fracpropt short course (march 2008)

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Page 1: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)
Page 2: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Fra

ctu

re E

ng

inee

rin

g &

Mo

del

ing

•In

tro

du

ctio

n

•F

luid

Rh

eolo

gy,

Flo

w L

eak-

off

, Pro

pp

ant

Tra

nsp

ort

•R

ock

mec

han

ics

& S

tres

s, F

ract

ure

Mo

del

ing

Co

nce

pts

•T

ort

uo

sity

& P

erfo

rati

on

Fri

ctio

n

•N

et P

ress

ure

Mat

chin

g

•F

ract

ure

Co

nd

uct

ivit

y &

Des

ign

Co

nsi

der

atio

ns

•P

rod

uct

ion

Mo

del

ing

•F

ract

ure

Dia

gn

ost

ics

& M

od

el C

alib

rati

on

Page 3: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Mo

tiva

tio

n f

or

Fra

c E

ng

inee

rin

g &

Dia

gn

ost

ics

Hyd

raul

ic

frac

turin

g is

do

ne fo

rw

ell

stim

ulat

ion

NO

T

for

prop

pant

di

spos

al

Page 4: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Hyd

rau

lic F

ract

ure

Gro

wth

1 -

Fra

ctur

e in

itiat

ion

as p

umpi

ng o

f flu

id is

sta

rted

Sim

plifi

ed c

ross

-sec

tiona

l vie

w o

f the

frac

ture

2 -

Fra

ctur

e pr

opag

atio

n w

ith fl

uid

3 –

Pro

ppan

t (us

ually

san

d) e

nter

s hy

drau

lic fr

actu

re a

s it

is s

uspe

nded

in

the

frac

turin

g flu

id

4 -

Pro

ppan

t adv

ance

s fu

rthe

r in

to th

e fr

actu

re a

s pu

mpi

ng c

ontin

ues

5 –

Pro

ppan

t adv

ance

s fu

rthe

r in

the

frac

ture

and

may

rea

ch th

e ti

p of

the

hydr

aulic

frac

ture

as

fluid

con

tinue

s to

leak

into

the

perm

eabl

e fo

rmat

ion

6 –

Pum

ping

of t

he fl

uid/

prop

pant

m

ixtu

re is

sto

pped

and

flui

d co

ntin

ues

to le

ak a

wa

y in

to th

e pe

rmea

ble

form

atio

n

7 –

For

mat

ion

clos

es o

n pr

oppa

nt a

nd a

co

nduc

tive

path

rem

ains

in th

e re

serv

oir

Tim

e du

ring

frac

ture

tr

eatm

ent

Fra

c le

ngth

Fra

c w

idth

Page 5: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Hyd

rau

lic F

ract

ure

Gro

wth

12

3

4

5

6

7

Gen

eral

pre

ssur

e re

spon

se, f

low

rat

e, a

nd

prop

pant

con

cent

ratio

n du

ring

a p

ropp

ed

frac

ture

trea

tmen

t

1 -

Fra

ctur

e in

itiat

ion

as p

umpi

ng o

f flu

id is

sta

rted

2 -

Fra

ctur

e pr

opag

atio

n w

ith fl

uid

3 –

Pro

ppan

t (us

ually

san

d) e

nter

s hy

drau

lic fr

actu

re a

s it

is s

uspe

nded

in

the

frac

turin

g flu

id

4 -

Pro

ppan

t adv

ance

s fu

rthe

r in

to th

e fr

actu

re a

s pu

mpi

ng c

ontin

ues

5 –

Pro

ppan

t adv

ance

s fu

rthe

r in

the

frac

ture

and

may

rea

ch th

e ti

p of

the

hydr

aulic

frac

ture

as

fluid

con

tinue

s to

leak

into

the

perm

eabl

e fo

rmat

ion

6 –

Pum

ping

of t

he fl

uid/

prop

pant

m

ixtu

re is

sto

pped

and

flui

d co

ntin

ues

to le

ak a

wa

y in

to th

e pe

rmea

ble

form

atio

n

7 –

For

mat

ion

clos

es o

n pr

oppa

nt a

nd a

co

nduc

tive

path

rem

ains

in th

e re

serv

oir

Sur

face

pre

ssur

e

Flo

w r

ate

Pro

p co

nc

Page 6: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Hyd

rau

lic F

ract

uri

ng

•H

ydra

ulic

fra

ctu

rin

g is

a c

om

plic

ated

pro

cess

th

at

invo

lves

sev

eral

co

up

led

ph

ysic

al m

ech

anis

ms

–R

ock

def

orm

atio

n

–F

luid

flo

w in

sid

e fr

actu

re

–F

luid

leak

off

–F

ract

ure

pro

pag

atio

n

–P

rop

pan

t tr

ansp

ort

–H

eat

tran

sfer

•U

nd

erst

and

ing

th

ese

mec

han

ism

s an

d t

hei

r in

ter-

rela

tio

nsh

ips

pro

vid

es a

sta

rtin

g p

oin

t fo

r u

nd

erst

and

ing

h

ydra

ulic

fra

ctu

re g

row

th b

ehav

ior

Page 7: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Ph

ysic

al P

roce

sses

Page 8: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Co

nse

rvat

ion

Of

Mas

s

•A

t al

l tim

es, t

he

inje

cted

flu

id v

olu

me

is e

qu

al t

o t

he

frac

ture

volu

me

plu

s th

e vo

lum

e o

f fl

uid

th

at h

as le

aked

off

dtA

xt

t

CH

Lw

VV

dtQ

i

t

it

ii

ile

akof

ffr

ac

ti

i

2 )(

20

1

0∫

∫−

+=

+=

γ

tC

LH

LH

wV

VQ

tt

wle

akof

ffr

ac2

22

1+

≅+

Ass

um

es s

pu

rt lo

ss is

zer

o

Page 9: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Flu

id R

heo

log

y&

Lea

koff

Page 10: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Q =

h. q

;

∂∂

=

•=

xpw

wv

qµ3

Flu

id F

low

Insi

de

A F

ract

ure

•G

ener

ally

mo

del

ed a

s la

min

ar f

low

bet

wee

n p

aral

lel p

late

s

•F

low

rat

e is

ext

rem

ely

sen

siti

ve t

o f

ract

ure

wid

th

Page 11: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Lam

inar

Flu

id F

low

•F

low

bet

wee

n 2

par

alle

l pla

tes

•F

low

do

wn

an

elli

pti

cal t

ub

e

3H

wQu

12xp

= ===∂ ∂∂∂∆ ∆∆∆∂ ∂∂∂

3H

wQu

64xp

π πππ= ===

∂ ∂∂∂∆ ∆∆∆∂ ∂∂∂

Page 12: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

PR

OP

ER

TIE

S O

F A

FR

AC

TU

RE

FL

UID

•V

isco

sity

–C

on

tro

ls F

ract

ure

Wid

th (

Nea

r W

ellb

ore

)

–Im

pac

ts P

rop

pan

t T

ran

spo

rt

•F

luid

Lo

ss–

Co

ntr

ols

Am

ou

nt

of

Flu

id in

Fra

ctu

re

–Im

pac

ts F

ract

ure

Geo

met

ry

•D

ensi

ty–

Co

ntr

ols

Hyd

rost

atic

Gra

die

nts

–Im

pac

ts P

rop

pan

t C

on

vect

ion

•F

rict

ion

–C

on

tro

ls S

urf

ace

Tre

atin

g P

ress

ure

–Im

pac

ts In

ject

ion

Rat

e

•p

H –C

on

tro

ls C

ross

linke

r R

eact

ion

s

–Im

pac

ts F

luid

Pro

per

ties

Page 13: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

WH

AT

IS V

ISC

OS

ITY

?

Q o

r S

hear

Rat

e (

γ γγγ)

New

toni

anF

luid

µ µ µ µ C

onst

ant =

∆ ∆∆∆p Qfo

r N

ewto

nian

Flu

id

QQ

∆ ∆∆∆p

p or Shear Stress ∆∆∆∆(τ) (τ) (τ) (τ)

Page 14: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

RE

LA

TIO

NS

HIP

OF

τ τττA

ND

γ γγγ

00

τ τττ τ τττb y

µ µµµp

µ µµµ

Bin

gham

Pla

stic

Pse

udo-

Pla

stic

(She

ar T

hinn

ing)

New

toni

an

Dila

tant

(She

ar T

hick

enin

g)

Exa

mpl

e

Dril

ling

Mud

Fra

ctur

ing

Flu

id

Wat

er

ττττ SHEAR STRESS ( )

γ γγγS

HE

AR

RA

TE

( )

Page 15: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

FR

AC

TU

RIN

G F

LU

IDS

AR

E T

YP

ICA

LL

Y

τ

τ

τ

τ =

She

ar S

tres

s, lb

/ftγ

γ

γ

γ

= S

hear

Rat

e, s

eck

= C

onsi

sten

cy In

dex,

lb-s

ecn

/ftn

= F

low

Beh

avio

r In

dex,

di

men

sion

less

2

-12

τ τττ=

k’γ γ γ γ n

LOG-SHEAR STRESS ( ) ) ) )ττττ

γγγγLO

G-S

HE

AR

RA

TE

( )

k‘=

Inte

rcep

t

n’

= S

lope

Page 16: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

VIS

CO

SIT

Y A

T A

KN

OW

N S

HE

AR

RA

TE

•T

o C

alcu

late

th

e A

pp

aren

t V

isco

sity

of

a N

on

-

New

ton

ian

Flu

id, t

he

Fo

llow

ing

Eq

uat

ion

is U

sed

Wh

ere:

µ µµµa

= ===47

880

k’

a[γ γγγ

]n’

-1

µ µµµ=

App

aren

t Vis

cosi

ty, c

pk’

= C

onsi

sten

cy In

dex,

lb-s

ecn

/ ft2

n’

= F

low

Beh

avio

r In

dex,

Dim

ensi

onle

ss

γ γγγ=

She

ar R

ate,

sec

-1

’a a

Page 17: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

TY

PIC

AL

SH

EA

R R

AT

ES

DU

RIN

G F

RA

CT

UR

ING

•S

hea

r R

ates

in T

ub

ula

r: 1

000

-50

00 s

ec-1

•S

hea

r R

ates

in F

ract

ure

s: 1

0 -

100

sec

-1

•M

easu

rem

ents

of

n’

and

k’

Oft

en M

ade

Bet

wee

n

170

and

600

sec

-1

•M

ay N

ot

Be

Rep

rese

nta

tive

of

the

Flu

id B

ehav

ior

in t

he

Fra

ctu

re (

40 s

ec -1

)

Page 18: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

ES

TIM

AT

ING

VIS

CO

SIT

Y IN

FR

AC

TU

RE

S

µ µµµ a= ===

4788

0 k’ a

40.4

6Q

w2

h

n’− −−−

1

•A

pp

aren

t V

isco

sity

of

a N

on

-New

ton

ian

Flu

id in

th

e

Fra

ctu

re,

Whe

re

µ µµµ=

App

aren

t Vis

cosi

ty, c

pk’

= C

onsi

sten

cy In

dex,

lb-s

ecn

’/ft

2

n’

= F

low

Beh

avio

r In

dex,

D

imen

sion

less

Q

= In

ject

ion

Rat

e, b

pmw

=

Fra

ctur

e W

idth

, in

h

=

Fra

ctur

e H

eigh

t, ftS

hear

Rat

e

{a a

Page 19: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

VIS

CO

SIT

Y M

EA

SU

RE

ME

NT

S

Tor

sion

Spr

ing

RO

TA

TIN

G C

UP

ST

AT

ION

AR

Y B

OB

TE

ST

FLU

ID

Page 20: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

TY

PIC

AL

VIS

CO

SIT

Y V

AL

UE

S

Wat

er

Line

ar G

el

Cro

sslin

ked

1.0

0.8

0.5

0.00

002

0.03

0.55

1.0

50 2000

Flu

id T

ype

n’

k’V

isco

sity

@ 1

70 s

ec-1

Page 21: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

EX

AM

PL

E R

HE

OL

OG

ICA

L D

AT

A

1.0

0.1

0.01

0.00

1 01

23

45

6

ka

TIM

E, h

ours

D

BCA

.

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2 0

12

34

56

nT

IME

, hou

rs

DB C A

Sou

rce:

Hal

libur

ton

Ene

rgy

Ser

vice

s

250°

F50

lb/1

000

HP

G w

/ Tita

nium

Page 22: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

FL

UID

LO

SS

Fracture

Filtercake

Invaded Zone

Reservoir

Filtercake

Fracture

Invaded Zone

Reservoir<

1/1

0 in

ch0.

