frank lloyd

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Frank Lloyd Wright (born Frank Lincoln Wright, June 8, 1867 – April 9, 1959) was an American architect, interior designer, writer and educator, who designed more than 1,000 structures and completed 500 works. Introduction:- •Wright believed in designing structures which were in harmony with humanity and its environment, a philosophy he called organic architecture . Wright conceived virtually every detail of both the external design and the internal fixtures, including furniture, carpets , windows, doors, tables and chairs, light fittings and decorative elements. •He was one of the first architects to design and supply custom-made, purpose-built furniture and fittings that functioned as integrated parts of the whole design. Believing that “the space within that building is the reality of that building”, • Wright was a leader of the Prairie School movement of architecture and developed the concept of the Usonian home, his unique vision for urban planning in the United States. • His work includes original and innovative examples of many different building types, including offices, churches, schools, skyscrapers, hotels, and museums. Wright also designed many of the interior elements of his buildings, such as the furniture and stained glass .

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Page 1: Frank Lloyd

•Frank Lloyd Wright (born Frank Lincoln Wright, June 8, 1867 – April 9, 1959) was 

an American architect, interior designer, writer and educator, who designed more 

than 1,000 structures and completed 500 works. 

Introduction:-

•Wright believed in designing structures which were in harmony with humanity 

and  its  environment,  a  philosophy  he  called organic  architecture.  Wright 

conceived  virtually  every  detail  of  both  the  external  design  and  the  internal 

fixtures,  including    furniture,  carpets,  windows,  doors,  tables  and  chairs,  light 

fittings and decorative elements. 

•He was one of the first architects to design and supply custom-made, purpose-built furniture and fittings that 

functioned as integrated parts of the whole design. Believing that “the space within that building is the reality

of that building”,

• Wright  was  a  leader  of  the Prairie  School  movement  of  architecture  and  developed  the  concept  of 

the Usonian home, his unique vision for urban planning in the United States.

• His work includes original and innovative examples of many different building types, including offices, churches, 

schools, skyscrapers, hotels, and museums. Wright also designed many of the interior elements of his buildings, 

such as the furniture and stained glass. 

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Personal style and concepts

•His Prairie houses use themed, coordinated design elements (often based on plant forms) that are repeated in

windows, carpets and other fittings. He made innovative use of new building materials such as precast

concrete blocks, glass bricks and zinc cames (instead of the traditional lead) for his leadlight windows, and he

famously used Pyrex glass tubing as a major element in the Johnson Wax Headquarters. As  ever  Wright  was 

concerned with creating an interior living space that was practical and comfortable. Gravity heat was installed by 

placing coils of pipes under the concrete slab floor

•Wright was also one of the first architects to design and install custom-made electric light fittings, including some

of the very first electric floor lamps, and his very early use of the then-novel spherical glass lampshade (a design

previously not possible due to the physical restrictions of gas lighting).

•As Wright's career progressed, so did the mechanization of the glass industry. Wright fully embraced glass in his

designs and found that it fit well into his philosophy of organic architecture. Glass allowed for interaction and

viewing of the outdoors while still protecting from the elements.

•Wright responded to the transformation of domestic life that occurred at the turn of the 20th century, when

servants became a less prominent or completely absent from most American households, by developing homes

with progressively more open plans.

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Frank Lloyd Wright's Important Ideas:UsonianPrairie StyleOrganic ArchitectureHemicycle DesignsFamous Quotes by Frank Lloyd Wright:"The  physician  can  bury  his  mistakes,  but the  architect  can  only  advise  his  clients  to plant  vines." 

Colleagues and influencesWright  rarely  credited  any  influences  on his designs, but most architects, historians and  scholars  agree  he  had  five  major influences:1. Louis  Sullivan, whom he  considered  to 

be his 'Lieber Meister' (dear master),2. Nature,  particularly  shapes/forms  and 

