Upload File

fracture analysis and mapping of the cretaceous boquillas ...• fracture analysis of the boquillas...

  • Home
  • Documents
  • Fracture analysis and mapping of the Cretaceous Boquillas ...• Fracture analysis of the Boquillas Formation within Heath Canyon reveals a conjugate set of fractures. Set 1 has an
1
Fracture analysis and mapping of the Cretaceous Boquillas Formation, Black Gap Wildlife Management Area, Brewster County, TX Williams, J.W., Alsleben, H., and Enderlin, M.B. School of Geology, Energy, and the Environment, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX 76129 • Stratigraphic units along with prominent topographic features located near Heath Canyon may rePlect the stresses of two major deformational episodes: Laramide-related shortening and Basin and Range extension. Shortening stresses during the Laramide Orogeny produced the Sierra del Carmen Mountains, the high peaks within along the western border o Black Gap WMA. The location of the study area may be a north-eastern extension of this mountain range. Basin and Range extensional stresses generated high-angle normal faults and half-graben structures which juxtapose Santa Elena Limestone against the younger Buda Limestone and Boquillas Formation. These faults are consistent with Basin and Range-related high-angle normal faults within Big Bend National Park. Additionally, as a result of this faulting, stratigraphic units within the area are tilted ~10-15°to the southwest. • Fracture analysis of the Boquillas Formation within Heath Canyon reveals a conjugate set of fractures. Set 1 has an average strike/dip of 223°/63°. Set 2 has an average strike and dip of 53°/75°. Paleostress directions may be inferred as roughly northeast/southwest based on the average strike of these fracture sets which is consistent with the paleostress directions associated with Laramide deformation. • Previous studies show a linear relationship between mode I fracture spacing and bed thickness. Data in this study show a non-linear trend between these two variables which suggests that the Boquillas Formation fractures differently than the formations analyzed in previous studies, the fractures seen in this study are not mode I fractures, or that the classiPication of layering for this study was incorrect. • Lithology may play a role in the vertical persistence of fractures. XRF analysis allows the carbonate rock layers of the Boquillas Formation to be classiPied into either calcite dominant limestones or calcite-clay dominant marls. These two chemically distinct rocks types exhibit differing rock strength values. Limestone layers generally have higher strength values than marl layers, a function of higher calcite and lower clay content. Due to the strength, limestones behave in a more brittle manner than marls allowing fractures to propagate more readily. • Though previous studies suggest the nature of bed-to-bed transitions, gradational or abrupt, affect the vertical persistence of fractures. data produced in this study show little difference in the frequency of through-going fractures when the layer interface is gradual or abrupt within limestone-to-marl transitions. However, when the interface is composed of thin ash beds, there is a marked decrease in the frequency of through-going fractures. Abstract Data Background Analysis Conclusions Figure 3: Brüker Tracer III-V energy-dispersive x-ray Pluorescence (ED-XRF) spectrometer (Image from Bruker 2015). Figure 1: Equotip Bambino 2 micro-rebound hammer metal hardness tester (Image from Proceq). 16° 08° 06° 02° 09° 07° 23° 21° 13° 19° 26° 10° 26° 10° 06° 05° 05° 04° 01° 01° 04° 06° 10° 03° 07° 03° 06° 07° 10° 12° 14° 04° 08° 01° 05° 01° 05° 08° 03° 05° 04° 06° 14° 09° 07° 11° 03° 25° 07° 05° 08° 15° 09° 12° 09° 07° 09° 17° 06° 05° 12° 11° 22° 27° 13° 04° 01° 07° 09° Sources: Esri, HERE, DeLorme, Intermap, increment P Corp., GEBCO, USGS, FAO, NPS, NRCAN, GeoBase, IGN, Kadaster NL, Ordnance Survey, Esri Japan, METI, Esri China (Hong Kong), swisstopo, MapmyIndia, © OpenStreetMap contributors, and the GIS User Community 704000 .000000 704000 .000000 705000 .000000 705000 .000000 706000 .000000 706000 .000000 707000 .000000 707000 .000000 708000 .000000 708000 .000000 709000 .000000 709000 .000000 3264100 .000000 3264100 .000000 3265000 .000000 3265000 .000000 3265900 .000000 3265900 .000000 3266800 .000000 3266800 .000000 3267700 .000000 3267700 .000000 ± Legend Lines type Contact ³ Fault ³ ³ Fault Inferred Kse Kbu Kb Qg Qal 0 0.45 0.9 1.35 1.8 0.225 km A A’ The Eagle Ford Shale in south Texas is one of the most proliPic unconventional hydrocarbon plays in the world (Breyer, 2016).). In 2015, natural gas and oil from this Pield hit peak production numbers at 5,539 MMcf (million cubic feet) and 1,118,648 Bbl (barrels) per day, respectively (Texas RRC, 2016). In September of 2016, the Eagle Ford Shale produced 1,027,000 Bbl per day, approximately 23% of unconventional oil produced in the United States for that month (EIA, 2016). In order for this low- permeability formation to produce, companies are using hydraulic fracturing, a stimulation treatment used in low-permeability rock whereby Pluids are pumped at high pressures into reservoirs, causing new fractures to open and/or the reactivation of existing fractures (Schlumberger, 2016). The aim of this study is to identify any geomechanical and geochemical properties that optimize fracture connectivity within the Boquillas Formation, the West Texas Eagle Ford Shale equivalent. The Boquillas Formation is composed of alternating beds of calcareous shale, marl and limestone, rock types dePined by their calcite, clay, and silica content. Here we present a geologic map completed at 1:6000 scale of the area in and around Heath Canyon as well as data taken from four outcrop stations within Heath Canyon. Mapping was completed to understand local deformation. Fracture spacing, frequency, and vertical persistence measurements were taken in the Pield as well as rock strength and hardness measurements. Rock strength was measured using the Equotip Bambino 2 ( Fig. 1) and rock hardness was determined using a point load penetrometer (dimpler) (Fig. 2). Energy-dispersive x-ray Pluorescence (ED-XRF) data determined the bulk elemental composition of the material and semi- quantitatively assess chemical variations throughout the outcrop. ED-XRF analyses were completed using a Bruker Tracer III-V spectrometer (Fig. 3). ED-XRF and strength/hardness data from this study suggests that fracture frequency and length are affected by the clay and calcium carbonate content, and, by inference, the strength of the rock. Figure 2: Point load penetrometer (dimpler) mode of operation (top) and graph showing the relationship between “tick” marks and unconPined compressive strength. Figure 8: (left) Geologic map (1:6000) of the area in and around Heath Canyon, Black Gap Wildlife Management Area. Black Gap Wildlife Management Area (WMA) encompasses approximately 103,000 acres (160 mi 2 ) (414 km 2 ) within the Trans-Pecos region of west Texas (Fig. 1). The Trans-Pecos is bounded by the Pecos River to the east, the thirty-second parallel to the north, and by the Rio Grande River to the south and west. The wildlife management area is east of Big Bend National Park. Black Gap WMA is a part of the Chihuahua desert biome and is under the management of Texas Parks and Wildlife. The Trans-Pecos region of Texas has experienced multiple major deformational episodes including: (1) Late Paleozoic shortening associated with the Ouachita orogeny, (2) Cretaceous to Tertiary Laramide shortening and transpressional deformation, and (3) Tertiary Basin and Range extension (Muehlberger and Dickerson, 1989; Maxwell et al., 1967; St. John, 1966)(Fig. 5). The Trans-Pecos also experienced widespread magmatism from the Mesozoic through the Cenozoic related to the Laramide orogeny and Basin and Range extension (Turner et. al., 2011). The rock units within Black Gap WMA are Cretaceous or younger. The Late Cretaceous marine rocks were deposited on carbonate platforms northeast of the Chihuahua Trough, which formed during late Triassic rifting associated with the opening of the Gulf of Mexico (Fig. 6). This rift basin was located east-northeast of a subduction related magmatic arc, which was the source for Late Cretaceous clastic sediments in the Trans-Pecos (Lehman and Busbey, 2007). The carbonate platforms that developed in the Early Cretaceous were the site of deposition for the Santa Elena Limestone, the Buda Limestone, and the Boquillas Formation, which are the dominant units in the study area (Fig. 7). Aside from being widespread in the study area, rocks that make-up the Coahuila Platform underlie the majority of the Trans- Pecos region (Lehman and Busbey, 2007). Figure 7: Stratigraphic Column of the Big Bend area (ModiPied from Tiedemann, 2010). Figure 5: Major tectonic episodes within Trans-Pecos Texas (from Muehlberger and Dickinson, 1989). A B C D Figure 10 A-D: Outcrop stations 1-4 (A-D respectively) photos and line drawings with associated data tables below (photos do not have the resolution to include all fractures in line drawings). Figure 11 A-D: Stereonet data of bedding planes for outcrop stations 1-4 (A-D respectively). Figure12 A-D: Stereonet data of fractures for outcrop stations 1-4 (A-D respectively). Figure 13 A & B: XRF data for all beds within each outcrop station (A). The average calicite-quartz-clay content of each sample. (LS = limestone)(B). A B Breyer, J.A. 2016, Introduction, in AAPG Memoir 110: The Eagle