5 to

3 fe

etT

ypic

al E

xten

t10

0’s

of fe

et

Cw

Cv

Cc

Page 23: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

FL

UID

LO

SS

EQ

UA

TIO

NS

Cm

Aw

= ===001

64

.(M

easu

red

in L

ab)

k i=

Per

mea

bilit

y to

Filt

rate

, dar

cies

∆ ∆∆∆p=

(σ σσσx

+ p

net)

-p,

psi

φ φφφ=

For

mat

ion

Por

osity

, fra

ctio

nµ µµµ a

= V

isco

sity

of F

iltra

te, c

p

k r=

Per

mea

bilit

y to

Res

ervo

ir F

luid

, md

Cr

= F

orm

atio

n F

luid

Com

pres

sibi

lity,

psi

-1

µ µµµ r

= F

orm

atio

n F

luid

Vis

cosi

ty, c

p

m=

Slo

pe o

f Vol

ume

vst

Gra

phA

= A

rea

of C

ore

Use

d to

Mea

sure

Cw

Ck

pv

i

a= ===

004

691

2

./

∆ ∆∆∆φ φφφ

µ µµµ

Ck

Cc

rr r

= ===

0

0374

12

./

p∆ ∆∆∆

φ φφφµ µµµ

Page 24: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

ME

AS

UR

EM

EN

T O

F W

AL

L B

UIL

DIN

G

CO

EF

FIC

IEN

T (

C

)

VOLUME

TIM

E

Spu

rt L

oss

Slo

pe =

C

A

rea

/ 0.0

164

w

*

w

Page 25: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

EF

FE

CT

OF

FL

UID

LO

SS

AD

DIT

IVE

S (

FL

A)

ON

WA

LL

-BU

ILD

ING

FL

UID

-LO

SS

CO

EF

FIC

IEN

T, C

w. 0.

008

0.00

6

0.00

4

0.00

2 5015

025

035

0

FLUID LOSS COEFFICIENT, C (ft/min ) w1/2

Tita

nate

Flu

idW

ithou

t FLA

40 lb

60 lb

40 lb

60 lb

With

25

lb/1

000

gal

Sol

id P

artic

ulat

e F

LA

FLU

ID T

EM

PE

RA

TU

RE

, °F

Page 26: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

TO

TA

L F

LU

ID L

OS

S C

•S

erie

s A

vera

ge

•W

illia

m’s

Met

ho

d

C

CC

C

t

vc

w

= ===+ +++

+ +++

11

11

( ((() )))

[ [[[] ]]]

CC

CC

CC

CC

CC

Ct

cv

w

vw

wr

cv

w

= ===+ +++

+ ++++ +++

2

42

22

22

1/2t

Page 27: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Flu

id L

eako

ff A

nd

Slu

rry

Eff

icie

ncy

LOW

SLU

RR

Y E

FF

ICIE

NC

Y

Sho

rt F

ract

ure

Hig

h F

iltra

tion

Long

er F

ract

ure

HIG

H S

LUR

RY

EF

FIC

IEN

CY

Low

Filt

ratio

n

Vpu

mpe

d(t

)

Vfr

ac(t

)ef

ficie

ncy

(t)

=

Page 28: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

FL

UID

EF

FIC

IEN

CY

•P

erce

nta

ge

of

Flu

id in

th

e F

ract

ure

•A

ffec

ts C

reat

ed F

ract

ure

Dim

ensi

on

s

•H

igh

Lea

koff

Can

Lea

d t

o S

cree

no

uts

•L

ow

Lea

koff

Will

Incr

ease

Clo

sure

Tim

e A

ffec

tin

g

Pro

pp

ant

Pla

cem

ent

–C

on

vect

ion

–S

ettl

ing

Page 29: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Wh

at Is

Pro

pp

ant

Set

tlin

g?

Do

wn

war

d T

ran

spo

rt O

f

Den

se P

rop

pan

t G

rain

s In

Flu

id

()

µρ

ρ 18

2f

pp

s

gdV

−=

Ter

min

al s

ettl

ing

vel

oci

ty f

or

New

ton

ian

flu

id

Page 30: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

ρ ρ33

>

>

ρρ 22>

>

ρρ11

ρ ρ11

ρ ρ22

ρ ρ33

Wh

at Is

Pro

pp

ant

Co

nve

ctio

n ?

Do

wn

war

d T

ran

spo

rt O

f D

ense

Slu

rry

()

µρ

ργ

12

min

max

2−

≈f

cnc

gwV

Co

nve

ctio

n v

elo

city

fo

r N

ewto

nia

n f

luid

Page 31: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Ro

ck M

ech

anic

s, C

losu

re S

tres

s, F

ract

ure

Mo

del

ing

Page 32: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

So

urc

es f

or

Ro

ck M

ech

anic

s &

Str

ess

Dat

a

•R

ock

mec

han

ics

–C

ore

–L

og

s

•S

tres

s D

ata

–M

ini-

frac

s, s

mal

l vo

lum

e in

ject

ion

tes

ts (

DF

IT, s

tres

s te

st)

–D

rilli

ng

dat

a

–L

og

s

–E

stim

ated

usi

ng

net

pre

ssu

re m

atch

ing

Nee

d r

ock

pro

per

ties

an

d s

tres

s fo

r al

l dep

ths

wh

ere

frac

ture

pro

pag

ates

Page 33: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Def

orm

atio

n O

f A

Bar

Du

e T

o U

nia

xial

Co

mp

ress

ive

Lo

ad

σ=

Str

ess

=F

/Aε

=S

trai

n=

δ/L

E=

You

ng’s

mod

ulus

=σ/

ε

L

F

δ

A

Ass

ume

linea

r el

astic

ity:

Page 34: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Def

orm

atio

n O

f A

Bar

Du

e T

o U

nia

xial

Co

mp

ress

ive

Lo

ad

L

F

δ

ν=

Poi

sson

’s r

atio

=

ε

r/ε(-

1,1/

2)

Ass

ume

linea

r el

astic

ity:

δ rε

=S

trai

n in

axi

al d

irect

ion

=δ/

L

ε r=

Str

ain

in r

adia

l dire

ctio

n=

δ r/R

R

Page 35: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Def

initi

on O

f Net

Pre

ssur

eN

et P

ress

ure

is th

e P

ress

ure

Insi

de th

e F

ract

ure

Min

us th

e C

losu

re P

ress

ure

Net

Pre

ssur

e =

2,50

0 -

2,00

0 =

500

psi

Page 36: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Bal

loo

n A

nal

og

y F

or

Op

enin

g F

ract

ure

Wit

h

Co

nst

ant

Rad

ius

Page 37: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Op

enin

g O

f A

Fra

ctu

re D

ue

To

Inte

rnal

Pre

ssu

re

Gen

eral

izat

ion:

w =

Def

lect

ion

=

γ pne

tR/ E

wp n

et

R

E=

Cra

ck-o

peni

ngm

odul

us

=

E/4

(1-υ

2 )C

=C

ompl

ianc

e=

γ R

/ E

Fra

ctur

ecr

oss-

sect

ion

Roc

k

Page 38: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Infl

uen

ce O

f N

et P

ress

ure

•T

wo

radi

al fr

actu

re m

odel

sol

utio

ns fo

r th

e sa

me

trea

tmen

t (no

barr

iers

):

R

=

650

feet

w=

0.25

in

R

=

260

feet

w=

1.6

in

Pne

t=

50

psi

Pne

t=

80

0 ps

i

Pre

dict

ed n

etpr

essu

reP

redi

cted

frac

ture

dim

ensi

ons

Page 39: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Fra

ctur

e G

eom

etry

Cha

nges

With

Net

Pre

ssur

e

•T

wo

mod

elin

g so

lutio

ns fo

r th

e sa

me

trea

tmen

t; if

500

psis

tres

s co

ntra

st e

xist

s ar

ound

pay

zone

L =

120

0 fe

et

R =

240

feet

Pne

t=

100

psi

Pne

t=

800

psi

Pre

dict

ed n

et

pres

sure

Pre

dict

ed fr

ac

dim

ensi

ons

Page 40: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Dif

fere

nt

Mo

del

s

•2D

mo

del

s

–P

erki

ns,

Ker

n a

nd

N

ord

gre

n(P

KN

)

–C

hri

stia

no

vitc

h,

Gee

rtsm

aan

d D

e K

lerk

(C

GD

)

–R

adia

l Mo

del

•3D

mo

del

s

–P

seu

do

3D

mo

del

s

–L

um

ped

3D

mo

del

s

–F

ull

3D m

od

els

–N

on

-pla

nar

3D

mo

del

s

Page 41: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Sim

plif

ied

Fra

ctu

re P

rob

lem

•S

olid

mec

han

ics

•F

luid

dyn

amic

s

•F

luid

Lea

koff

Sol

id M

echa

nics

Flu

id d

ynam

ics

Flu

id L

eako

ff

Page 42: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Sim

plif

ied

Fra

ctu

re P

rob

lem

–C

on

stan

t H

eig

ht

h =

H

L

Ww

Page 43: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Sim

ple

Dim

ensi

on

s C

alcu

lati

on

Fo

r P

KN

Mo

del

•G

iven

: vol

ume

pum

ped,

flui

d ef

ficie

ncy

and

mea

sure

d ne

t pre

ssur

e

•M

ass

bal

ance

:

•F

ract

ure

wid

th:

•C

om

bin

ing

th

ese:

εVh

Lw

≈1 22

2

whp

Enet

L =

εVE

2h2 p

net

Page 44: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Sim

ple

Dim

ensi

on

s C

alcu

lati

on

(P

KN

)

•G

iven

: vol

ume

pum

ped,

inje

ctio

n ra

te &

job

time,

and

tota

l flu

id lo

ss c

oeffi

cien

t

•M

ass

bal

ance

:

•W

idth

& F

luid

Flo

w:

•F

luid

Lo

ss:

Qt

HL

wV

FL

=+

2

ww

QL

Ew

==

−L NM

O QPπ

πµ

νπ

54

5

1 2

21

4(

)/

VH

LC

tF

Lt

=2

22

Page 45: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Sim

ple

Dim

ensi

on

s C

alcu

lati

on

(P

KN

)

•G

iven

: vol

ume

pum

ped,

Fra

ctur

e H

eigh

t and

tota

l flu

id lo

ss c

oeffi

cien

t

•M

ass

bal

ance

:

•W

idth

& F

luid

Flo

w:

•F

luid

Lo

ss:

56

10

16

67

..

Qt

HL

wV

FL

=+

ww

QL

Ew

==L NMO QP

πµ

50

238

14

./

VH

LC

tF

Lt

=5

65

7.

Oil

Fie

ld U

nit

s

Ass

um

e v=

0.15

Page 46: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Fra

ctu

re G

row

th V

ersu

s T

ime

Fo

r P

KN

Mo

del

•L

eng

th:

•W

idth

:

•N

et p

ress

ure

:

Lt

∝4

5/

wt

∝1

5/

pt

net

∝1

5/

Page 47: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Sim

plif

ied

Fra

ctu

re P

rob

lem

–R

adia

l Fra

ctu

re

R

ww

Page 48: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Est

imat

ing

Fra

c D

imen

sio

ns

Rad

ial F

ract

ure

E

Rp

wne

t⋅≈

π2

For

: V

olum

e pu

mpe

dV

=1,

000

bbl

(~ 5

,610

ft3 )

Effi

cien

cy (

@ E

OJ)

e=

0.5

Y

oung

’s m

odul

usE

=

1x10

6ps

iP

oiss

on’s

rat

ioν

=

0.2

Net

pre

ssur

e (@

EO

J)p n

et=

500

psi

Yie

lds:

R

adiu

sR

~10

3 ft

Wid

th @

wel

lbor

ew

~1.

51 in

Mas

s ba

lanc

e

Ela

stic

ope

ning

eV

Rw

•=

2 32

π31

43

=

net

p

EeV

R

31

2

2

36

=

E

eVp

wne

t

π

Page 49: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Sim

ple

Dim

ensi

on

s C

alcu

lati

on

(ra

dia

l mo

del

)

•G

iven

: vol

ume

pum

ped,

inje

ctio

n ra

te &

job

time,

an

d to

tal f

luid

loss

coe

ffici

ent

•M

ass

bal

ance

:

•W

idth

& F

luid

Flo

w:

•F

luid

Lo

ss:

Qt

Rw

VF

L=

2

ww

QR

Ew

==

−L NM

O QP2 3

2 3

27

1

4

2

2

14

µν

π()

/

VR

Ct

FL

t=

π22

2

Page 50: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Sim

ple

Dim

ensi

on

s C

alcu

lati

on

(ra

dia

l mo

del

)

•G

iven

: vol

ume

pum

ped,

Fra

ctur

e H

eigh

t and

tota

l flu

id lo

ss c

oeffi

cien

t

•M

ass

bal

ance

:

•W

idth

& F

luid

Flo

w:

•F

luid

Lo

ss:

56

10

26

22

..

Qt

Rw

VF

L=

+

ww

QR

Ew

==L NMO QP

2 30

147

14

./

µ

VR

Ct

FL

t=

88

86

2.

