事临终观点

come to an endapart frommake one’s waymake the bedmake room forlead to the same conclusionmake sensefor that reasonat timeswork onlie dyingpoint of view

Nicolaus CopernicusNicolaus Copernicus

He was one of the first

scientists to use mathematical

observations to collect

information. He believed the

sun is the center of the universe

and the earth and other planets

went around it.

Some planets in the sky seemed to stop, move _________ and then go forward in a loop. Others appeared brighter ________ and ____ ______ at others.

The earth-centered theory could not _______ changes in the movement of the planets and in the brightness of the stars.

What made Copernicus start the theory?

backwardat times less bright

explain

the sun-centered theory

Copernicus’ Revolutionary Theory

When did he complete it?

He worked on it between 1510 and 1514.

When did he show and publish it?

He showed it privately to his friends in 1514.

He only published it as he lay dying in 1543.

Copernicus

Friends

The Christian church

Response of different people

frightened confused cautious

interested and enthusiastic

rejected

The powerful Christian Church would have punished him for even suggesting such an idea.

What conclusion did his mathematical calculations lead to?

The earth was not the centre of the solar system. ______ ______ you put the sun at the centre _______ the movements of the other planets in the sky _______ ________.

Only ifdid

make sense

if only “ 要是 ... 就好了 / 该有多好啊 !” ，后用虚拟语气 : 1. 对已发生的动作的感叹 , 从句谓语用过去完成时 e.g. If only I hadn't lied to her yesterday!

2. 对现在的动作的感叹 , 从句谓语用一般过去时 (be动词用 were) e.g. If only I were a millionaire!

3. 对将来的动作的感叹 , 从句谓语用过去将来时 e.g. If only he would come here tomorrow!

1.Mao Zedong is the great leader of the

Chinese R___________.evolution

2. The Invention of the computer caused a

r__________ in our way of living.evolution

Copernicus’ revolutionary theory

3. Sun Zhongsan is a great r___________

leader.

4.Yuan Longping created a r___________ new

way of growing rice.

evolutionary

evolutionary

cautious

be cautious of sth./sb. 当心……，谨防……

be cautious about sth/ doing sth. 对……慎重

He is cautious about spending money.

Be cautious of pickpockets!

caution

Key to Page 4

Ex. 11.victim 2. physician 3. analyse 4.defeat 5. challenge 6. enquiry 7. pump 8. blame 9. absorb 10. link …toEx. 2severe suspected exposed experts cure foresaw concluded announced attendedEx 1 on Page 42lind …to polluted clue neighbourhood blamecure severe drew the conclusion instructed Handles defeated Ex.21 2 5 6 3 4 1

Past Participle Past ParticiplePast Participle Past Participle

as the Attribute as the predicative as the Attribute as the predicative

1.1. terrified people 1.terrified people 1.

2.2. reserved seats 2.reserved seats 2.

3.3. polluted water 3.polluted water 3.

4.4. a crowded room 4.a crowded room 4.

5.5. a pleased winner 5.a pleased winner 5.

people who are terrifiedpeople who are terrified

seats which are reservedseats which are reserved

water that is pollutedwater that is polluted

a room that is crowdeda room that is crowded

a winner who is pleaseda winner who is pleased

PastPast ParticipleParticiple PastPast ParticipleParticiple

asas thethe Predicative Predicative asas thethe AttributeAttribute

1.. childrenchildren whowho 1.

look astonishedlook astonished

2.2. aa vase thatvase that isis brokenbroken 2.

33. aa door that is closeddoor that is closed 3.

4. the audience who feel tired4. the audience who feel tired 4.