Ford Shale: A renaissance in U.S. oil production, pp. 259-283. Brüker 2015, Tracer series overview. Accessed: April 6, 2015. https://www.bruker.com/products/x-ray-diffraction-and-elemental-analysis/handheld-xrf/tracer-iii/overview.html Lehman, T.M., and Busbey, A.B., 2007, Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Fall 2007 Big Bend Field Trip Guidebook, Austin, Society of Vertebrate Paleontology. Muehlberger, W.R., and Dickerson, P.W. 1989, Structure and stratigraphy of Trans-Pecos Texas: El Paso to Guadalupe Mountains and Big Bend Guidebook, 20-29 July. Washington, D.C.: American Geophysical Union. Maxwell, R.A., Lonsdale, J.T., Hazzard, R.T. and Wilson, J.A. 1967, Geology of Big Bend National Park, Brewster County, Texas. University of Texas at Austin, Bureau of Economic Geology, Texas Univ. Pub. 6711. Proceq. Equotip Bambino 2 Proceq Metal Hardnes Testers. Last modiPied October 17, 2016. Accessed October 17, 2016.http://www.proceq.com/jp/nondestructivetestequipment/metal-testing/hardness-testing/equotip- bambino-2.html Railroad Commission of Texas (Texas RRC) 2016, Eagle Ford Shale information. Last modiPied: April 5. Accessed April 13, 2016. http://www.rrc.state.tx.us/oil-gas/major-oil-gas-formations/eagle-ford-shale/ St. John, B. 1966, Geology of Black Gap Area, Brewser County, Texas. geological quadrangle map GQ-0030 Bureau of Economic Geology, vol. 18, University of Texas at Austin (1966) geologic map scale: 1:62,500 Tiedemann, N.S. 2010, The sequence stratigraphy of the Commanchean - GulPian interval, Big Bend National Park, West Texas. [Master’s thesis] Ball State University. Turner, K.J., Berry, M.E., Page, W.R., Lehman, T.M., Bohannon, R.G., Scott, R.B., Miggins, D.P., Budahn, J.R., Cooper, R.W., and Drenth, B.J., 2011, Geologic map of Big Bend National Park, Texas: US Department of the Interior, US Geological Survey. U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) 2016, Drilling productivity report. Last modiPied September 12. Accessed October 25, 2016 http://www.eia.go/petroleum/drilling/archive/2016/09 References Figure 14 A , B, & C: Cross-plots of UCS (psi)(bambino in blue & dimpler in red) vs XRF data for all beds within each outcrop station. UCS vs. calcite (%Ca) shows a positive correlation (A). UCS vs. quartz (%Si) shows no trend (B), whereas UCS vs clay (%Al) shows a negative correlation (C). A B C Figure 9: (right) Location of the four outcrop stations within Heath Canyon. Figure 16: Stereonet displaying the orientation of both sets of fractures with inferred paleostress directions. • High angle normal faults associated with Tertiary Basin and Range extension are responsible for the present day topography within the mapping area. The deformation associated with Basin and Range extension caused the tilting of geologic units as well as forming half-graben structures along high- angle normal faults which juxtapose older and younger rocks (Fig. 15 A & B). • Fractures are more likely to be through- going in layers of more competent rock. Conversely, fractures were more likely to terminate within or at the contact of a bed in thicker less competent rock (Figure 10 A-D). • In general, fractures within each outcrop can be divided into 2 sets: Set 1 average strike/ dip is 223°/63°. Set 2 average strike/dip is 53°/55° (Figs. X A-D). Maximum paleostress directions can be inferred based on this conjugate set, roughly NE/SW in this case (Fig. 16) • Rocks of the Boquillas Formation tend to be more calcareous with certain layers containing higher clay and quartz content. Overall, the Boquillas Formation at this location is more clay-poor than the average Eagle Ford Shale composition (Figure 13 A & B) • Cross-plots of XRF vs. UCS suggest that strength of the rock increases as calcite content increase and clay content decreases. Additionally, the dimpler method showed a stronger correlation with elemental data than the Bambino. The Bambino requires a relatively smooth surface to take measurements on while the dimpler does not. This could be one reason for the difference in UCS values (14 A, B, & C). B A Figure 15 A & B: Geologic map draped over a digital elevation model of Heath Canyon and the surrounding area. View looking south-southwest (A) and a view looking west- southwest (B). Chihuahua Trough Coahuila Platform Figure 6: Paleogeographic reconstruction of the North American continent during the deposition of the Boquillas Formation (93.2 Ma). The black ovals outline the approximate location of the Chihuahua Trough (left) and the carbonate platform on which sediments were deposited during this time (modiPied from Blakey, 2017). N 14 miles (22 km) Figure 4: Locations of the Trans Pecos region of Texas (right, black polygon) and Black Gap Wildlife Management Area (left, red polygon).