Oil

Fie

ld U

nit

s

Ass

um

e v=

0.15

Page 51: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Fra

ctu

re G

row

th V

ersu

s T

ime

Fo

r R

adia

l Mo

del

•R

adiu

s:

•W

idth

:

•N

et p

ress

ure

:

Rt

∝4

9/

wt

∝1

9/

pt

net

∝−1

3/

Page 52: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Sim

ple

Fo

rce

Bal

ance

fo

r H

eig

ht

Gro

wth

σ1

σ2 σ

3

GR

P

h1

h2 h3

H σ3

σ2

σ1

PH

=h

1h

2h

3+

+

Neg

lect

s fr

actu

re t

ou

gh

nes

s, t

ip e

ffec

ts, c

om

po

site

laye

r

Page 53: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Hei

gh

t G

row

th D

epen

ds

on

Str

ess

Co

ntr

ast,

Net

Pre

ssu

re, a

nd

Geo

log

y

Page 54: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Mo

de

I -

Co

nfi

ned

Hei

gh

t, U

nre

stri

cted

Gro

wth

(sl

op

e =

0.20

)

Mo

de

II-

Sta

ble

Hei

gh

t G

row

th O

r In

crea

sed

Flu

id L

oss

(sl

op

e =

0)

Mo

de

III

-G

row

th R

estr

icti

on

, Tip

Scr

een

-ou

t (s

lop

e=1)

Mo

de

IV

-R

apid

Hei

gh

t G

row

th

log (p )n

log

(∆ ∆∆∆t)

III

III

IV

p'=

Crit

ical

Net

nP

ress

ure

Cla

ssic

al In

terp

reta

tio

n o

f F

ract

uri

ng

Pre

ssu

res

Page 55: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Dif

fere

nt

Met

ho

ds

To

Ob

tain

Fra

ctu

re C

losu

re

Str

ess

•P

ress

ure

decl

ine

anal

ysis

•S

quar

e-ro

ot ti

me

plot

•G

-fun

ctio

n pl

ot•

Log-

log

plot

•F

low

bac

k te

st•

Ste

p-ra

te te

st (

uppe

r bo

und)

Dir

ect

Inje

ctio

ns

Lo

gs

•D

ipol

e S

onic

Log

(D

SI)

•S

ynth

etic

pro

files

from

sta

ndar

d lo

gs

Page 56: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Pre

ssu

re D

eclin

e A

nal

ysis

•P

ress

ure

decl

ine

afte

r a

min

i-fra

c pa

sses

thro

ugh

two

flow

reg

imes

:–

Line

ar fl

ow r

egim

e; P

ress

ure

decl

ine

depe

nds

on:

•flu

id le

akof

f rat

e

•fr

actu

re c

ompl

ianc

e

–R

adia

l flo

w r

egim

e; P

ress

ure

decl

ine

depe

nds

on:

•re

serv

oir

diffu

sivi

ty

•C

losu

re s

tres

s (p

ress

ure)

is id

entif

ied

by th

e tr

ansi

tion

betw

een

the

two

flow

reg

imes

Page 57: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Wh

at C

an Y

ou

Ob

tain

Fro

m P

ress

ure

Dec

line

An

alys

is?

•F

ract

ure

clos

ure

pres

sure

(m

inim

um s

tres

s)•

Flu

id e

ffici

ency

•Le

akof

f coe

ffici

ent,

rese

rvoi

r pe

rmea

bilit

y an

d pr

essu

re•

Fra

ctur

e ge

omet

ry e

stim

ate

Tp+

Tc

Bottomhole pressure

Rat

e

Clo

sure

Effi

cien

cy ~

Tim

e

Tc

Pne

t

Tp

Tc

ISIP

Tc

Tc

+ T

p

Page 58: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Min

i-F

rac

An

alys

is:

Sq

uar

e-ro

ot-

of-

tim

e g

rap

h

Sq

uare

-roo

t-o

f-sh

utdo

wn

time

BH

P

dP/d

t

Pressure, dP/dt

Fra

ctur

e cl

osur

e

Ref

ere

nce

line

Sq

uare

-roo

t-o

f-sh

utdo

wn

time

BH

P

dP/d

tdP

/dt

Pressure, dP/dt

Fra

ctur

e cl

osur

e

Ref

ere

nce

line

Page 59: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Min

i-F

rac

An

alys

is:

Lo

g-L

og

gra

ph

∆P

= B

HP

-IS

IP

Log Scale (∆P, t*d∆P,d∆t)

Fra

ctur

e cl

osur

e t*d∆

P/d∆

t

Log

Sca

le (∆

t= t

-t sh

ut-

dow

n)½-s

lop

e

∆R

adia

l flo

wli

near

flow

∆P

= B

HP

-IS

IP

Log Scale (∆P, t*d∆P,d∆t)

Fra

ctur

e cl

osur

e t*d∆

P/d∆

t

Log

Sca

le (∆

t= t

-t sh

ut-

dow

n)½-s

lop

e

∆R

adia

l flo

wli

near

flow

Page 60: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Min

i-F

rac

An

alys

is:

G-F

un

ctio

n g

rap

h

BH

P

dP/d

G

Pressure, dP/dG, G*dP/dG

Fra

ctur

e cl

osur

e

G*d

P/d

G

Ref

ere

nce

line

G-f

unc

tion

BH

P

dP/d

G

Pressure, dP/dG, G*dP/dG

Fra

ctur

e cl

osur

e

G*d

P/d

G

Ref

ere

nce

line

G-f

unc

tion

Page 61: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Min

i-F

rac

An

alys

is:

G-F

un

ctio

n g

rap

hH

eig

ht

rece

ssio

n

BH

P

dP/d

G

Pressure, dP/dG, G*dP/dG

Fra

ctur

e cl

osur

e

G*d

P/d

G

Ref

ere

nce

line

G-f

unct

ion

Dev

iati

on b

elow

ref

eren

ce li

ne

coul

d in

dica

te h

eigh

t re

cess

ion

BH

P

dP/d

G

Pressure, dP/dG, G*dP/dG

Fra

ctur

e cl

osur

e

G*d

P/d

G

Ref

ere

nce

line

G-f

unct

ion

Dev

iati

on b

elow

ref

eren

ce li

ne

coul

d in

dica

te h

eigh

t re

cess

ion

Page 62: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Min

i-F

rac

An

alys

is:

G-F

un

ctio

n g

rap

hP

ress

ure

Dep

end

ent

Lea

koff

/Fis

sure

Op

enin

g

G-f

unc

tion

BH

P

dP

/dG

Pressure, dP/dG, G*dP/dGF

ract

ure

clos

ure

G*d

P/d

G

Ref

ere

nce

line

Dev

iati

on a

bove

ref

eren

ce li

ne

coul

d in

dica

te p

ress

ure

depe

nden

t le

akof

f/fi

ssur

e op

enin

g

G-f

unc

tion

BH

P

dP

/dG

Pressure, dP/dG, G*dP/dGF

ract

ure

clos

ure

G*d

P/d

G

Ref

ere

nce

line

Dev

iati

on a

bove

ref

eren

ce li

ne

coul

d in

dica

te p

ress

ure

depe

nden

t le

akof

f/fi

ssur

e op

enin

g

Page 63: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Min

i-F

rac

An

alys

is:

G-F

un

ctio

n g

rap

hF

ract

ure

Gro

wth

Aft

er P

um

p S

hu

t-d

ow

n

BH

P

dP/d

G

Pressure, dP/dG, G*dP/dG

Fra

ctur

e cl

osur

e

G*d

P/d

G

G-f

unct

ion

Ref

ere

nce

line

Lin

ear

beha

vior

, but

inte

rsec

tion

ab

ove

the

orig

in c

ould

indi

cate

fr

actu

re g

row

th a

fter

sh

ut-d

own

BH

P

dP/d

G

Pressure, dP/dG, G*dP/dG

Fra

ctur

e cl

osur

e

G*d

P/d

G

G-f

unct

ion

Ref

ere

nce

line

Lin

ear

beha

vior

, but

inte

rsec

tion

ab

ove

the

orig

in c

ould

indi

cate

fr

actu

re g

row

th a

fter

sh

ut-d

own

Page 64: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Pre

ssu

re D

eclin

e A

nal

ysis

–S

qu

are-

roo

t T

ime

Plo

t

Page 65: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Pre

ssu

re D

eclin

e A

nal

ysis

–G

-fu

nct

ion

Plo

t

Page 66: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Pre

ssu

re D

eclin

e A

nal

ysis

–L

og

-lo

g D

elta

Pre

ssu

re P

lot

Page 67: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Ste

pra

te/F

low

bac

k te

st

•S

tep

Rat

e T

est

–S

tart

at m

atrix

rat

e

–In

crea

se in

ste

ps u

ntil

frac

ture

ext

ende

d (≈

1 to

10

BP

M)

–P

rovi

des

uppe

r bo

und

for

clos

ure

–C

an d

eter

min

e if

you

are

frac

turin

g at

all

•F

low

bac

k at

Co

nst

ant

Rat

e

Page 68: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Pu

mp

-In

/Flo

wb

ack/

Sh

ut-

in T

est

(SP

E 2

4844

)

•H

igh

per

m w

ell w

her

e th

e F

B-S

I is

run

aft

er t

he

gel

cal

ibra

tio

n t

est

–o

ther

wis

e vo

lum

e o

f fr

actu

re is

to

sm

all d

ue

to h

igh

leak

off

•H

ere

‘fra

c W

B p

inch

’is

iden

tifi

ed a

t cl

osu

re:

very

sm

all

~ 30

psi

SI-

Reb

ound

<

pc

inde

pend

ent o

f "

tort

uosi

ty"

SP

E P

F F

eb '9

7

FB

indu

ced

" w

ellb

ore

pinc

h”

" ne

ar-w

ell

pinc

h "

~ 15

min

Page 69: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

To

rtu

osi

ty &

Per

fora

tio

n F

rict

ion

Per

fora

tion

Dam

age

-C

rush

ed, C

ompa

cted

, “O

nion

-Ski

n”Z

one

Per

fora

tion

Tun

nel

Cem

ent

Blu

e-D

yed

Frac

ture

Oni

on-S

kin

Unf

ract

ured

Hal

o

Pip

e

Per

fora

tion

Dam

age

-C

rush

ed, C

ompa

cted

, “O

nion

-Ski

n”Z

one

Per

fora

tion

Tun

nel

Cem

ent

Blu

e-D

yed

Frac

ture

Oni

on-S

kin

Unf

ract

ured

Hal

o

Pip

e

Page 70: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

To

rtu

osi

ty C

an B

e M

easu

red

:

Ste

pd

ow

n T

est

•In

stan

tan

eou

s ra

te c

han

ges

, e.g

. 30,

20,

10

and

0 B

PM

-

exac

t ra

tes

are

un

imp

ort

ant,

bu

t ch

ang

es s

ho

uld

be

abru

pt

•Im

ple

men

ted

eas

iest

by

taki

ng

pu

mp

s o

ff li

ne

•E

ach

rat

e st

ep t

akes

ab

ou

t 20

sec

on

ds

--ju

st e

no

ug

h t

o

equ

ilib

rate

th

e p

ress

ure

•F

ract

ure

geo

met

ry s

ho

uld

no

t ch

ang

e d

uri

ng

ste

pd

ow

n -

tota

l ste

pd

ow

n t

est

volu

me

smal

l co

mp

ared

to

tes

t

inje

ctio

n v

olu

me

(not

e: p

frac

no

t p

rop

ort

ion

al t

o Q

1/4

du

rin

g

step

do

wn

tes

t)

•U

se d

iffe

ren

ces

in b

ehav

ior

of

the

dif

fere

nt

fric

tio

n

com

po

nen

ts w

ith

flo

w r

ate

Page 71: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Wh

at Is

To

rtu

osi

ty?

Wid

th R

estr

icti

on

Clo

se T

o

Wel

lbo

re

Page 72: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Wid

th R

estr

icti

on

Incr

ease

s N

eces

sary

Wel

lbo

re P

ress

ure

Page 73: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Net

frac

turin

gpr

essu

re

To

rtu

osi

ty L

ead

s T

o L

arg

e P

ress

ure

Dro

p In

Fra

ctu

re C

lose

To

Wel

l

Pre

ssur

e af

ter

shut

-in

Wel

lbor

eD

ista

nce

into

frac

ture

Fra

ctur

e tip

Nea

r-w

ellb

ore

fric

tion

Hig

h

Low

Page 74: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Fra

ctu

res

Gro

w P

erp

end

icu

lar

To

Th

e L

east

Pri

nci

ple

Str

ess

--B

ut

Wh

at H

app

ens

At

Th

e W

ellb

ore

?

Page 75: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Nea

r-w

ellb

ore

Fri

ctio

n V

s. P

erfo

rati

on

Fri

ctio

n

Page 76: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Nea

r-w

ellb

ore

Fri

ctio

n V

s.