colors/patterns of plant life,3. Music  (his  favorite  composer 

was Ludwig van Beethoven,4. Japanese art, prints and buildings,5. Froebel Gifts

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Prairie style houses usually have these features:I. Low-pitched roofII. Overhanging eavesIII. Horizontal linesIV. Central chimneyV. Open floor planVI. Clerestory windowAbout the Prairie Style:Frank Lloyd Wright  believed that rooms in Victorian era homes were boxed-in and confining. Began designing houses with low horizontal lines and open interior spaces. Rooms often divided by leaded glass panels. Furniture was either built-in or specially designed. Homes were called prairie style after Wright's 1901 Ladies Home Journal plan titled, "A Home in a Prairie Town." Prairie houses were designed to blend in with the flat, prairie landscape. The first Prairie houses were usually plaster with wood trim or sided with horizontal board and batten. Later Prairie homes used concrete block. Prairie homes can have many shapes: Square, L-shaped, T-shaped, Y-shaped, and even pinwheel-shaped.In 1936, during the USA depression, Frank Lloyd Wright developed a simplified version of Prairie architecture called Usonian. Wright believed these stripped-down houses represented the democratic ideals of the United States. Wright's best-known art glass is that of the Prairie style. The simple geometric shapes that yield to very ornate and intricate windows represent some of the most integral ornamentation of his career.Famous Prairie Houses by Frank Lloyd Wright1893: William Winslow ResidenceRiver Forest, Illinois. Although this house uses ornamentation in the fashion of Louis Sullivan, it also shows elements of the new Prairie style. The house is a symmetrical rectangle.1901: Frank W. Thomas HouseOak Park, Illinois. Widely considered Wright's first Prairie Style house in Oak Park, and one of his earliest uses of stucco.1902: Arthur Heurtley HouseOak Park, Illinois. This low, compact house has variegated brickwork with vibrant color and rough texture.1909: Robie ResidenceThis Frank Lloyd house in Chicago is widely considered Wright's finest example of the Prairie style.

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•This  philosophy  was  best  exemplified  by  his design for Falling water (1935), which has been called  "the  best  all-time  work  of  American architecture".  .  “When  organic  architecture  is properly  carried  out  no  landscape  is  ever outraged by  it  but  is  always developed by  it,” said  Wright.  “The  good  building  makes  the landscape  more  beautiful  than  it  was  before the  building  was  built.”  This  was  Wright’s achievement at Fallingwater.

Organic ArchitectureThis school of thought holds that architecture should reflect nature and exhibit the same amount of unity as prevails in nature. F. L. Wright and Louis Sullivan were the pioneers of organic architecture.Wright defined organic architecture as that in which all the parts are related to the whole and the whole is related to the parts.To explain the concept of unity in nature, the architect used a living organism as an example:•Harmony of the part in relation to the whole.•The parts are made according to the function of the organism.•The form of the organism decides the character of the organism.•Applying these concepts , his building designs emphasize the following principles:•Integration of parts to the whole.•Design of parts controls the design of the whole.Use of materials in organic architectureWright had a deep knowledge of and a lot of respect for natural materials such as wood and stone. These materials had hitherto been used in different ways – covered, painted, plastered, and altered to suit any particular fashion or taste. But in his works, these materials were always used in the natural form, by allowing for instance, the use of masses of stone as the natural feature of the building.

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Miniature Wright Robie House 1 chair

Miniature Wright Imperial Hotel Chair

Miniature Frank Lloyd Wright – Johnson Wax Chair

The "Barrel Chair" by Frank Lloyd  Wright  was  designed in  1937  for  Herbert Johnson's  house, Wingspread.  Made  of natural cheerywood with an upholstered  leather  seat, the  chair  was  a  reworking of  a  design Wright  created in 1904.

Side Chair,  Frank  Lloyd Wright  Home  and  Studio,  1895.  Oak with leather seat. Dimensions: 57 ¾ x 17 ¾ x 19 ¼Built  in 1895 for  the Frank Lloyd Wright Home and Studio,  these  side  chairs  have  high backs that extend above the heads of the sitters. When positioned around  a  dining  table,  the  chairs  created  a  temporary,  intimate enclosure of space, a room within a room.

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Frank Lloyd Wright Lewis Tables

Low square tables in natural cherrywood, stained walnut or stained black.

Dimensions:90 x 90 x H 41 cm115 x 115 x H 41 cm

Design:Frank Lloyd Wright

Manufacturer:Cassina

Frank  Lloyd Wright's  1949  Taliesin  "Origami Chair"  is  one  of  the  most coveted of  his furniture  designs.  Designed  as  if  it  was folded  from  a  sheet  of  plywood,  the  chair has  had  many  incarnations  associated  with different Wright house projects. 

Origami Chair" 

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Made by Frank Lloyd Wright (American, 1867–1959)Manufactured by William E. NemmersWhite oak

This print table with folding stand was designed for Francis W. Little's summer house on Lake Minnetonka, Minnesota. Frank Lloyd Wright arranged the furniture and fixtures as part of the overall architectural composition of the living room

Print table

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Falling Water: interior spaces

•A house built over a waterfall way back in 1934,• it has had the honor of being designated as a National Historic Landmark in 1966.•  Having  ranked  29th  on  America’s  Favorite Architecture of all times,•  this  house  was  the  former  residence  of  Edgar  J. Kaufmann Sr.