Upload: others

Post on 10-Feb-2021

1 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

Report

TRANSCRIPT

  • FractureanalysisandmappingoftheCretaceousBoquillasFormation,BlackGapWildlife

    ManagementArea,BrewsterCounty,TXWilliams,J.W.,Alsleben,H.,andEnderlin,M.B.

    SchoolofGeology,Energy,andtheEnvironment,TexasChristianUniversity,FortWorth,TX76129

    • StratigraphicunitsalongwithprominenttopographicfeatureslocatednearHeathCanyonmayrePlectthestressesoftwomajordeformationalepisodes:Laramide-related

    shorteningandBasinandRangeextension.ShorteningstressesduringtheLaramideOrogenyproducedtheSierradelCarmenMountains,thehighpeakswithinalongthe

    westernborderoBlackGapWMA.Thelocationofthestudyareamaybeanorth-easternextensionofthismountainrange.BasinandRangeextensionalstressesgenerated

    high-anglenormalfaultsandhalf-grabenstructureswhichjuxtaposeSantaElenaLimestoneagainsttheyoungerBudaLimestoneandBoquillasFormation.Thesefaultsare

    consistentwithBasinandRange-relatedhigh-anglenormalfaultswithinBigBendNationalPark.Additionally,asaresultofthisfaulting,stratigraphicunitswithinthearea

    aretilted~10-15°tothesouthwest.

    • FractureanalysisoftheBoquillasFormationwithinHeathCanyonrevealsaconjugatesetoffractures.Set1hasanaveragestrike/dipof223°/63°.Set2hasanaverage

    strikeanddipof53°/75°.Paleostressdirectionsmaybeinferredasroughlynortheast/southwestbasedontheaveragestrikeofthesefracturesetswhichisconsistentwith

    thepaleostressdirectionsassociatedwithLaramidedeformation.

    • PreviousstudiesshowalinearrelationshipbetweenmodeIfracturespacingandbedthickness.Datainthisstudyshowanon-lineartrendbetweenthesetwovariables

    whichsuggeststhattheBoquillasFormationfracturesdifferentlythantheformationsanalyzedinpreviousstudies,thefracturesseeninthisstudyarenotmodeIfractures,

    orthattheclassiPicationoflayeringforthisstudywasincorrect.

    • Lithologymayplayaroleintheverticalpersistenceoffractures.XRFanalysisallowsthecarbonaterocklayersoftheBoquillasFormationtobeclassiPiedintoeithercalcite

    dominantlimestonesorcalcite-claydominantmarls.Thesetwochemicallydistinctrockstypesexhibitdifferingrockstrengthvalues.Limestonelayersgenerallyhavehigher

    strengthvaluesthanmarllayers,afunctionofhighercalciteandlowerclaycontent.Duetothestrength,limestonesbehaveinamorebrittlemannerthanmarlsallowing

    fracturestopropagatemorereadily.

    • Thoughpreviousstudiessuggestthenatureofbed-to-bedtransitions,gradationalorabrupt,affecttheverticalpersistenceoffractures.dataproducedinthisstudyshow

    littledifferenceinthefrequencyofthrough-goingfractureswhenthelayerinterfaceisgradualorabruptwithinlimestone-to-marltransitions.However,whentheinterface

    iscomposedofthinashbeds,thereisamarkeddecreaseinthefrequencyofthrough-goingfractures.

    Abstract Data

    Background

    Analysis

    Conclusions

    Figure3:BrükerTracerIII-Venergy-dispersivex-rayPluorescence(ED-XRF)spectrometer(ImagefromBruker

    2015).

    Figure1:EquotipBambino2micro-reboundhammermetalhardnesstester(ImagefromProceq).