Per

fora

tio

n F

rict

ion

Tim

e (m

in)

Btm

Slry

Rat

e (b

pm)

Mea

s'd

Btm

h (p

si)

17

.00

17

.80

18

.60

19

.40

20

.20

21

.00

0

.00

10

.00

20

.00

30

.00

40

.00

50

.00

5

500

6

100

6

700

7

300

7

900

8

500

Page 77: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

To

rtu

osi

ty C

an B

e M

easu

red

: S

tep

do

wn

Tes

t

Sou

rce:

“S

PE

pap

er 2

9989

by

C.A

. Wrig

ht e

t al.

•P

erfo

ratio

n fr

ictio

n do

min

ated

reg

ime

Page 78: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

To

rtu

osi

ty C

an B

e M

easu

red

: S

tep

do

wn

Tes

t

•N

ear-

wel

lbor

e fr

ictio

n do

min

ated

reg

ime

Page 79: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Max

imu

m T

reat

ing

Pre

ssu

re L

imit

atio

n Is

Rea

ched

--

Can

’t

Pu

mp

Into

Zo

ne

Hig

h en

try

fric

tion

Hig

h pe

rf fr

ictio

nS

ever

e fr

actu

re to

rtuo

sity

Re-

perf

orat

e

Bal

l-out

trea

tmen

t

Spo

t aci

d

Use

pro

ppan

t slu

gs

Initi

ate

with

hig

h vi

scos

ity fl

uid

Incr

ease

gel

load

ing

Incr

ease

rat

e

Fut

ure

wel

ls m

ay h

ave

alte

red

com

plet

ion

stra

teg

y su

ch a

s F

EW

ER

per

fs

Page 80: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Exa

mp

le A

pp

licat

ion

–“P

ress

ure

Ou

t”o

n P

ad

•F

orm

atio

n:

Nat

ura

lly f

ract

ure

d d

olo

mit

e @

820

0’(g

as)

•C

om

ple

tio

n:

5-1/

2”ca

sin

g f

rac

stri

ng

, max

. su

rfac

e p

ress

ure

600

0 p

si;

70’p

erf

inte

rval

sh

ot

at 4

SP

F, 9

0° °°°, 0

.45”

dia

met

er h

ole

;

Pre

vio

usl

y ac

idiz

ed w

ith

70

gal

lon

s/ft

20%

HC

l

•S

itu

atio

n:

Dec

linin

g in

ject

ivit

y le

adin

g t

o “

pre

ssu

re-o

ut”

on

pad

•D

iag

no

sis:

Sev

ere

nea

r-w

ellb

ore

fra

ctu

re t

ort

uo

sity

•S

olu

tio

n:

1 an

d 2

PP

G p

rop

pan

t sl

ug

s ve

ry e

arly

in t

he

pad

to

sc

reen

ou

t fr

actu

re m

ult

iple

s

Page 81: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Tim

e (m

in)

Sur

f Pre

ss [C

sg] (

psi)

Slu

rry

Flo

w R

ate

(bpm

)P

ropp

ant C

onc

(ppg

)B

tm P

rop

Con

c (p

pg)

0

.0

28.

0

56.

0

84.

0

112.

0

140.

0

0

1

200

2

400

3

600

4

800

6

000

0

.0

2

0.0

4

0.0

6

0.0

8

0.0

10

0.0

0

.00

4

.00

8

.00

12

.00

16

.00

20

.00

0

.00

4

.00

8

.00

12

.00

16

.00

20

.00

Exa

mp

le A

pp

licat

ion

–“P

ress

ure

Ou

t”o

n P

ad

1400

psi

fric

tion

redu

ctio

n (1

st s

lug)

Max

sur

face

pre

ssur

e 60

00 p

si

Incr

ease

d m

ax

prop

con

c

S/D

#1: 1

700

psi

tort

uosi

ty; s

mal

l pe

rf fr

ic.

no to

rtuo

sity

at

end

of p

umpi

ngS

/D#2

: 300

ps

i tor

tuos

ity

Page 82: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Net

Pre

ssu

re H

isto

ry M

atch

ing

Encyclopedia Britannica

Petroleum Engineers

Page 83: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Min

imu

m M

od

el In

pu

t R

equ

irem

ents

•M

ech

anic

al r

ock

pro

per

ties

–Y

ou

ng

’s m

od

ulu

s (f

rom

co

re o

r so

nic

log

)

–cl

osu

re s

tres

s p

rofi

le (

inje

ctio

n/d

eclin

e d

ata

or

son

ic lo

g)

–P

erm

eab

ility

(fr

om

PT

A)

•W

ell c

om

ple

tio

n a

nd

per

fora

tio

ns

•T

reat

men

t sc

hed

ule

, pro

pp

ant

and

flu

id c

har

acte

rist

ics

•T

reat

men

t d

ata

–W

ith

“an

cho

r p

oin

ts”

fro

m d

iag

no

stic

inje

ctio

ns

–R

eco

rded

pre

ssu

re, s

lurr

y ra

te a

nd

pro

pp

ant

con

cen

trat

ion

•S

urf

ace

pre

ssu

re O

K f

or

dec

line

mat

ch

•D

ead

stri

ng

or

bo

tto

mh

ole

gau

ge

req

uir

ed f

or

mat

chin

g w

hile

pu

mp

ing

Page 84: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Ear

th M

od

el

Page 85: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Ear

th M

od

el

Page 86: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Fra

ctu

re P

ress

ure

An

alys

is -

Ad

van

tag

es

•B

asic

ana

lysi

s da

ta c

olle

cted

(in

som

e se

nse)

dur

ing

ever

y fr

ac

trea

tmen

t

•R

elat

ivel

y in

expe

nsiv

e an

d qu

ick

diag

nost

ic te

chni

que

to a

pply

•P

rovi

des

a po

wer

fult

ool f

or o

n-si

te d

iagn

osis

of f

ract

ure

entr

y

prob

lem

s

•A

llow

s on

-site

des

ign

refin

emen

t bas

ed o

n ob

serv

ed fr

actu

re

beha

vior

Page 87: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Fra

ctu

re D

esig

n a

nd

An

alys

is E

volu

tio

nM

od

elin

g w

ith

ou

t R

eal-

Dat

a F

eed

bac

k

Wel

lbor

e

Pay

Pay

Pre

dict

ed n

et p

ress

ure

Net

pres

sure

Pu

mp

time

Pu

mp

rate

Use

n

et p

ress

ure

pred

icte

d

•E

arly

des

igns

(pr

e-19

80)

did

not i

ncor

pora

te fe

edba

ck fr

om r

eal d

ata

•F

ract

ures

at t

hat t

ime

wer

e st

ill s

mar

t eno

ugh

to s

tay

in z

one

Page 88: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Fra

ctu

re D

esig

n a

nd

An

alys

is E

volu

tio

nM

od

elin

g w

ith

ou

t R

eal-

Dat

a F

eed

bac

k

•E

arly

des

igns

(pr

e-19

80)

did

not i

ncor

pora

te fe

edba

ck fr

om r

eal d

ata

•F

ract

ures

at t

hat t

ime

wer

e st

ill s

mar

t eno

ugh

to s

tay

in z

one

•B

ut m

easu

red

net p

ress

ure

was

gen

eral

ly M

UC

H h

ighe

r th

an m

odel

ne

t pre

ssur

e

Wel

lbor

e

Pay

Pay

Pre

dict

ed n

et p

ress

ure

Mea

sure

d n

et p

ress

ure

Net

pres

sure

Pu

mp

time

Pu

mp

rate

Use

n

et p

ress

ure

pred

icte

d

?

Page 89: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Fra

ctu

re D

esig

n a

nd

An

alys

is E

volu

tio

nM

od

elin

g w

ith

Net

Pre

ssu

re F

eed

bac

k

•N

et p

ress

ure

hist

ory

mat

ch c

an b

e ob

tain

ed b

y ad

ding

new

phy

sics

to

frac

ture

mod

els

•W

ith th

e rig

ht a

ssum

ptio

ns a

nd p

hysi

cs, i

nfer

red

geom

etry

has

a

bette

r ch

ance

to b

e co

rrec

t

Wel

lbor

e

Pay

Net

pres

sure

Pu

mp

time

Mat

chin

g m

eas

ured

net

pre

ssur

ew

ith m

ode

l net

pre

ssur

e

Use

n

et p

ress

ure

mea

sure

d

Page 90: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Fra

ctu

re D

esig

n a

nd

An

alys

is E

volu

tio

nM

od

elin

g w

ith

Net

Pre

ssu

re F

eed

bac

k

•N

et p

ress

ure

hist

ory

mat

chin

g ca

n be

impl

emen

ted

by a

ddin

g ne

w

phys

ics

to fr

actu

re m

odel

s

•W

ith th

e R

IGH

T a

ssum

ptio

ns a

nd p

hysi

cs, i

nfer

red

geom

etry

has

a

bette

r ch

ance

to b

e co

rrec

t

•B

UT

pre

ssur

e m

atch

ing

infe

rred

geo

met

ry d

oes

not a

lway

s fit

dire

ctly

m

easu

red

geom

etry

Wel

lbor

e

Pay

Net

pres

sure

Pu

mp

time

Mat

chin

g m

eas

ured

net

pre

ssur

ew

ith m

ode

l net

pre

ssur

e

Use

n

et p

ress

ure

mea

sure

d

Page 91: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Ba

sic

Fra

ctu

re P

ress

ure

An

aly

sis

Ste

ps

Ma

tch

mo

de

l net

pre

ssu

re t

o o

bse

rve

dn

et

pre

ssu

re

Pre

-fra

c co

mp

leti

on

an

d f

ract

ure

de

sig

n

De

term

ine

fra

ctu

re c

losu

rest

ress

an

d m

atc

h p

erm

eab

ility

Ch

ara

cte

rize

fri

ctio

np

ara

me

ters

usi

ng

ra

test

ep

do

wn

te

sts

De

term

ine

ob

serv

ed

ne

t p

ress

ure

Exp

lore

/ b

ou

nd

alte

rnat

ive

exp

lana

tion

s f

oro

bse

rved

ne

t

pre

ssu

re

Inte

rpre

t m

od

el r

esu

lts,

ma

ke e

ng

ine

eri

ng

de

cisi

on

s

Pe

rfo

rm t

rea

tme

nt

Po

st-f

rac

mo

del

ing

re

vie

wa

nd

inco

rpo

rate

oth

er

frac

ture

dia

gn

ost

ics

Re

pe

at

pro

cess

insu

ccee

din

g s

tag

es

or

we

lls

1

2

3 4

Page 92: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Req

uir

ed t

o O

bta

in O

bse

rved

Net

Pre

ssu

re

•O

bta

in s

urf

ace

pre

ssu

re f

rom

ser

vice

co

mp

anie

s

reco

rded

dat

a

•O

bta

in h

ydro

stat

ic h

ead

fro

m s

tag

ing

an

d f

luid

/pro

pp

ant

den

siti

es

•O

bta

in f

rict

ion

al c

om

po

nen

ts f

rom

S/D

tes

ts

•O

bta

in f

ract

ure

clo

sure

str

ess

fro

m p

ress

ure

dec

line

pp

pp

net

obs

surf

ace

hydr

osta

tic

fric

tion

clos

ure

,=

+−

−∆

∆σ

Page 93: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Net

Pre

ssu

re M

atch

ing

Page 94: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Net

Pre

ssu

re V

s. F

rict

ion

Pre

ssu

re

Page 95: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Net

Pre

ssu

re M

atch

ing

•M

atch

“o

bse

rved

”n

et p

ress

ure

wit

h c

alcu

late

d “

mo

del

net

pre

ssu

re

•O

bse

rved

net

pre

ssu

re o

bta

ined

fro

m s

urf

ace

or

do

wn

ho

le

trea

tmen

t p

ress

ure

–C

orr

ect

for

frac

ture

clo

sure

, fri

ctio

nal

eff

ects

an

d h

ydro

stat

ic

•M

od

el n

et p

ress

ure

can

be

chan

ged

to

mat

ch o

bse

rved

net

pre

ssu

res

usi

ng

sev

eral

“kn

ob

s”

Page 96: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Pu

rpo

se O

f D

iag

no

stic

Inje

ctio

ns

•P

rovi

de

“an

cho

r p

oin

ts”

for

real

-dat

a (n

et p

ress

ure

) an

alys

is

•O

bta

in a

ccu

rate

mea

sure

men

t o

f th

e tr

ue

net

pre

ssu

re in

th

e

frac

ture

•O

n s

ite

dia

gn

osi

s an

d r

emed

iati

on

of

pro

pp

ant

pla

cem

ent

–N

ear-

wel

lbo

re t

ort

uo

sity

–P

erfo

rati

on

fri

ctio

n

–fl

uid

leak

off

•B

ott

om

lin

e: p

rovi

de

accu

rate

est

imat

es o

f th

e fr

actu

re

geo

met

ry

Page 97: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

“Typ

ical

”F

ract

ure

Tre

atm

ent

Dat

a

Tim

e (m

ins)

Sur

face

Pre

ssur

e (p

si)

Slu

rry

Rat

e (b

pm)

Pro

ppan

t Con

cent

ratio

n (p

pg)

50

.00

58

.00

66

.00

74

.00

82

.00

90

.00

0

6

00

1

200

1

800

2

400

3

000

0

.0

4

0.0

8

0.0

12

0.0

16

0.0

20

0.0

0

.00

4

.00

8

.00

12

.00

16

.00

20

.00

Net

pre

ssur

e ?

