frank visco - biology
DESCRIPTION
1. Frank Visco - Biology Email: [email protected] (preferred over phone messages) Phone: 714-432-0202 ext. 22740 Office hours: by appointment only Web site: http://occonline.occ.cccd.edu/online/fvisco or through OCC web site – www.occ.cccd.edu - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Frank Visco - BiologyEmail: [email protected]
(preferred over phone messages)
Phone: 714-432-0202 ext. 22740
Office hours: by appointment only
Web site: http://occonline.occ.cccd.edu/online/fvisco or through OCC web site – www.occ.cccd.edu
Includes all images used in lecture~ PowerPoint (PPT) Version ~ & pdf. Version (no movement)
Includes all reviews for exams
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Attendance really does count for borderline grades
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This signifies item important for test purposes
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Instructor Frank Visco
N.S. 100 Fall 2008
Tues. Thurs Tues Thurs Tues Thurs Tue Thurs Tues
LAST NAME FIRST NAME Oct. 7 Oct. 9 Oct. 14 Oct. 16 Oct. 21 Oct. 23 Oct. 28 Oct. 30 Nov. 4
Aceves Salvador
Alonzo Sarah
Anari Shiva
Atkins Celeste
Aytekin Selcuk
Barnes Chase
Bell Tiffany
Benjamin Royale
Bowlin Bradley
Brittell Elizabeth
Burgos Gabriel
Chadwick Kaylee
Conroy Brian
Davis Julian
Dilly Matthew
2b
Tues.
LAST NAME FIRST NAME Oct. 7
Aceves Salvador SA
Alonzo Sarah SA
Anari Shiva SA
Atkins Celeste
Aytekin Selcuk SA
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In this section (biology):Characteristics of Life Cell Theory
Chemistry of Life Midterm 3 (30 points; each question worth ¾ points)
Cell structure and function DNA structure and function
Viruses Biotechnology
Bioenergetics Midterm 4 (30 points; each question worth ¾ points)
Cell Division Gametogenesis Mendelian Genetics
Evolution Origin of Life Kingdoms of Life Ecological Concepts and concerns (tested on course Final)
Midterm 5 (30 points; each question worth ¾ points - including Final)
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Life – A complex physical state and complex series of chemical reactions with these characteristics
-Acquisition and use of energy
-Reproduction
-Growth and development
-Response to stimuli
-Adapt to changing environment
-Highly organized
-homeostasis
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-Acquisition and use of energy
-Reproduction
-Growth and development
-Ability to respond to stimuli
-Adapt to changing environment
-High degree of organization
-homeostasis
Morphogenesis of the caterpillar into a pupa and then into the butterfly is an example of growth and development.
-Acquisition and use of energy
-Reproduction
-Growth and development
-Ability to respond to stimuli
-Adapt to changing environment
-High degree of organization
-homeostasis
Caterpillar
Pupa
Butterfly
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Brain
Kidney
Liver
Heart
Lung
Stem cell can become any of 220 cell types
Stem cells - building blocks of all tissues
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-Acquisition and use of energy
-Reproduction
-Growth and development
-Ability to respond to stimuli
-Adapt to changing environment
-High degree of organization
-homeostasis
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Brain Neurons can be derived from human embryonic stem cells.
Embryonic Stem Cells are an example of growth and development
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Cell Theory - 4 components:
1. Cell is smallest unit of life
2. All cells derived from previously existing cells
3. All cells show basic similarities in their chemical make-up and metabolic
activities
4. An organism (like a rabbit) is sum of all of the individual cells composing
organism
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1. Red Blood cells are an example of the smallest unit of life
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2. All cells are derived from previously existing cells – that is cells do not arise spontaneously from non-cells, instead cells come only from other cells by cell division.