    16°

    08°

    06°

    02°

    09°

    07°23°

    21°

    13°

    19°

    26°

    10°

    26°

    10°

    06° 05°

    05°

    04°

    01°

    01°

    04°

    06°

    10°

    03°07°

    03°06°

    07°

    10°

    12°

    14°

    04°

    08°

    01°

    05°

    01°

    05°

    08°

    03°05°

    04°

    06°

    14°

    09°

    07°11°

    03°

    25°

    07°

    05°08°

    15°09°

    12°

    09°

    07°

    09°

    17°

    06°

    05°

    12°

    11°

    22°27°

    13°

    04°

    01°

    07°

    09°

    Sources: Esri, HERE, DeLorme, Intermap, increment P Corp., GEBCO, USGS, FAO,NPS, NRCAN, GeoBase, IGN, Kadaster NL, Ordnance Survey, Esri Japan, METI, EsriChina (Hong Kong), swisstopo, MapmyIndia, © OpenStreetMap contributors, and theGIS User Community

    704000.000000

    704000.000000

    705000.000000

    705000.000000

    706000.000000

    706000.000000

    707000.000000

    707000.000000

    708000.000000

    708000.000000

    709000.000000

    709000.000000

    3264100.

    0000

    00

    3264100.

    0000

    00

    3265000.

    0000

    00

    3265000.

    0000

    00

    3265900.

    0000

    00

    3265900.

    0000

    00

    3266800.

    0000

    00

    3266800.

    0000

    00

    3267700.

    0000

    00

    3267700.

    0000

    00

    ±

    LegendLinestype

    Contact³ Fault

    ³ ³ Fault Inferred

    Kse

    Kbu

    Kb

    Qg

    Qal0 0.45 0.9 1.35 1.80.225

    km

    A

    A’

    TheEagleFordShaleinsouthTexasisoneofthemostproliPicunconventionalhydrocarbonplaysintheworld(Breyer,2016).).

    In2015,naturalgasandoilfromthisPieldhitpeakproductionnumbersat5,539MMcf(millioncubicfeet)and1,118,648Bbl

    (barrels)perday,respectively(TexasRRC,2016).InSeptemberof2016,theEagleFordShaleproduced1,027,000Bblperday,

    approximately23%ofunconventionaloilproducedintheUnitedStatesforthatmonth(EIA,2016).Inorderforthislow-

    permeabilityformationtoproduce,companiesareusinghydraulicfracturing,astimulationtreatmentusedinlow-permeabilityrock

    wherebyPluidsarepumpedathighpressuresintoreservoirs,causingnewfracturestoopenand/orthereactivationofexisting

    fractures(Schlumberger,2016).

    Theaimofthisstudyistoidentifyanygeomechanicalandgeochemicalpropertiesthatoptimizefractureconnectivitywithinthe

    BoquillasFormation,theWestTexasEagleFordShaleequivalent.TheBoquillasFormationiscomposedofalternatingbedsof

    calcareousshale,marlandlimestone,rocktypesdePinedbytheircalcite,clay,andsilicacontent.

    Herewepresentageologicmapcompletedat1:6000scaleoftheareainandaroundHeathCanyonaswellasdatatakenfrom

    fouroutcropstationswithinHeathCanyon.Mappingwascompletedtounderstandlocaldeformation.Fracturespacing,frequency,

    andverticalpersistencemeasurementsweretakeninthePieldaswellasrockstrengthandhardnessmeasurements.Rockstrength

    wasmeasuredusingtheEquotipBambino2(Fig.1)androckhardnesswasdeterminedusingapointloadpenetrometer(dimpler)

    (Fig.2).Energy-dispersivex-rayPluorescence(ED-XRF)datadeterminedthebulkelementalcompositionofthematerialandsemi-

    quantitativelyassesschemicalvariationsthroughouttheoutcrop.ED-XRFanalyseswerecompletedusingaBrukerTracerIII-V

    spectrometer(Fig.3).ED-XRFandstrength/hardnessdatafromthisstudysuggeststhatfracturefrequencyandlengthareaffected

    bytheclayandcalciumcarbonatecontent,and,byinference,thestrengthoftherock.

    Figure2:Pointloadpenetrometer(dimpler)modeofoperation(top)andgraphshowingthe

    relationshipbetween“tick”marksandunconPined

    compressivestrength.

    Figure8:(left)Geologicmap

    (1:6000)ofthe

    areainand

    aroundHeath

    Canyon,Black

    GapWildlife

    Management

    Area.