Clo

sure

?

Leak

-off

?

Fric

tion

?

Page 98: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Rec

om

men

ded

Dia

gn

ost

ic In

ject

ion

Pro

ced

ure

s

Dia

gnos

tic S

tep

Whe

n F

luid

& V

olum

e P

urpo

se /

Res

ults

B

reak

dow

n In

ject

ion

/ ra

te

step

dow

n / p

ress

ure

decl

ine

Alw

ays

~50

-100

Bbl

KC

l E

stab

lish

inje

ctiv

ity; o

btai

n sm

all v

olum

e IS

IP;

estim

ate

clos

ure

pres

sure

and

form

atio

n pe

rmea

bilit

y.

Cro

sslin

ked

Gel

Min

ifrac

with

pr

oppa

nt s

lug

/ rat

e st

epdo

wn

/ pr

essu

re d

eclin

e

New

are

as

Rea

l-tim

e pa

d re

sizi

ng

TS

O tr

eatm

ents

~10

0-50

0 B

bl fr

actu

re

fluid

incl

udin

g 25

-50

Bbl

pro

ppan

t slu

g (p

ossi

ble

rang

e 0.

5-5

PP

G)

Leak

off c

alib

ratio

n;

Net

pre

ssur

e se

nsiti

vity

to v

olum

e an

d cr

ossl

ink

gel;

Cha

ract

eriz

e fr

actu

re e

ntry

fric

tion;

E

valu

ate

near

-wel

lbor

e re

actio

n to

pro

ppan

t; S

cree

n ou

t or

erod

e ne

ar-w

ellb

ore

mul

tiple

frac

ture

s.

End

Fra

c R

ate

Ste

pdow

n /

Pre

ssur

e D

eclin

e M

onito

ring

Alw

ays

Min

imum

of 1

0 m

inut

e de

clin

e da

ta

Cha

ract

eriz

e fr

actu

re e

ntry

fric

tion;

P

ost-

frac

leak

off c

alib

ratio

n.

Page 99: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Tim

e (m

ins)

Slu

rry

Rat

e (b

pm)

Pro

p C

onc

(ppg

)S

urf P

ress

ure

(psi

)

0

.0

70.

0

140.

0

210.

0

280.

0

350.

0

0.0

2

0.0

4

0.0

6

0.0

8

0.0

10

0.0

0

.00

4

.00

8

.00

12

.00

16

.00

20

.00

0

2

000

4

000

6

000

8

000

10

000

Bre

akdo

wn

Inje

ctio

nM

ini-F

rac

Ste

p-do

wn

Tes

t

Pul

ses

?

Ste

p-do

wn

Test

Ste

p-do

wn

Tes

t

Pro

ppan

t S

lug

?R

ate

Su

rfac

e T

reat

ing

P

ress

ure

Pro

pp

ant

His

tory

Mat

chin

g “

An

cho

r P

oin

ts”:

Sh

ut-

in P

ress

ure

Dec

line

Slo

pe

and

Net

Pre

ssu

re L

evel

Page 100: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

His

tory

Mat

chin

g “

An

cho

r P

oin

ts”:

Sh

ut-

in P

ress

ure

Dec

line

Slo

pe

and

Net

Pre

ssu

re L

evel

Tim

e (m

in)

Obs

erve

d N

et (

psi)

Net

Pre

ssur

e (p

si)

Slu

rry

Rat

e (b

pm)

Pro

p C

onc

(ppg

)B

tm P

rop

Con

c (p

pg)

0

.0

30.

0

60.

0

90.

0

120.

0

150.

0

0

5

00

1

000

1

500

2

000

2

500

0

5

00

1

000

1

500

2

000

2

500

0

.0

2

5.0

5

0.0

7

5.0

10

0.0

12

5.0

0

.00

5

.00

10

.00

15

.00

20

.00

25

.00

0

.00

5

.00

10

.00

15

.00

20

.00

25

.00

Page 101: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Fra

cpro

PT

Net

Pre

ssu

re M

atch

ing

Par

amet

ers

•“D

eclin

e S

lop

e”p

aram

eter

s

–P

erm

eab

ility

–W

allb

uild

ing

co

effi

cien

t (C

w)

–P

ress

ure

-dep

end

ent

leak

off

(M

ult

iple

fra

ctu

re le

ako

ff f

acto

r)

•“L

evel

”p

aram

eter

s

–(S

and

-sh

ale)

Clo

sure

str

ess

con

tras

t

–F

ract

ure

co

mp

lexi

ty (

Mu

ltip

le f

ract

ure

op

enin

g/v

olu

me

fact

or)

–T

ip e

ffec

ts c

oef

fici

ent

–P

rop

pan

t d

rag

exp

on

ent

–T

ip s

cree

n-o

ut

bac

kfill

co

effi

cien

t

–(Y

ou

ng

’s m

od

ulu

s)

•“G

eom

etry

”p

aram

eter

s

–C

om

po

site

laye

rin

g e

ffec

t

–C

rack

op

enin

g /

wid

th c

ou

plin

g c

oef

fici

ent

Page 102: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Net

Pre

ssu

re M

atch

ing

Str

ateg

y

•B

/D In

ject

ion

–L

evel

: T

ip e

ffec

ts, F

ract

ure

co

mp

lexi

ty

–D

eclin

e s

lop

e: p

erm

eab

ility

•M

inif

rac

–L

evel

: T

ip e

ffec

ts, F

ract

ure

co

mp

lexi

ty

–D

eclin

e sl

op

e: W

allb

uild

ing

co

effi

cien

t C

w

•P

rop

fra

c:

–L

evel

(lo

w p

erm

): s

tres

s co

ntr

ast,

pro

pp

ant

dra

g

–L

evel

(h

igh

per

m):

TS

O b

ackf

ill, Y

ou

ng

’s m

od

ulu

s, s

tres

s

con

tras

t, p

rop

pan

t d

rag

–D

eclin

e sl

op

e: P

ress

ure

-dep

end

ent

leak

off

–G

eom

etry

: co

mp

osi

te la

yeri

ng

eff

ect,

wid

th d

eco

up

ling

Page 103: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Exa

mp

le A

pp

licat

ion

–E

stim

atio

n o

f R

ealis

tic

Fra

ctu

re L

eng

th

•F

orm

atio

n:

Har

d s

and

sto

ne

@ 7

600’

(gas

) in

Wes

t T

exas

•C

om

ple

tio

n:

5-1/

2”ca

sin

g f

rac

stri

ng

; 4

0’p

erf

inte

rval

sh

ot

wit

h 4

S

PF

, 90° °°°

ph

asin

g, 0

.31”

dia

met

er h

ole

s

•S

itu

atio

n:

Dis

app

oin

tin

g p

rod

uct

ion

per

form

ance

fo

r ex

pec

ted

60

0 ft

fra

ctu

re h

alf-

len

gth

(b

ased

on

fra

ctu

re g

row

th

des

ign

wit

ho

ut

real

-dat

a fe

edb

ack)

•D

iag

no

sis:

San

d/s

hal

e st

ress

co

ntr

ast

mu

ch lo

wer

th

an

esti

mat

ed, r

esu

ltin

g in

sig

nif

ican

t fr

actu

re h

eig

ht

gro

wth

an

d a

mu

ch s

ho

rter

fra

ctu

re h

alf-

len

gth

(25

0’)

•S

olu

tio

n:

Uti

lize

frac

ture

pre

ssu

re a

nal

ysis

to

op

tim

ize

frac

ture

tr

eatm

ent

des

ign

Page 104: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Exa

mp

le A

pp

licat

ion

: E

stim

atio

n o

f R

ealis

tic

Fra

ctu

re L

eng

th

Geo

met

ry in

ferr

ed d

esig

n w

ithou

t rea

l-dat

a fe

edba

ckH

igh

stre

ss c

ontr

ast 0

.3 p

si/ft

(ba

sed

on

Dip

ole

Son

ic lo

g in

terp

reta

tion)

Tim

e (m

in)

Slu

rry

Rat

e (b

pm)

Pro

p C

onc

(ppg

)B

tm P

rop

Con

c (p

pg)

Net

Pre

ssur

e (A

) (p

si)

0

.0

20.

0

40.

0

60.

0

80.

0

100.

0

0.0

2

0.0

4

0.0

6

0.0

8

0.0

10

0.0

0

.00

10

.00

20

.00

30

.00

40

.00

50

.00

0

.00

10

.00

20

.00

30

.00

40

.00

50

.00

0

4

00

8

00

1

200

1

600

2

000

Page 105: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Exa

mp

le A

pp

licat

ion

–E

stim

atio

n o

f R

ealis

tic

Fra

ctu

re

Hal

f-L

eng

th

Geo

met

ry in

ferr

ed d

esig

n w

ithou

t rea

l-dat

a fe

edba

ck

Tim

e (m

in)

Obs

erve

d N

et (

psi)

Slu

rry

Rat

e (b

pm)

Pro

p C

onc

(ppg

)B

tm P

rop

Con

c (p

pg)

Net

Pre

ssur

e (A

) (p

si)

0

.0

20.

0

40.

0

60.

0

80.

0

100.

0

0

4

00

8

00

1

200

1

600

2

000

0

.0

2

0.0

4

0.0

6

0.0

8

0.0

10

0.0

0

.00

10

.00

20

.00

30

.00

40

.00

50

.00

0

.00

10

.00

20

.00

30

.00

40

.00

50

.00

0

4

00

8

00

1

200

1

600

2

000

Obs

erve

d ne

t pre

ssur

e do

es n

ot m

atch

des

ign

net p

ress

ure

resp

onse

Page 106: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Exa

mp

le A

pp

licat

ion

–E

stim

atio

n o

f R

ealis

tic

Fra

ctu

re

Hal

f-L

eng

th

Geo

met

ry in

ferr

ed fr

om n

et

pres

sure

mat

chin

g

Geo

met

ry in

ferr

ed d

esig

n w

ithou

t rea

l-dat

a fe

edba

ck

Tim

e (m

in)

Obs

erve

d N

et (

psi)

Net

Pre

ssur

e (p

si)

Slu

rry

Rat

e (b

pm)

Pro

p C

onc

(ppg

)B

tm P

rop

Con

c (p

pg)

Net

Pre

ssur

e (A

) (p

si)

0

.0

20.

0

40.

0

60.

0

80.

0

100.

0

0

4

00

8

00

1

200

1

600

2

000

0

4

00

8

00

1

200

1

600

2

000

0

.0

2

0.0

4

0.0

6

0.0

8

0.0

10

0.0

0

.00

10

.00

20

.00

30

.00

40

.00

50

.00

0

.00

10

.00

20

.00

30

.00

40

.00

50

.00

0

4

00

8

00

1

200

1

600

2

000

Low

er s

tres

s co

ntra

st (

0.1

psi/f

t) r

equi

red

to m

atch

obs

erve

d ne

t pre

ssur

e

Con

firm

ed w

ith s

hale

str

ess

test

in s

ubse

quen

t wel

ls

Page 107: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Clo

sure

Str

ess

Pro

file

•C

losu

re s

tres

s σ σσσ m

ind

eter

min

es m

inim

um

pre

ssu

re t

o o

pen

a f

ract

ure

•U

sual

ly c

losu

re in

crea

ses

wit

h d

epth

•C

losu

re s

tres

s is

lith

olo

gy

dep

end

ent

(sh

ales

usu

ally

hig

her

th

an s

and

s)

•R

epre

sen

ts o

nly

th

e m

inim

um

pri

nci

pal

st

ress

co

mp

on

ent

in t

he

vici

nit

y o

f th

e w

ell

Page 108: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Mat

chin

g P

aram

eter

-C

losu

re S

tres

s P

rofi

le•

Clo

sure

str

ess

pro

file

det

erm

ines

fra

ctu

re s

hap

e

–R

adia

l if

stre

ss p

rofi

le is

un

ifo

rm (

theo

reti

cal d

ecre

ase

in n

etp

ress

ure

wit

h

pu

mp

tim

e)

–C

on

fin

ed h

eig

ht

gro

wth

if c

losu

re s

tres

s “b

arri

ers”

are

pre

sen

t (t

heo

reti

cal

incr

ease

in n

et p

ress

ure

wit

h p

um

p t

ime)

•E

ffec

tive

nes

s o

f “b

arri

er”

det

erm

ined

by

–C

losu

re s

tres

s co

ntr

ast

–L

evel

of

net

pre

ssu

re

•“T

ypic

al”

san

d-s

hal

e cl

osu

re s

tres

s co

ntr

ast

0.05

-0.