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No
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Experiments to create life (cells) from non-life have not been successful
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Blue Print #1
Blue Print #2
3. All cells have same basic chemical structure and chemical reactions.
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Nutrients same for all life
Human DNA
Human DNA make human products
Dog DNA make dog products
Dog DNA
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Nutrients or Raw Materials
Blueprint
Blueprint
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4. Activity of an organism (such as a human) is the sum of each cell’s individual activities
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Brain activity
Cell structure and function
Cell movements
Heartbeat
Smell, taste
Sperm and egg
Why is chemistry so important to LIFE?
photosynthesisThe human body has thousands of
chemical reactions making thousands of chemical products
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Some chemicals of LIFEOxygen carrying
Photosynthesis
Energy
water
neurotransmitters
Humans make about 35,000 different chemical products
Insects make about 10,000 chemical products
Bacteria make about 1000 chemical products
Viruses make about 10 chemical products
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Matter and energy – compose everything in NATURE
Matter – anything that takes up space and has mass (weight)
Energy – capacity to bring about movement against an opposing force
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Three states of matter (for water)
Gas (Fog)
Solid (Ice)
Liquid
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Chemical Elements are pure forms of matter
Examples include:
Elemental gold
Elemental bromine
Elemental mercury
Elemental silver
Elemental iron
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Periodic Table of Elements;
Includes all natural elements and experimentally made elements.
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Everything in nature is made of
the elements on the periodic table.
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The Periodic Table of
Chemical Elements
Hydrogen (H) is simplest element 23
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Each element is composed of specific atoms:
Atoms are usually composed of 3 subcomponents:
Protons – positive (+) charge (red)
Electrons – negative (-) charge
Neutrons – no charge or neutral (+/-) charge (white)
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Electron shell (or energy level) has
only 1 electron (-)
Nucleus of Atom has only 1 proton (+)
+
Hydrogen Atom
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0.00000000005 meters = distance between the nucleus (+) and the electron orbital (-)
or
5/10,000,000,000 of a meter
or
5 ten billionths of a meter
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Two electrons (-) are in an shell around the nucleus; nucleus has two protons (+) and two
neutrons (+/-)
Helium Atom27
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Protium
There are three forms of Hydrogen.
- one proton, one electron
- one proton, one electron, one neutron
- one proton, one electron, two neutrons
Isotopes - alternate forms of same element; different numbers of neutrons.
Deuterium
Tritium
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Radioactive isotope greater number of neutrons than protons
Radioactive Tritium is unstable and becomes more stable by giving off energy or radiation = radioactivity
Protium Deuterium Tritium
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From water and soil under houses
May cause up to 50% lung cancer if inhaled
Produces alpha radiation
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Radon radiation tracks in lung tissue
Cells hit by tracks can become cancer cells
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=5 kilograms (11 pounds) of weapons grade
plutonium (or uranium)
Nuclear Weapons August 9, 1945 - Nagasaki
100,000 tons of chemical
explosive, such as dynamite
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Atomic Weight vs. Atomic Number
Atomic Weight of an Atom = number of protons and neutrons
Atomic Number of an Atom = number of protons
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Hydrogen (Protium)
Atomic number = 1
Atomic weight = 1
Deuterium
Atomic number = 1
Atomic weight = 2
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Carbon Atom
Atomic number = 6 (protons)
Atomic weight = 12 (6 protons and 6 neutrons)
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Atomic number = ??
Atomic weight = ??
Protons neutrons electrons (8) (8) (8)
816
+
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A human body contains 6.27 x 1027 atoms, or
6,270,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 atoms
Hydrogen atoms = 4.22 x 1027
Oxygen atoms = 1.61 x 1027
Carbon atoms = 8.03 x 1026
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See page 1-7B
Calculation of the total number of each atom found in the human body
Oxygen 1.61 x 1027 atoms
Gold 2 x 1019 atoms
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Holds 8 electrons
Has 1 Has 2
Has 4 Has 8
Has 1 Has 8
Holds 2 electrons
Holds 8 electrons
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Hydrogen has room for 2 electrons in the first shell, but only has 1 electron.
Carbon has 2 electrons in the first shell and only 4 electrons in the second shell,
but Carbon can hold 8 electrons in the second shell,
HC
so Carbon can pick up 4 more electrons in the second shell.