    BlackGapWildlifeManagementArea(WMA)encompassesapproximately

    103,000acres(160mi2)(414km2)withintheTrans-Pecosregionofwest

    Texas(Fig.1).TheTrans-PecosisboundedbythePecosRivertotheeast,the

    thirty-secondparalleltothenorth,andbytheRioGrandeRivertothesouth

    andwest.ThewildlifemanagementareaiseastofBigBendNationalPark.

    BlackGapWMAisapartoftheChihuahuadesertbiomeandisunderthe

    managementofTexasParksandWildlife.

    TheTrans-PecosregionofTexashasexperiencedmultiplemajor

    deformationalepisodesincluding:(1)LatePaleozoicshorteningassociated

    withtheOuachitaorogeny,(2)CretaceoustoTertiaryLaramideshortening

    andtranspressionaldeformation,and(3)TertiaryBasinandRangeextension

    (MuehlbergerandDickerson,1989;Maxwelletal.,1967;St.John,1966)(Fig.

    5).TheTrans-Pecosalsoexperiencedwidespreadmagmatismfromthe

    MesozoicthroughtheCenozoicrelatedtotheLaramideorogenyandBasin

    andRangeextension(Turneret.al.,2011).

    TherockunitswithinBlackGapWMAareCretaceousoryounger.The

    LateCretaceousmarinerocksweredepositedoncarbonateplatforms

    northeastoftheChihuahuaTrough,whichformedduringlateTriassicrifting

    associatedwiththeopeningoftheGulfofMexico(Fig.6).Thisriftbasinwas

    locatedeast-northeastofasubductionrelatedmagmaticarc,whichwasthe

    sourceforLateCretaceousclasticsedimentsintheTrans-Pecos(Lehmanand

    Busbey,2007).The

    carbonateplatforms

    thatdevelopedinthe

    EarlyCretaceouswere

    thesiteofdeposition

    fortheSantaElena

    Limestone,theBuda

    Limestone,andthe

    BoquillasFormation,

    whicharethe

    dominantunitsinthe

    studyarea(Fig.7).

    Asidefrombeing

    widespreadinthe

    studyarea,rocksthat

    make-uptheCoahuila

    Platformunderliethe

    majorityoftheTrans-

    Pecosregion(Lehman

    andBusbey,2007).

    Figure7:StratigraphicColumnoftheBigBendarea(ModiPiedfromTiedemann,2010).

    Figure5:MajortectonicepisodeswithinTrans-PecosTexas(fromMuehlbergerandDickinson,1989).

    A

    B

    C

    D

    Figure10A-D:Outcropstations1-4(A-Drespectively)photosandlinedrawings

    withassociateddatatablesbelow(photos

    donothavetheresolutiontoincludeall

    fracturesinlinedrawings).

    Figure11A-D:Stereonetdataofbeddingplanesforoutcropstations1-4(A-D

    respectively).

    Figure12A-D:Stereonetdataoffracturesforoutcropstations1-4(A-D

    respectively).

    Figure13A&B:XRFdataforallbedswithineachoutcropstation(A).The

    averagecalicite-quartz-claycontentof

    eachsample.(LS=limestone)(B).

    A

    B

    Breyer,J.A.2016,Introduction,inAAPGMemoir110:TheEagleFordShale:ArenaissanceinU.S.oilproduction,pp.259-283.

    Brüker2015,Tracerseriesoverview.Accessed:April6,2015.https://www.bruker.com/products/x-ray-diffraction-and-elemental-analysis/handheld-xrf/tracer-iii/overview.html

    Lehman,T.M.,andBusbey,A.B.,2007,SocietyofVertebratePaleontologyFall2007BigBendFieldTripGuidebook,Austin,SocietyofVertebratePaleontology.

    Muehlberger,W.R.,andDickerson,P.W.1989,StructureandstratigraphyofTrans-PecosTexas:ElPasotoGuadalupeMountainsandBigBendGuidebook,20-29July.Washington,D.C.:AmericanGeophysicalUnion.

    Maxwell,R.A.,Lonsdale,J.T.,Hazzard,R.T.andWilson,J.A.1967,GeologyofBigBendNationalPark,BrewsterCounty,Texas.UniversityofTexasatAustin,BureauofEconomicGeology,TexasUniv.Pub.6711.

