fractures & repair. male vs. female pelvis female structure (all related to female pelvis...
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Fractures & Repair
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Male vs. Female PelvisFemale Structure (All related to female pelvis functioning as a birth canal):• Iliac bones more flared• Angle of pubic arch greater• > distance b/t ischial
spines• Sacral curvature shorter
& wider• Bones lighter
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Osteopenia/Osteoporosis• In early adulthood, the activity of osteoblasts &
osteoclasts are about equal• Bone is constantly being remodeled• In late adulthood, the balance shifts & osteoclasts
start tearing more bone down• In females, the lack of estrogen enhances the ability
of osteoclasts to absorb bone. • Since the osteoblasts (the cells which produce bone)
are not encouraged to lay down more bone, the osteoclasts win and more bone is lost than is produced.
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Symptoms of Osteoporosis• Trabeculae are lost & spaces develop in bone• Spaces fill in with fibrous & fatty tissue• “Fragility fractures” result
• • Loss of bone density
• Loss of bone mass
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Risk Factors for Osteoporosis
• Post-menopausal females• Genetics• Low dietary calcium• Lack of weight-bearing exercise• Smoking • Drinking alcohol• Recent weight loss• Caucasian or Asian women with slight build• Older age
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Diagnosis & Treatment of Osteoporosis
• Both diseases are assessed by measuring BMD (bone mineral density)
• Osteopenia is defined as 1 to 2.5 standard deviations below the mean for BMD
• Osteoporosis is a BMD of at least 2.5 std. dev. below the mean
• Medication (biophosphonates 1X weekly or monthly) to build bone
• Weight-bearing exercise 30 min. daily• 1.000-1,500 mg daily of Ca• 200 IU Vit D
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Disorders of the Skeletal System
• Of the vertebral column:kyphosis – an exaggerated thoracic curvature (rounded shoulders & hunchback)scoliosis – abnormal lateral curvature pf the vert. columnlordosis – accentuated lumbar curvature
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Disorders of the Vert. Column
• • • Kyphosis
• Scoliosis Lordosis→
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Osgood-Schlatter Disease • commonly seen in a
growing child and adoles-cent
• this is b/c the bones are typically growing faster than the muscles and tendons, so they have a tendency to become tight.
• most often seen in preteen and teenage boys from 9 to 13 years old.
• occasionally diagnosed in girls ages 8 to 13.
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Osteogenesis Imperfecta• Commonly called “Brittle Bone Disease”• The classic symptoms include:• weak bones, which makes them susceptible to fractures• usually below average height • blue tint to the whites of their eyes (blue sclera) • multiple bone fractures • early hearing loss• loose joints (hypermobility) and flat feet• the development of poor teeth• bowed legs and arms• the severity of the disease varies greatly
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Osteogenesis Imperfecta (OI)