1 p

si/f

t

–H

igh

er if

th

ere

has

bee

n s

ign

ific

ant

dep

leti

on

(~

2/3

of

po

re p

ress

ure

ch

ang

e)

–L

ow

er if

san

ds

and

sh

ales

are

no

t cl

ean

•W

hen

do

yo

u c

han

ge

it?

–In

crea

se c

on

tras

t w

hen

net

ob

serv

ed p

ress

ure

s ar

e h

igh

er

–In

crea

se c

on

tras

t w

hen

fra

ctu

re is

mo

re c

on

fin

ed (

up

to

1.0

psi

/ft)

Page 109: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Mai

n In

pu

t P

aram

eter

-Y

ou

ng

’s M

od

ulu

s

•M

od

ulu

s sh

ou

ld b

e o

bta

ined

fro

m s

tati

c te

sts

(pre

fera

bly

sim

ilar

to

frac

turi

ng

co

nd

itio

ns)

–D

ynam

ic m

od

ulu

s tw

o t

imes

or

mo

re la

rger

th

an s

tati

c m

od

ulu

s (u

se w

ith

cau

tio

n !

)

•O

nce

mo

du

lus

is d

eter

min

ed, t

his

sh

ou

ld b

e a

FIX

ED

par

amet

er in

a n

et

pre

ssu

re m

atch

ing

pro

ced

ure

s

•A

n in

crea

se in

Yo

un

g’s

mo

du

lus

resu

lts

in le

ss f

ract

ure

wid

th (

for

the

sam

e n

et p

ress

ure

)

•F

or

sim

ple

rad

ial m

od

el:

Lfr

ac∝ ∝∝∝

E1/

3 (f

or

the

sam

e n

et p

ress

ure

)

•M

od

elin

g r

esu

lts

no

t ex

trem

ely

sen

siti

ve t

o m

od

ulu

s.

•W

hen

do

yo

u c

han

ge

it?

–W

ith

low

mo

du

li in

GO

M e

nvi

ron

men

t w

hen

mo

du

lus

un

cert

ain

ty is

hig

h

–C

har

acte

r o

f T

SO

net

pre

ssu

re s

lop

e d

epen

ds

on

mo

du

lus

Page 110: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Dev

elo

pin

g a

n E

arth

Mo

del

fro

m L

og

Dat

a

Icsh

ale

w

t

N

bD

shea

r

com

p

KV

GR

kS

R

or

CL

EE

TT

....

......

....

......

....

......

......

....

......

.

,

.....

......

....

......

....

......

....

......

....

......

.

......

....

....

......

....

......

....

......

....

....

......

....

....

......

.

,,

....

......

....

......

....

....

......

....

......

.

......

.....

......

....

......

....

......

....

......

.

Φ

ΦΦ

σν

Icsh

ale

wtN

KC

LE

VG

R

kS

R

E

,,

,..

....

....

....

....

....

....

...

....

....

....

....

..

,..

...

....

....

....

....

....

....

....

....

....

....

....

....

....

....

....

....

....

..,

....

....

....

....

....

..

σν

ΦΦ

Icsh

ale

KC

LE

EV

GR

,,

,,

,...

....

......

....

......

....

......

....

......

....

σν

Φ

•C

alcu

lati

on

log

ic f

or

qu

ad-c

om

bo

log

dat

a:

•C

alcu

lati

on

log

ic f

or

trip

le-c

om

bo

log

dat

a:

•C

alcu

lati

on

log

ic f

or

GR

-on

ly lo

g d

ata

(fo

r sa

nd

-sh

ale

rese

rvo

irs)

:

Page 111: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Cal

cula

tin

g D

ynam

ic M

od

ulu

s

You

ng’s

Mod

ulus

Poi

sson

’s R

atio

E =

VS

( 3

VP

-4

VS

)

( V

P-

VS

)

22

2

22

=V

P-

3 V

S

2 (

VP

-V

S)

22

22

VP

--C

ompr

essi

onal

Wav

e V

eloc

ityV

S--

She

ar W

ave

Vel

ocity

--D

ensi

ty

Obt

aine

d F

rom

Logs

or

Tom

ogra

ms

Page 112: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Est

imat

ing

In S

itu

Str

ess

fro

m L

og

s

Hm

in=

1 -

( O

V-

1)

+2

P +

OV

P1

2= =

1.0

5 x

Dep

th (

ft)

= 0

.2

= 0

.45

x D

epth

(ft)

=

0.9

ST

AN

DA

RD

UN

IAX

IAL

ST

RA

IN

PT

T=

Der

ived

Val

ue

Ass

umpt

ions

Ela

stic

Beh

avio

rN

o H

isto

ry E

ffect

sN

o T

herm

al S

tres

ses

No

Str

ain

B.C

.

Page 113: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Mai

n In

pu

t P

aram

eter

–P

erm

eab

ility

, Cw

•M

atch

ing

per

m is

“p

erm

eab

ility

un

der

fra

ctu

rin

g

con

dit

ion

s”–

no

t n

eces

sari

ly u

nd

er p

rod

uct

ion

co

nd

itio

ns

–R

elat

ive

per

mea

bili

ty is

sues

–O

pen

ing

of

nat

ura

l fra

ctu

res

–R

elie

s o

n m

any

oth

er a

ssu

mp

tio

ns

•K

eep

it s

imp

le:

–o

nly

ch

ang

e p

erm

eab

ility

in p

ay in

terv

al.

•If

per

mea

bili

ty p

rofi

le is

“kn

ow

n”,

use

Kp

/Klr

atio

fo

r

mat

chin

g in

stea

d

•F

ix b

y m

atch

ing

dec

line

slo

pe

of

B/D

KC

l in

ject

ion

•A

dju

st C

wto

mat

ch d

eclin

e fo

r g

elle

d f

luid

s

Page 114: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Eff

ect

of

Lea

koff

Lo

w L

eako

ff, 6

5% F

luid

Eff

icie

ncy

Mo

der

ate

Lea

koff

, 50%

Flu

id E

ffic

ien

cy

Hig

h L

eako

ff, 2

5% F

luid

Eff

icie

ncy

Page 115: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Mai

n M

atch

ing

Par

amet

ers

–T

ip E

ffec

ts

Co

effi

cien

t (G

amm

a 2)

•H

ow

do

es it

wo

rk?

–T

his

par

amet

er c

on

tro

ls t

he

nea

r-ti

p p

ress

ure

dro

p a

nd

th

us

the

net

pre

ssu

re le

vel i

n t

he

frac

ture

.

–M

imic

s in

crea

sed

fra

ctu

re g

row

th r

esis

tan

ce a

t th

e ti

p•

Tip

pro

cess

zo

ne

(wit

h o

pen

ing

fra

ctu

res)

slo

ws

do

wn

fra

ctu

re g

row

th

•N

on

-lin

ear

rock

beh

avio

r at

larg

e d

iffe

ren

tial

co

mp

ress

ion

al s

tres

s

•W

hen

do

yo

u c

han

ge

it?

–In

crea

se f

rom

def

ault

0.0

001

up

to

0.4

wh

en o

bse

rved

net

p

ress

ure

is lo

wer

th

an m

od

el (

w/o

mu

ltip

les)

–W

hen

flu

id v

isco

sity

ch

ang

e h

as s

ign

ific

ant

effe

ct o

n

ob

serv

ed n

et p

ress

ure

beh

avio

r

Page 116: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Tip

Eff

ects

H,m

in

H,m

ax

σ

σp fr

ac

Hig

h S

hear

Str

ess:

Pla

stic

Zon

e

Flu

id L

ag

Coh

esiv

e Z

one

Shi

eldi

ng o

f pr

oces

s zo

ne,

crac

k br

idgi

ng a

nd o

ffset

s

Page 117: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Tip

Effe

cts

Coe

ffici

ent

Non

-line

ar e

last

ic m

odel

(G

amm

a 2

= 0

.000

1)

Line

ar e

last

ic m

odel

(G

amm

a 2

= 0

.4)

p net

L f

Non

-line

ar e

last

ic m

odel

Line

ar e

last

ic m

odel

wfr

ac

L f

Net

pre

ssur

e de

clin

e sl

ope

w/ d

ista

nce

repr

esen

ts G

amm

a 2)

Page 118: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Tip

Eff

ects

-In

crea

sed

Fra

ctu

re G

row

th R

esis

tan

ce

Page 119: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Pro

cess

Zo

ne

Aro

un

d

Fra

ctu

re T

ip

•E

xper

imen

ts b

y S

hly

apo

ber

sky

reve

al f

ract

ure

pro

cess

zo

ne

•P

roce

ss z

on

e is

sca

le

dep

end

ent,

an

d r

esu

lts

in

mu

ltip

le f

ract

ure

s ah

ead

of

hyd

rau

lic f

ract

ure

tip

•C

an r

esu

lt in

hig

her

net

pre

ssu

res

to p

rop

agat

e fr

actu

re

Page 120: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Mai

n M

atch

ing

Par

amet

er –

Mu

ltip

le F

ract

ure

s

•H

ow

do

es it

wo

rk?

–O

pen

ing

an

d v

olu

me

fact

or

con

tro

l th

e d

egre

e o

f fr

actu

re c

om

ple

xity

usi

ng

th

e am

ou

nt

of

ove

rlap

pin

g “

equ

ival

ent”

(eq

ual

siz

ed)

frac

ture

s

–L

eako

ff f

acto

r ca

n m

imic

incr

ease

leak

off

or

pre

ssu

re-d

epen

den

t

leak

off

•W

hen

do

yo

u c

han

ge

it?

–W

hen

ob

serv

ed n

et p

ress

ure

wit

h d

efau

lt G

amm

a 2

(0.0

001)

is

sig

nif

ican

tly

hig

her

th

an m

od

el n

et p

ress

ure

–U

se s

pec

ific

sta

rtin

g p

oin

ts f

or

dis

trib

ute

d li

mit

ed e

ntr

y an

d p

oin

t

sou

rce

per

fora

tio

n s

trat

egie

s

–U

se s

tric

t ru

les

•O

nly

ch

ang

e d

uri

ng

inje

ctio

ns

•T

ie o

pen

ing

an

d v

olu

me

fact

ors

fo

r “p

oin

t so

urc

e”p

erfs

•T

ie le

ako

ff a

nd

vo

lum

e fa

cto

rs f

or

“dis

trib

ute

d li

mit

ed e

ntr

y”p

erfs

Page 121: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Mu

ltip

le H

ydra

ulic

Fra

ctu

res

In F

racp

roP

T

Page 122: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Sp

ecu

lati

on

On

Gen

esis

Of

Mu

ltip

le F

ract

ure

s

Offs

ets

at N

atur

al F

ract

ures

Reg

ener

atio

n D

ue to

Plu

ggin

g

Fai

lure

Zon

e A

roun

d T

ip

200

psi

400

1000

4 ft

Page 123: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Mo

del

ing

Ap

pro

ach

fo

r M

ult

iple

Hyd

rau

lic F

ract

ure

s

Situ

atio

nE

quiv

alen

t nu

mbe

r of

gr

owin

g m

ultip

le

frac

s (M

V)

Equ

ival

ent

num

ber

of

frac

ture

s w

ith le

akof

f (M

L)

Equ

ival

ent

num

ber

of

frac

s co

mpe

ting

for w

idth

(M

O)

33

1

32

2

31

3

Equ

ival

ent n

umbe

r of

sp

aced

iden

tical

frac

ture

sw

ithou

t int

erfe

renc

e

Equ

ival

ent n

umbe

r of

fr

actu

res

com

petin

gF

or w

idth

Page 124: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Eff

ect

of

Mu

ltip

le F

ract

ure

s

4-F

ract

ure

s

1-F

ract

ure

2-F

ract

ure

s

3-F

ract

ure

s

Mea

sure

d N

et

Pre

ssu

re

Page 125: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Evi

den

ce f

or

the

Sim

ult

aneo

us

Pro

pag

atio

n o

f

Mu

ltip

le H

ydra

ulic

Fra

ctu

res

•C

ore

th

rou

gh

an

d m

ineb

ack

exp

erim

ents

•D

irec

t o

bse

rvat

ion

s o

f m

ult

i-p

lan

ar f

ract

ure

pro

pag

atio

n

•F

ract

ure

gro

wth

ou

tsid

e p

lan

e o

f w

ellb

ore

•O

bse

rvat

ion

of

hig

h n

et f

ract

uri

ng

pre

ssu

res

•C

on

tin

uo

us

incr

ease

s in

ISIP

s fo

r su

bse

qu

ent

inje

ctio

ns

Co

ncl

usi

on

: m

ult

iple

fra

ctu

res

may

be

the

rule

rat

her

th

an

the

exce

pti

on

Page 126: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Ob

serv

atio

ns

of

Fra

ctu

re C

om

ple

xity

NE

VA

DA

TE

ST

SIT

EH

YD

RA

ULI

C F

RA

CT

UR

E M

INE

BA

CK

Ph

ysic

al e

vid

ence

of

frac

ture

s n

earl

y al

way

s co

mp

lex

Page 127: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Mu

ltip

le S

tran

ds

in a

Pro

pp

ed

Fra

ctu

re

(Ver

tica

l Wel

l)