    Proceq.EquotipBambino2ProceqMetalHardnesTesters.LastmodiPiedOctober17,2016.AccessedOctober17,2016.http://www.proceq.com/jp/nondestructivetestequipment/metal-testing/hardness-testing/equotip-

    bambino-2.html

    RailroadCommissionofTexas(TexasRRC)2016,EagleFordShaleinformation.LastmodiPied:April5.AccessedApril13,2016.http://www.rrc.state.tx.us/oil-gas/major-oil-gas-formations/eagle-ford-shale/

    St.John,B.1966,GeologyofBlackGapArea,BrewserCounty,Texas.geologicalquadranglemapGQ-0030BureauofEconomicGeology,vol.18,UniversityofTexasatAustin(1966)geologicmapscale:1:62,500

    Tiedemann,N.S.2010,ThesequencestratigraphyoftheCommanchean-GulPianinterval,BigBendNationalPark,WestTexas.[Master’sthesis]BallStateUniversity.

    Turner,K.J.,Berry,M.E.,Page,W.R.,Lehman,T.M.,Bohannon,R.G.,Scott,R.B.,Miggins,D.P.,Budahn,J.R.,Cooper,R.W.,andDrenth,B.J.,2011,GeologicmapofBigBendNationalPark,Texas:USDepartmentoftheInterior,US

    GeologicalSurvey.

    U.S.EnergyInformationAdministration(EIA)2016,Drillingproductivityreport.LastmodiPiedSeptember12.AccessedOctober25,2016http://www.eia.go/petroleum/drilling/archive/2016/09

    References

    Figure14A,B,&C:Cross-plotsofUCS(psi)(bambinoinblue&dimplerinred)vsXRFdataforallbedswithineachoutcropstation.

    UCSvs.calcite(%Ca)showsapositivecorrelation(A).UCSvs.quartz

    (%Si)showsnotrend(B),whereasUCSvsclay(%Al)showsa

    negativecorrelation(C).

    A

    B

    C

    Figure9:(right)Locationofthe

    fouroutcrop

    stationswithin

    HeathCanyon.

    Figure 16: Stereonet displaying the orientation of both sets of fractures with inferred paleostress directions.

    • Highanglenormalfaultsassociatedwith

    TertiaryBasinandRangeextensionare

    responsibleforthepresentdaytopography

    withinthemappingarea.Thedeformation

    associatedwithBasinandRangeextension

    causedthetiltingofgeologicunitsaswellas

    forminghalf-grabenstructuresalonghigh-

    anglenormalfaultswhichjuxtaposeolder

    andyoungerrocks(Fig.15A&B).

    • Fracturesaremorelikelytobethrough-

    goinginlayersofmorecompetentrock.

    Conversely,fracturesweremorelikelyto

    terminatewithinoratthecontactofabedin

    thickerlesscompetentrock(Figure10A-D).

    • Ingeneral,fractureswithineachoutcropcan

    bedividedinto2sets:Set1averagestrike/

    dipis223°/63°.Set2averagestrike/dipis

    53°/55°(Figs.XA-D).Maximumpaleostress

    directionscanbeinferredbasedonthis

    conjugateset,roughlyNE/SWinthiscase

    (Fig.16)

    • RocksoftheBoquillasFormationtendtobe

    morecalcareouswithcertainlayers

    containinghigherclayandquartzcontent.

    Overall,theBoquillasFormationatthis

    locationismoreclay-poorthantheaverage

    EagleFordShalecomposition(Figure13A&

    B)

    • Cross-plotsofXRFvs.UCSsuggestthat

    strengthoftherockincreasesascalcite

    contentincreaseandclaycontentdecreases.

    Additionally,thedimplermethodshoweda

    strongercorrelationwithelementaldata

    thantheBambino.TheBambinorequiresa

    relativelysmoothsurfacetotake

    measurementsonwhilethedimplerdoes

    not.Thiscouldbeonereasonforthe

    differenceinUCSvalues(14A,B,&C).

    B

    A

    Figure 15 A & B: Geologic map draped over a digital elevation model of Heath Canyon and the surrounding area. View looking south-southwest (A) and a view looking west-southwest (B).

    ChihuahuaTrough

    CoahuilaPlatform

    Figure6:PaleogeographicreconstructionoftheNorthAmericancontinentduringthedepositionoftheBoquillasFormation(93.2Ma).Theblackovalsoutlinethe

    approximatelocationoftheChihuahuaTrough(left)andthecarbonateplatformon

    whichsedimentsweredepositedduringthistime(modiPiedfromBlakey,2017).