View from lookout, downstream. Frank Lloyd Wright planned the house with this particular view in mind.

Dramatic cantilevered terraces reflect the similar structure of the rock ledges below. Roomy terraces on either side of the living room on the main level, as well as the large terrace above it, create strong horizontal lines balanced by the almost unbroken vertical lines in the tower on the left (which in addition to stone columns over 10 meters tall, has 3 stories of floor-to-ceiling windows). These and many other clear horizontal and vertical lines in the house may be compared with the formation of the rock, with the horizontal and vertical of ground and trees, and with the water moving horizontally in the stream (Bear run) and vertically as "falling water" in the form of waterfalls .The falls visible in the photo break at an angle, creating an illusion of water flowing out from beneath the middle of the house. The sound of the flowing water fills the house continuously. 

Building form:-

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There  is  no  grand  front  entrance,  if  that  means  big  double  doors  flanked  by  decorations  and symbolizing the barrier between outside and inside. Rather,  the  continuity  of  inside  and  outside  is  emphasized,  in  keeping  with  the  theme  of  a harmonious and natural relationship to the setting. Other examples of this, besides everything mentioned above, include windows wrapping all the way around 3 sides of the huge living room, and at the corners where two window panes meet - here and at other places in the house such as the west tower - there are no bulky vertical support beams.

Living room, west (downstream) side, from southeast

Most  prominent  in  the  photo  is  the  sitting area,  which  includes  a  long  built-in upholstered bench accompanied by cushioned modular  seating.  A  similar,  longer  bench extends  practically  the  full width  of  the  living room,  under  the  "front"  windows  at  a  right angle  to  the window  in  this  picture.  Cushions on the benches and in the modular seating are stone white  or autumn colors.   In  front  of  the fireplace, lighter stone is visible; this is actually the top of an original boulder on the site,  left in  place,  and  which  protrudes  slightly  above the level of the rest of the floor, becoming the hearth. 

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There  is  no  separate  dining  room  at Fallingwater. Frank  Lloyd  Wright  pioneered  "open  plan" house  design,  favoring  large,  open  and connected  spaces  rather  than  small,  enclosed rooms. Fallingwater's  great  room  (usually  called  the living room on this site) has this dining area, a fireplace nearby, seating areas one  might expect to find in a living room, a built-in desk, lots of  space, and  lots of windows  (as well as glass  doors  opening  onto  balconies)  on  the south end. 

Dining area showing portrait of Edgar Kaufmann, Sr.

The dining table at the north end of the living room.

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•The kitchen is small, with a stove on the left wall, a table and chairs, and cabinets and sink on the right wall.• Built-in shelves follow the contour of the space, conveying a feeling of being sturdy and protected, like the inner portions of the house itself. The windows in the photo reach from floor to ceiling, and make up the lower third of a three-story wall of glass in the west tower. •So the kitchen is at the foundation of the most dramatic vertical statement in the architectural design of the house. Above the kitchen is the dressing room. 

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Third floor stair with bookshelves.

•These  stairs  descend  from  the third floor  gallery to  the  second  floor landing next to the bridge across the driveway to the covered walk leading up to the guest house.•Books on the left wall are on shelves made of the same wood as that used elsewhere  in the house, designed by Frank  Lloyd  Wright  upon  request. They  are  not  fully  cantilevered, having  vertical  support  boards  as well. Light  pours  in  from  the  third  floor terrace  to  the  gallery  area,  spilling over  the  low wall  just  visible  on  the right,  but  much  better  seen  on  the left in the gallery photo.

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Desk, chair, and shelf, southwest corner, guest bedroom, second floor.

Most  exposed  shelves  throughout  the house  are  cantilevered,  echoing  the construction of the house itself. The chair in the  photo  is  the  one  that  Frank  Lloyd Wright  originally  designed  for  the dining table.

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•The  low  rounded  wall  in  the  foreground surrounds  the  opening  above  the  stairway down  to  the  stream from  the hatchway in the living room. •The ceiling above is glass, the only glass ceiling in the house. •Open  to  the  stream  below  and  to  the  sky above,  the  two  are  connected  by  a  vertical "column of air." •This "column" of openness is on the southeast corner  of  the  living  room  (and  of  the  house), while the massive fireplace and chimney on the northwest  corner  of  the  living  room  (or, more dramaticaly,  the west tower on  the  northwest corner  of  the  house)  represent  a  vertical column  of  stone  (and  in  the  case  of  the  west tower, open from top to bottom - 3 stories - by a wall of glass). •These  vertical  lines  have  their  counterpart  in bold horizontal lines,  such  as  the  massive cantilevered levels and large terraces that reach out from them. 