NE

VA

DA

TE

ST

SIT

EH

YD

RA

ULI

C F

RA

CT

UR

E

MIN

EB

AC

K

Ph

ysic

al e

vid

ence

of

frac

ture

s n

earl

y al

way

s co

mp

lex

Page 128: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Mu

ltip

le H

ydra

ulic

Fra

ctu

re S

tran

ds

in a

Ho

rizo

nta

l Wel

l

NE

VA

DA

TE

ST

SIT

E M

INE

BA

CK

Cou

rtes

y: N

.R. W

arpi

nski

, San

dia

Labs

Page 129: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Mu

ltip

le S

tran

ds

in a

Pro

pp

ed F

ract

ure

(Ver

tica

l Wel

l)

M-S

ite E

xper

imen

t

Ph

ysic

al e

vid

ence

of

frac

ture

s n

earl

y al

way

s co

mp

lex

Page 130: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Use

Mu

ltip

le H

ydra

ulic

Fra

ctu

res

Pru

den

tly

for

Mo

del

ing

Pu

rpo

ses

•P

ote

nti

al c

ause

s fo

r h

igh

net

pre

ssu

res:

–C

on

fin

ed f

ract

ure

hei

gh

t g

row

th

–In

crea

sed

fra

ctu

re c

losu

re s

tres

s d

ue

to p

ore

pre

ssu

re in

crea

se

–H

igh

er Y

ou

ng

’s m

od

ulu

s th

an a

nti

cip

ated

–F

ract

ure

tip

eff

ects

–T

ip s

cree

n-o

ut

init

iati

on

–S

imu

ltan

eou

sly

pro

pag

atin

g m

ult

iple

hyd

rau

lic

frac

ture

s

Page 131: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Mai

n M

atch

ing

Par

amet

ers

–P

rop

pan

t D

rag

Exp

on

ent

•H

ow

do

es it

wo

rk?

–M

imic

s th

e in

crea

se in

fri

ctio

nal

pre

ssu

re d

rop

alo

ng

th

e fr

actu

re a

s p

rop

pan

t is

intr

od

uce

d

–C

on

tro

ls h

ow

mu

ch t

he

pro

pp

ant

in t

he

frac

ture

slo

ws

the

frac

ture

le

ng

th a

nd

hei

gh

t g

row

th.

–S

epar

ate

term

s fo

r U

pp

er a

nd

Lo

wer

hei

gh

t g

row

th c

alcu

late

d. L

eng

th

effe

ct is

bas

ed o

n a

vera

ge

of

up

per

an

d lo

wer

ter

ms.

–O

nce

a s

tag

e h

as b

eco

me

pac

ked

wit

h s

and

(“i

mm

ob

ile p

rop

pan

t b

ank”

), t

her

e is

no

mo

re g

row

th in

th

at d

irec

tio

n

–If

bo

th a

n u

pp

er a

nd

low

er s

tag

e ar

e d

ehyd

rate

d, q

uad

rati

c b

ackf

ill

mo

del

tak

es o

ver

(if

enab

led

)

•W

hen

do

yo

u c

han

ge

it?

–S

ign

ific

ant

pro

pp

ant

ind

uce

d o

bse

rved

net

pre

ssu

re in

crea

se d

uri

ng

p

rop

pan

t st

ages

(th

at is

no

t d

ue

to T

SO

)

Page 132: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Eff

ect

of

Pro

pp

ant

Dra

g

Dra

g =

2

Dra

g =

6

Dra

g =

10

Dra

g =

14

Page 133: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Eff

ect

of

Lea

koff

Lo

w

Lea

koff

Hig

h

Lea

koff

Page 134: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Mai

n M

atch

ing

Par

amet

er –

Qu

adra

tic

Bac

kfill

Exp

on

ent

•H

ow

do

es it

wo

rk

–W

hen

fra

ctu

re h

eig

ht

and

len

gth

gro

wth

are

sto

pp

ed d

ue

to

deh

ydra

tio

n o

f an

up

per

an

d lo

wer

sta

ge,

qu

adra

tic

bac

kfill

mo

del

sta

rts

wo

rkin

g (

if e

nab

led

)

–Q

uad

rati

c b

ackf

ill is

bas

ed o

n t

he

idea

th

e th

e fr

actu

re

dim

ensi

on

co

ntr

olli

ng

fra

ctu

re s

tiff

nes

s w

ill d

ecre

ase

as t

he

frac

ture

fill

s w

ith

imm

ob

ile p

acke

d p

rop

pan

t fr

om

th

e ti

p b

ack

to

the

wel

lbo

re.

•W

hen

do

yo

u c

han

ge

it?

–In

crea

se it

wh

en t

he

TS

O-i

nd

uce

d o

bse

rved

net

pre

ssu

re r

ise

is

stee

per

th

an m

od

el p

red

icts

Page 135: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Eff

ect

of

Qu

adra

tic

Bac

kfill

DB

F=

0

DB

F=

0.5

Lin

ear

TS

O

resp

on

se

Page 136: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Hei

gh

t G

row

th d

ue

to L

ever

age

Page 137: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Po

orl

y U

nd

erst

oo

d C

riti

cal M

od

el In

pu

t P

aram

eter

s F

ract

ure

Hei

gh

t C

on

fin

emen

t M

ech

anis

ms

Fra

ctur

e cl

osur

e st

ress

/pe

rmea

bilit

y ba

rrie

rIn

terf

ace

slip

page

Com

posi

te la

yerin

g /

wid

th d

ecou

plin

g

Page 138: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Mai

n M

atch

ing

Par

amet

ers

–C

om

po

site

Lay

erin

g E

ffec

t

•H

ow

do

es it

wo

rk ?

–T

his

par

amet

er c

on

tro

ls t

he

nea

r-ti

p p

ress

ure

dro

p in

eac

h

ind

ivid

ual

laye

r

•W

hen

do

yo

u c

han

ge

it ?

–In

crea

se in

laye

r ad

jace

nt

to p

ay z

on

e if

no

oth

er c

on

fin

ing

mec

han

ism

can

exp

lain

act

ual

leve

l of

frac

ture

co

nfi

nem

ent

–K

eep

un

ity

in p

ay z

on

eC

ompo

site

Mec

hani

sms:

Occ

urs

with

Hei

ght G

row

th

Page 139: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Fra

ctu

re

Co

mp

lexi

ty D

ue

To

Jo

ints

NE

VA

DA

TE

ST

SIT

EH

YD

RA

ULI

C F

RA

CT

UR

E

MIN

EB

AC

K

Page 140: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

New

Mat

chin

g P

aram

eter

–W

idth

Co

up

ling

Co

effi

cien

t

•H

ow

do

es it

wo

rk ?

–M

ult

iplie

r fo

r G

amm

a 1

rep

rese

nti

ng

ho

w f

ract

ure

wid

th is

dec

ou

ple

d

alo

ng

fra

ctu

re h

eig

ht

–W

e w

ill p

rovi

de

auto

mat

ic c

orr

elat

ion

as

a fu

nct

ion

of

com

po

site

laye

rin

g e

ffec

t

•W

hen

do

yo

u c

han

ge

it ?

–D

ecre

ase

it t

o t

rad

e fr

actu

re w

idth

fo

r h

alf-

len

gth

–D

ecre

ase

it t

o m

imic

red

uce

d c

ou

plin

g “

shea

r-d

eco

up

ling

”o

ver

frac

ture

hei

gh

t (a

lso

ass

oci

ated

wit

h u

se o

f co

mp

osi

te la

yeri

ng

eff

ect)

δp n

et

R

δ=

Wcγ

1 pne

tR/ E

Page 141: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Net

Pre

ssu

re A

nal

ysis

Un

tru

ths

•“Y

ou c

an g

et a

ny a

nsw

er y

ou w

ant”

–N

ot if

you

are

con

stra

ined

by

real

-dat

a fe

edba

ck, e

ngin

eerin

g

judg

men

t, an

d th

e re

sults

of o

ther

frac

ture

dia

gnos

tics

!

•“Y

ou u

sed

the

wro

ng fr

ac m

odel

!”

Or

The

ana

lysi

s is

cre

dibl

e be

caus

e I u

sed

the

‘Fra

cRoc

ket’

mod

el”

–R

esul

ts u

sefu

lnes

s de

term

ined

90%

by

engi

neer

, 10%

by

mod

el

•“W

e an

alyz

ed th

e tr

eatm

ent a

nd d

eter

min

ed o

ptim

um fr

ac d

esig

n”

–O

ptim

izat

ion

is a

n ev

olut

iona

ry p

roce

ss, c

ompl

eted

ove

r th

e

cour

se o

f a s

erie

s of

frac

ture

trea

tmen

ts

Page 142: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Fra

ctu

re P

ress

ure

An

alys

is -

Lim

itat

ion

s

•F

ract

ure

Ent

ry F

rictio

n E

valu

atio

n–

Usi

ng s

urfa

ce p

ress

ure

incr

ease

s re

sults

unc

erta

inty

–P

robl

emat

ic n

ear-

wel

lbor

e fr

ictio

n le

vel v

aria

ble

•N

et P

ress

ure

His

tory

Mat

chin

g–

Indi

rect

Dia

gnos

tic T

echn

ique

-fr

ac g

eom

etry

infe

rred

from

ne

t pre

ssur

e an

d le

akof

f beh

avio

r

–S

olut

ion

non-

uniq

ue –

care

ful &

con

sist

ent a

pplic

atio

n re

quire

d fo

r us

eful

res

ults

–T

echn

ique

mos

t use

ful w

hen

resu

lts a

re in

tegr

ated

or

calib

rate

d w

ith r

esul

ts o

f oth

er d

iagn

ostic

s•

Pro

duct

ion

data

& w

ellte

st a

naly

sis

•D

irect

frac

ture

dia

gnos

tics

Page 143: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Fra

ctu

re P

ress

ure

An

alys

is

Pro

ble

ms

/ Op

po

rtu

nit

ies

•M

inim

izin

g di

agno

stic

inje

ctio

n tim

e &

cos

t with

out c

ompr

omis

ing

effe

ctiv

enes

s

•D

iffer

entia

ting

betw

een

“eng

inee

ring”

and

“sci

ence

•U

ncle

ar fr

actu

re c

losu

re p

ress

ure

•P

ract

ical

bot

tom

hol

e pr

essu

re m

easu

rem

ent

•S

urfa

ce p

ress

ure

rate

ste

pdow

n co

mpl

icat

ions

–P

ipe

fric

tion

vs. p

erfo

ratio

n fr

ictio

n

–Id

entif

ying

mar

gina

lly u

nfav

orab

le e

ntry

fric

tion

•A

ppro

pria

te M

echa

nism

s fo

r N

et P

ress

ure

His

tory

Mat

chin

g

–?

Mod

ulus

, str

ess,

leak

off,

and

mul

tiple

frac

ture

s

–?

Laye

r in

terf

ace

mec

hani

sms

Page 144: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Fra

ctu

re A

nal

ysis

-C

on

clu

sio

ns

•B

enef

its

of

real

-dat

a fr

actu

re t

reat

men

t an

alys

is c

an b

e

eno

rmo

us

–R

edu

cin

g s

cree

n-o

ut

pro

ble

ms

–Im

pro

vin

g p

rod

uct

ion

eco

no

mic

s

–A

chie

vin

g a

pp

rop

riat

e fr

actu

re c

on

du

ctiv

ity

•M

easu

rem

ent

of

real

-dat

a is

rel

ativ

ely

sim

ple

an

d

chea

p

•T

he

rig

ht

anal

ysis

ass

um

pti

on

s an

d a

co

nsi

sten

t

app

roac

h c

an g

et y

ou

“o

n t

he

rig

ht

pag

e”, b

ut

geo

met

ry r

equ

ire

calib

rati

on

wit

h d

irec

t m

easu

rem

ents

Page 145: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Fra

ctu

re C

on

du

ctiv

ity

–th

e ke

y to

fra

c d

esig

n

Page 146: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Imp

ort

ant

Par

amet

er Is

Rel

ativ

e F

ract

ure

Co

nd

uct

ivit

y A

t R

eser

voir

Co

nd

itio

ns

•F

ract

ure

Co

nd

uct

ivit

y, w

k f

wk f

= f

ract

ure

wid

th x

fra

ctu

re p

erm

eab

ility

•P

rop

ped

Fra

ctu

re W

idth

is P

rim

arily

a F

un

ctio

n o

f

Pro

pp

ant

Co

nce

ntr

atio

n

Page 147: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Fra

ctu

re C

on

du

ctiv

ity

Con

duct

ivity

(C

f) is

a m

easu

re o

f the

frac

ture

’s a

bilit

y to

tran

smit

fluid

s

wf

c f=

k f*w

f

k f

Page 148: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Wh

y is

Co

nd

uct

ivit

y Im

po

rtan

t?