    N

    14miles(22km)

    Figure4:LocationsoftheTransPecosregionofTexas(right,blackpolygon)andBlackGapWildlifeManagementArea(left,redpolygon).


Calcaneum fracture- pathoanatomy & various fracture pattern

OSTEOPOROSIS Strategies for ALL Ages and ALL …...RISK FOR FRACTURE FIRST SIGNS Fracture - minimal trauma/fragility fracture (e.g., Colles Fracture, Compression Fracture, Rib Fracture

Fracture Mechanics: Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics …people.unipi.it/static/ciro.santus/MaterialeDidattica/FM_Classes... · Fracture Mechanics: Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics

Indications Immobilization of non-displaced fracture Immobilization of “occult” or suspected fracture –Non-displaced Salter I fracture –Toddler’s fracture

Pag. 1 di OBJETO: Boquillas tipo: SPRAY DRY · La combinación de una cámara interna de turbulencia junto con una placa de orificio, genera múltiples ... El diseño de las boquillas

The Role of the FLS Coordinator FLS...Presentation Outline •Fragility Fracture •Fracture Liaison Services •Role of the coordinator •Dedicated vs standardized order set •Challenges

Geochemical and Mineralogical Properties of Boquillas

Fracture Behavior of Bulk Crystalline Materials zFundamentals of Fracture yDuctile Fracture yBrittle Fracture yCrack Initiation and Propagation zFracture

Experiments on a level set method for ductile fracture

FRACTURE Brittle Fracture: criteria for fracture. Ductile fracture. Ductile to Brittle transition. Fracture Mechanics T.L. Anderson CRC Press, Boca

NOZZLES - Dysze przemysłowe, wodne - PNR,CBN, BEX, Ikeuchi · 2015. 9. 28. · Flat spray nozzles Boquillas de chorro plano Coni pieni Full cone nozzles Boquillas de cono lleno Coni

Boquillas Spray

TABLA DE LAS BOQUILLAS - Hawk Pumps tabla de … · TABLA DE LAS BOQUILLAS: la siguiente tabla es un ejemplo como para elegir correctamente la boquilla en función de las características

Boquillas Secas ABB

FRACTURE MECHANICS WHAT IS FRACTURE MECHANICS

“BOQuILLAS PERSONALIZADAS DE B uCEO QuE PREVIENEN EL

Anatomic Fracture and Reverse Fracture

A Level Set Method for Ductile Fracturecraigs/papers/2013-ductile-fracture/paper.pdf · level set method for the simulation of dynamic ductile fracture. The level set is defined

New experimental set-up to approach pipeline fracture ... · doi: 10.1111/j.1460-2695.2012.01650.x New experimental set-up to approach pipeline fracture behaviour by three-point bending

Boquillas de Abanico Plano

Fracture Properties Needed. Fracture porosity & permeability are both a function of Fracture Width (e) & Fracture Spacing (D)

Cast Application for Common Fractures - AADO · Common Lower Limb Fractures •Ankle fracture •5th MT base fracture •Tibial fracture •Patella fracture •Distal femur fracture

3. Fracture mechanisms in real materials Fracture of crystals: Different fracture mechanisms

A Level Set Method for Ductile Fracture - Penn Engineeringcffjiang/research/fracture/paper.pdf · level set method for the simulation of dynamic ductile fracture. The level set is

boquillas aspersoras

Osteosynthesis Set - DMV · 2013. 10. 26. · The osteosynthesis set is designed for a operative fracture treatment, anatomical reconstruction and for the re-establishment of lost

Boquillas Metal

For Wrist Arthroscopy and Fracture Reduction - Acumed · 2016-12-29 · For Wrist Arthroscopy and Fracture Reduction. ... (Includes ARC Wrist Tower, Trays,1 set of Arm Straps, and

Fracture Fixation Internal & External. Fracture Types

Catalogo Boquillas Tanques

Canagliflozin and fracture risk in individuals with type 2 ...canagliflozin on fracture risk was assessed in the modified intention-to-treat set (participants who received at least

Fracture and fracture healing

A Level Set Method for Ductile Fracture - uni-muenster.deA Level Set Method for Ductile Fracture Jan Hegemann Chenfanfu Jiang?y Craig Schroeder z Joseph M. Teran?x University of Munster¨?University

Fracture of materials - Tokushima U Fracture...Characteristics of fatigue fracture surfaceⅢ ・Low cyclic stress and thick plate Slant fracture surface Perpendicular; fracture surface

BOQUILLAS GRACO (1)