Southeast terrace, looking into living room through glass doors and windows.

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•The driveway  trellis (reverse  angle) being built with  a  semi-circular  cutaway  around a tree symbolizes the theme in the design of  the  Frank  Lloyd  Wright  Fallingwater house to work with nature and harmonize with  it  rather than setting  itself apart and dominating it. •Even  in  the famous view from downstream, the house participates in the dramatic  presentation  of  the  rock formations, instead of lording above them in  an  isolated  spot  as  a  man-made imposition. •This  is  just  past  the "front" door,  but before passing under the passageway over the  driveway  to  the covered walk which climbs  the  hill  to  the guest house.  Visible above, looking up through an open•ing  the  trellis  are  windows  with  a characteristic  Wright  feature:  no  vertical corner post. In the photo several windows are open but the screens are closed, so the full effect is not apparent here. 

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Unity Temple: Interior spaces

• Unity Temple is a Unitarian Universalist church in Oak Park, Illinois,  and  the  home  of  the  Unity  Temple  Unitarian Universalist Congregation. 

• Was  designed  by  the  American  architect  Frank  Lloyd Wright, and built between 1905 and 1908. 

• With  its  consolidation  of  aesthetic  intent  and  structure through use of a single material, reinforced concrete, Unity Temple  is  considered  by  many  architects  to  be  the  first modern building in the world.

Design And Construction

• To  accommodate  the  needs  of  the  congregation,  Wright  divided  the community  space  from  the  temple  space  through a  low, middle  loggia that could be approached from either side. 

• This was an efficient use of space and kept down on noise between the two main gathering areas: those coming for religious services would be separated via the loggia from those coming for community events. 

• This design was one of Wright's first uses of a bipartite design: with two portions of the building similar in composition and separated by a lower passageway, and one section being larger than the other. 

• The Guggenheim Museum in New York City is another bipartite design.

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• To  reduce  noise  from  the  street, Wright eliminated  street  level  windows  in  the temple. Instead, natural light comes from stained  glass  windows  in  the  roof  and clerestories along the upper walls. 

• Because  the  members  of  the  parish would not be able to  look outside, Unity Temple's stained glass was designed with green,  yellow,  and  brown  tones  in  order to evoke the colors of nature. 

• The main floor of the temple is accessed via  a  lower  floor  (which  has  seating space),  and  the  room  also  has  two balconies  for  the  seating  of  the congregation. 

• These  varying  seating  levels  allowed  the architect  to  design  a  building  to  fit  the size  of  the  congregation,  but  efficiently: no  one  person  in  the  congregation  is more than 40 feet from the pulpit. Wright also designed the building with very good acoustics.

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The lighting so provided creates an ambience of peace and helps unify one with his inner self.

The altar

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Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum

• On October 21, 1959,  ten years after the  death  of  Solomon  Guggenheim and  six  months  after  the  death  of Frank Lloyd Wright, the Museum first opened  its  doors  to  the  general public

• The building was "the first permanent museum  to  be  built  (rather  than converted  from  a  private  house)  in the United States.“

•  The distinctive building, Wright's last major  work,  instantly  polarized architecture  critics  upon  completion, though today it is widely praised

• From  the  street,  the  building  looks like  a  white  ribbon  curled  into  a cylindrical  stack,  wider  at  the  top than the bottom. 

• Its appearance is  in sharp contrast to typically  rectangular  Manhattan buildings  that  surround  it,  a  fact relished by Wright, who claimed that his museum would make  the  nearby Metropolitan  Museum  of  Art  "look like a Protestant barn.“

• Internally,  the viewing gallery  forms a helical  spiral  from the main level up to the top of the building. 

• Paintings are displayed along the walls of the spiral and also in exhibition space found at annex levels along the way.

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• Most  of  the  criticism  of  the  building  has focused on the idea that it overshadows the artworks  displayed  within,  and  that  it  is difficult  to  properly  hang  paintings  in  the shallow,  windowless  exhibition  niches  that surround the central spiral. 

• The walls of  the niches are neither vertical nor flat (most are gently concave), meaning that  canvasses  must  be  mounted  raised from the wall's surface. 

• Paintings  hung  slanted  back  would  appear "as on the artist's easel". The limited space within the niches means that sculptures are generally relegated to plinths amid the main spiral walkway itself. 

• Prior  to  its  opening,  twenty-one  artists, signed  a  letter  protesting  the  display  of their work in such a space.

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