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4 hydrogen (H) share their electrons with the 4 electrons in the outer shell of one Carbon (C)
H
H
H
H
C
Sharing of electrons is called a covalent bond
CH4 = molecule 42
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Each H atom
shares an electron with the other H
Chemical bond
Covalent bond –sharing electrons
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Covalent bond – sharing electrons
Each H needs 2 electrons
O needs 8 electrons144
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Holds 2 electrons
Holds 8 electrons
Holds 8 electrons
Has 1 Has 2
Has 4 Has 8
Has 1 Has 8
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Polar molecule (+) and (-)
Non polar molecule (+) or (-)
(+)
(+)
(+)
(+)
(+)
(-)
(+)
(+)
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Hydrogen Bond = slight attraction of positive end of one water molecule to slight negative end of another water molecule.
Hydrogen bond
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Hydrogen bonds at surface of water create “surface tension.”
Water strider (insect) can literally walk on water because the tension on the surface of water is firm
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Molecules inside a water drop are attracted in all directions. Drops on the surface are attracted to the sides and inward.
Leaf Surface
Water drop
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Adhesion
Cohesion
Surface Tension – bonds between molecules at the surface of a liquid are stronger than bonds within the liquid
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Adhesion – water sticking to other material
Cohesion – water sticking to itself
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Transpiration – evaporation of water through leaves
Water moves from roots to
leaves
xylem
adhesion
cohesion
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11+
Na (sodium) has 11 (+) and 11 (-)
Cl (chlorine) has 17 (+) and 17 (-)
17+
Na+ (sodium ion) has 11 (+) and 10 (-)
Cl- (chloride ion) has 17 (+) and 18 (-)
Ion = has net (+) or (-) charge
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Positively charged Na+is attracted to negatively
charged Cl-; when they
combine they form an ionic compound NaCl or table salt.
Table salt
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Ions and water play an important role in the metabolism (chemical reactions) of plants and all other forms of life. Many ions enter through the roots.
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Diagram from Biology by Solomon et al, 5th ed.
Ions attached to soil particles make their way into root cell.
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Why is water so important to life?
1. It is the solvent in which all life’s molecules are dissolved
2. It is the medium in which all life’s processes occur
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Why does ice float? Why is this important?
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Ice floats because ice is less dense than is liquid water. 160
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Hydrophilic (water loving) compounds attracted to water (sugar, salt)
Hydrophobic (water hating) compounds not attracted to water (oil, fat)
Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic compounds
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Water has a high specific heat which allows it to buffer temperature extremes
Moderate temperature changes Extreme temperature changes
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Specific Heat
Defined: The specific heat of a substance is defined as the amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1 g of that substance to change its temperature by 1º C.
The specific heat of water is 1.00 cal/g/ºC. Specific heat for ethanol is 0.6 cal/g/ºC.
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Acids and Bases
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pH Scale
(measures amount of H+)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Acid increases Neutrality base increases
Acid Base
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pH Scale
(measures amount of H+)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Increasing H+ (Hydrogen ion concentration) = increasing acid
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What is an acid? pH?
Acid – gives up Hydrogen (H+) ions.
pH - scale used to measure H+ (acid).
pH scale = 0 – 14, lower numbers = more H+.
pH of 0 is considered most acidic
pH of 14 - least acidic
HCl (acid) + H2O H+ (acid) + Cl- + H2O
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pH 0
pH 1
pH 3
pH 4 pH 7
pH 10
pH 11pH 13
pH 5
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Stomach acid
Body Fluids
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Buffer1000 H+ (acid) ions
100 H+ acid ions
900 H+ ions held by buffer
Hydrochloric acid
Buffer – solution that maintains pH
pH before acid = 7
pH after acid = 7
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Dead trees caused by acid rain in Great Smokey Mountains
Below pH 5.6?
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Sulfuric acid Nitric Acid
Sulfur dioxide
Nitrogen dioxide
Acid Rain
74