5. an animal that is trapped. an animal that is trapped 5.

astonished childrenastonished children

a broken vasea broken vase

a closed doora closed door

the tired audiencethe tired audience

a trapped animala trapped animal

Grammar一、过去分词作定语1 、单个的过去分词作定语时一般兼有被动和完成

的意义，常作前置定语。 eg ： a lost animal 一只迷路的动物 a used stamp 一枚用过的邮票 an injured finger 一个受伤的手指 a broken coin 一枚破损的硬币 a lighted candle 一支点燃的蜡烛 注意：过去分词作定语时，有时只有被动意义。 e.g. ： spoken English 英语口语 written exercises 书面练习

少数表示位移或状态改变的不及物动词的过去分词只有完成的意义

fallen leaves 落叶 the risen sun 升起来的太阳the advanced countries 发达国家 drunken man 一个醉鬼a returned student 一名留学生 a retired teacher 一名退休教师an escaped prisoner 一名逃跑的囚犯 by-gone days 过去的岁月

2 、过去分词作后置定语，表示被动和／或完成意义。

I like wearing clothes made of this kind of cloth．我喜欢穿这种布料做的衣服。The books written by Lu Xun are popular．鲁迅写的书很受欢迎We’ll go to visit the bridge built hundreds of

years ago． 我们要去看那座建于几百年前的桥。

Practice: 1) He told us of the great wrong done to

him.= He told us of the great wrong

___________________________ to him.

which had been done

2) The United States is a developed country.

= The United Stated is a country ______________________ .which has developed

二、过去分词作表语1 、过去分词作表语，表示主语的特点或所处

的状态，其前面的系动词有包括 be 在内的多种形式。

Everyone present is very inspired at his speech ．听了他的发言，在场的所有人都很振奋。You seem frightened.

你似乎受了惊吓。

2 、过去分词作表语，构成的系表结构与被动语态的区别：

This shop is now closed．这家商店现在已经关门了。 ( 状态 )This shop is closed at 6 pm everyday．这家商店每天 6 点关门。 ( 动作）

Practice:

1. 你为什么总是看上很疲劳？这些日子睡得好吗？

Why do you always _______________ ? Do you sleep well these days?

2.我对昨晚看的电影很失望。我原以为它能好些。

I _____________________ the film I saw last night, I had expected it to be better.

look so tiredlook so tired

was disappointed withwas disappointed with

4. 听说那位明星死了，人人都很惊讶。 Everybody ____________to hear the death of the famous film star．

5.他的伤口感染了一种新病毒 .

His wound ___________________ a new virus．

was shocked

became infected with

Homework:1. Look up the following words in your

reference book:

Attend, expose (group 1) /absorb, handle(2)

/ in addition to(3)/Link, announce(4)/

2. Finish p4Ex. 1,2 /P5Ex. 1,2,3

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7. • draw a conclusion;

• think of a method;

• collect results;

• make a question;

• find a problem;

• analyse the results;

• find supporting evidence

To prove a new idea in scientific research

•Repeat if necessary

Stages in an experiment

John Snow defeats “King Cholera”

• Find a problem;

• Make a question;

1.

2.

What causes cholera?

Which theory is correct?

Four o________ of cholera in the 1830s and 1840s killed many people in England. In 1854, the most s_____ cholera occurred. It s______ quickly through poor n_____________. Thousands of terrified people who e_______ to the disease died.

evere

utbreaks

xposed

preadeighbourhoods

The Severe situationThe Severe situation

John Snow defeats “King Cholera”

• Think of a method;

• Collect results;

3.

4.

Make his enquiry in poor neighborhoods where the outbreak was very severe.

Mark information on a map to find out where people did or did not die.

By doing that, Snow found that .

the water was to blame

John Snow defeats “King Cholera”

• Analyse the results;5.

Analyse the s of water;

Remove the h from the pump so that the p water couldn’t be used.

ource

andleolluted

John Snow defeats “King Cholera”

• Find supporting evidence;

• Draw a conclusion.

6.

7.

…two other deaths that were linked to the Broad Street outbreak…

It is the polluted water that c the virus and all the water supplies should be e .

arriedxamined

Compare Snow’s approach and your own experiment

Do these stages fit with your branch of science?

What characteristics should we have if we want to carry out a successful research?

What should we pay attention to when we write a scientific report ?

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