Dim

ensi

onle

ss F

ract

ure

Con

duct

ivity

(F

CD)

is a

mea

sure

of t

he c

ontr

ast

betw

een

the

flow

cap

acity

of t

he f

ract

ure

and

the

form

atio

n

k f*w

f

k f

wf

k fo

rm x f

k fo

rm*x f

FC

D=

Page 149: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Dim

ensi

on

less

Fra

ctu

re C

on

du

ctiv

ity

(FC

D)

Is U

sed

To

Des

ign

Fra

ctu

re T

reat

men

ts

F

=

C

Dw

k f kLf

wk

f=

Fra

ctur

e C

ondu

ctiv

ity, m

d-ft

k =

For

mat

ion

Per

mea

bilit

y, m

d

For

FC

D>

30 o

r C

r >

10, L

fis

infin

ite c

ondu

ctiv

e-

No

Sig

nific

ant P

ress

ure

Dro

p in

Fra

ctur

e-

Val

ue o

f 1.6

or

larg

er g

ener

ally

suf

ficie

nt

L =

Fra

ctur

e H

alf-

Leng

th, f

tf

wk

Cr

= f

π πππkL

or

Page 150: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

0.1

0.2

0.5

12

510

2050

100

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.050.1

0.2

0.3

0.51

Fcd

= (

Kp)(W

f) / (

Xf)(K

f)

rw' / Xf

Pra

tsC

orr

elat

ion

Pra

ts, M

.: "E

ffect

of V

ertic

al F

ract

ures

on

Res

ervo

ir B

ehav

ior-

Inco

mpr

essi

ble

Flu

id C

ase,

" pa

per

SP

E 1

575-

G

Fcd

= (

Kf)(

Wf)

/ (X

f)(K

form

)

Incr

easi

ng

Effe

ctiv

enes

s of

the

Fra

ctur

e

Page 151: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Nee

d L

eng

th O

r C

on

du

ctiv

ity?

(A

fter

McG

uir

e&S

iko

ra)

Incr

ease

in

frac

leng

th

Incr

ease

in

cond

uctiv

ity

Productivity increase

Fra

c de

sign

ch

ange

with

sa

me

amou

nt o

f pr

oppa

nt

Page 152: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Des

ign

In L

ow

-per

mea

bili

ty F

orm

atio

n

•N

eed

lon

g f

ract

ure

s

•D

imen

sio

nle

ss c

on

du

ctiv

ity

“eas

ily”

gre

ater

th

an 1

0

–F

ract

ure

co

nd

uct

ivit

y g

ener

ally

no

t an

issu

e

–“S

elf

pro

pp

ing

”(w

ater

) fr

actu

res

may

alr

ead

y p

rovi

de

suff

icie

nt

con

du

ctiv

ity

•T

reat

men

t d

esig

n

–M

od

erat

e p

ad s

ize

(avo

id lo

ng

clo

sure

tim

es o

n p

rop

pan

t)

–R

elat

ivel

y lo

w m

axim

um

pro

pp

ant

con

cen

trat

ion

s

–P

oo

r q

ual

ity

pro

pp

ant

can

be

OK

(if

clo

sure

str

ess

is r

elat

ivel

ylo

w)

–P

um

p r

ate

no

t ve

ry c

riti

cal

Page 153: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Des

ign

In H

igh

-per

mea

bili

ty F

orm

atio

n

•S

uff

icie

nt

frac

ture

co

nd

uct

ivit

y is

cri

tica

l

•T

reat

men

t d

esig

n

–M

inim

um

pad

siz

e to

cre

ate

TS

O (

Tip

Scr

een

-Ou

t) b

ased

on

cr

oss

link

gel

min

ifra

c

–U

se b

est

po

ssib

le (

and

eco

no

mic

) p

rop

pan

t fo

r ex

pec

ted

cl

osu

re s

tres

s

–L

arg

er d

iam

eter

pro

pp

ant

pro

vid

es m

ore

co

nd

uct

ivit

y an

d

red

uce

s p

rop

pan

t fl

ow

bac

k p

rob

lem

s

–U

se h

igh

max

imu

m p

rop

pan

t co

nce

ntr

atio

ns

–U

se o

f la

rge

casi

ng

fra

c st

rin

g m

akes

ach

ievi

ng

TS

O d

iffi

cult

fo

r sm

all t

reat

men

ts

–P

um

p r

ates

gen

eral

ly h

igh

, bu

t ca

n b

e d

ecre

ased

to

init

iate

T

SO

Page 154: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Fra

ctu

re C

on

du

ctiv

ity

In T

he

Res

ervo

ir

•C

on

du

ctiv

ity

is r

edu

ced

by

–C

losu

re S

tres

s

–E

mb

edm

ent

–C

rush

ing

(g

ener

ates

fin

es a

nd

dam

ages

pro

pp

ant)

–C

orr

osi

on

–G

el R

esid

ue

Plu

gg

ing

–C

on

vect

ion

–P

rop

pan

t S

ettl

ing

–M

ult

iph

ase

flo

w e

ffec

ts

–T

urb

ule

nt

flo

w

Page 155: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

AP

I 15-

Min

ute

Co

nd

uct

ivit

y T

est

Ref

eren

ce: A

PI R

P-6

1

•S

teel

pis

ton

s

•2

lb/f

t2p

rop

pan

t lo

adin

g

•S

tres

s m

ain

tain

ed f

or

15 m

inu

tes

•A

mb

ien

t te

mp

erat

ure

•E

xtre

mel

y lo

w w

ater

vel

oci

ty (

2

ml/m

in)

Page 156: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Pro

ble

m

To

ob

tain

a r

ealis

tic

pro

pp

ant

con

du

ctiv

ity

for

des

ign

, th

e A

PI

test

res

ult

s m

ust

be

mo

dif

ied

to

acc

ou

nt

for:

1.E

mb

edm

ent,

Du

rati

on

, Tem

per

atu

re

2.N

on

-Dar

cy F

low

3.R

edu

ced

Pro

pp

ant

Co

nce

ntr

atio

n

4.M

ult

iph

ase

Flo

w

5.G

el D

amag

e

6.F

ines

Mig

rati

on

7.C

yclic

Str

ess

•S

teel

pis

ton

s

•S

tres

s m

ain

tain

ed f

or

on

ly 1

5

min

ute

s

•A

mb

ien

t te

mp

erat

ure

•E

xtre

mel

y lo

w w

ater

vel

oci

ty (

2

ml/m

in)

Page 157: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Mo

dif

ied

AP

I RP

61 C

on

du

ctiv

ity

Tes

t

1. E

mb

edm

ent,

Du

rati

on

, Tem

per

atu

re

Def

icie

nci

es o

f th

e A

PI c

on

du

ctiv

ity

test

ing

rec

og

niz

ed

–S

tim

-Lab

Co

nso

rtiu

m

–40

+ m

emb

ers

fro

m in

du

stry

co

mp

anie

s

–D

evel

op

ed a

nd

pu

blis

hed

a m

od

ifie

d p

roce

du

re in

SP

E 1

6415

–M

od

ifie

d A

PI t

est

to a

dd

ress

:•

Em

bed

men

t

•D

ura

tio

n

•T

emp

erat

ure

.

Page 158: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Em

bed

men

t/S

pal

ling

Tes

t Im

pro

vem

ents

:

a)F

rom

Ste

el P

late

to

San

dst

on

e co

re;

allo

ws

mo

des

t em

bed

men

t an

d s

pal

ling

With

pro

ppan

t con

cent

ratio

ns o

f 1 lb

/ft2

(5 k

g/m

2 ) a

nd s

oft c

ore,

90

% lo

ss o

f con

duct

ivity

has

bee

n ob

serv

ed.

Ref

eren

ces:

Stim

-Lab

Con

sort

ia F

eb 2

002

1.6-

46, S

PE

164

15

Spa

lling

Page 159: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Fig

4, S

PE

164

15

100

1000

025

5075

100

Hou

rs a

t Con

stan

t Stre

ss

Conductivity (md-ft)

20/4

0 Jo

rdan

san

d,80

00 p

si

Du

rati

on

Tes

t Im

pro

vem

ents

:

b)

Tes

t d

ura

tio

n in

crea

sed

to

50

ho

urs

(fr

om

15

min

ute

s)

Ref

eren

ces:

SP

E 1

6415

, 141

33

Long

er te

st c

aptu

res

a po

rtio

n of

th

e tim

e-de

pend

ent d

eclin

e

Page 160: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Tem

per

atu

reT

est

Imp

rove

men

ts

(was

am

bie

nt)

:

c)R

ealis

tic

tem

per

atu

res

150°

F S

and

s

150-

250°

F R

esin

Co

at

250°

F C

eram

ics

Tem

pera

ture

Deg

rada

tion

of P

rem

ium

Pr

ecur

ed R

esin

Coa

ted

Sand

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.81

02

46

810

1214

Stre

ss (x

1000

psi

)

Permeability Impact25

0F (1

21C

)30

0F (1

49C

)35

0F (1

77C

)

•U

ncoa

ted

and

resi

n-co

ated

sa

nd s

how

deg

rada

tion

at

high

tem

pera

ture

s.•

Cer

amic

pro

ppan

ts a

re

man

ufac

ture

d at

~27

00°F

(1

500°

C)

and

are

unaf

fect

ed

by r

eser

voir

tem

pera

ture

.

Ref

eren

ce: S

tim-L

ab C

onso

rtia

Feb

20

02 F

ig 1

.7-8

Page 161: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

1500

7000

1137

5715

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

Effective Conductivity (md-ft)

AP

I Tes

t50

Hou

r T

est

Jord

an S

and

Car

bo

LIT

E

1) A

PI T

est

vers

us

Mo

dif

ied

50-

ho

ur

Tes

t

~20

to

30%

re

duct

ion

agai

nst

hard

cor

e an

d m

odes

t co

nditi

ons

Ref

eren

ces:

ST

San

d: S

PE

141

33, 1

6415

, CL:

Car

bo ty

pica

l, LT

: Stim

-Lab

Pre

dK 2

002

Con

ditio

ns: Y

M=

5e6

psi,

zero

gel

dam

age,

250

°F, 2

lb/ft

2 , 6

000

psi

YM

=34

e3M

Pa,

zer

o ge

l dam

age,

121

°C, 1

0 kg

/m2 ,

41

MP

a

Page 162: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Pro

ble

m

To

ob

tain

a r

ealis

tic

pro

pp

ant

con

du

ctiv

ity

for

des

ign

, th

e A

PI

test

res

ult

s m

ust

be

mo

dif

ied

to

acc

ou

nt

for:

1.1.E

mb

edm

ent,

Du

rati

on

, Tem

per

atu

reE

mb

edm

ent,

Du

rati

on

, Tem

per

atu

re

2.N

on

-Dar

cy F

low

3.R

edu

ced

Pro

pp

ant

Co

nce

ntr

atio

n

4.M

ult

iph

ase

Flo

w

5.G

el D

amag

e

6.F

ines

Mig

rati

on

7.C

yclic

Str

ess

Page 163: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

2) N

on

-Dar

cy F

low

(In

erti

al E

ffec

ts)

In th

e A

PI t

est,

the

fluid

vel

ocity

is e

xtre

mel

y lo

w.

Pre

ssur

e lo

sses

are

dom

inat

ed b

y fr

ictio

n, a

nd c

an b

e de

scrib

ed b

y D

arcy

’s L

aw.

∆P

/L =

µv

/ k

In r

ealis

tic te

sts,

the

fluid

vel

ocity

is h

igh.

Pre

ssur

e lo

sses

are

dom

inat

ed b

y ac

cele

ratio

n (in

ertia

l effe

cts)

, and

are

de

scrib

ed b

y F

orch

heim

er’s

Equ

atio

n. T

his

depa

rtur

e fr

om

Dar

cy’s

Law

can

be

cons

ider

ed a

loss

of e

ffect

ive

cond

uctiv

ity.

∆P

/L =

µv

/ k+

βρ

v2

Page 164: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

1137

5715

672

3481

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

Effective Conductivity (md-ft)

50 H

our

Te

stIn

ert

ial F

low

with

Non

-Dar

cy E

ffect

s

Jord

an S

and

Car

boLI

TE

2) N

on

-Dar

cy F

low

(In

erti

al E

ffec

ts)

~40

%

redu

ctio

n fo

r lo

w

prod

uctiv

ity

dry

gas

wel

l

Ref

eren

ces:

Stim

-Lab

Pre

dK20

02, F

orch

heim

er e

ffect

, SP

E 5

4630

, 776

75

Con

ditio

ns: Y

M=

5e6

psi,

zero

gel

dam

age,

250

°F, 2

lb/ft

2 , 6

000

psi,

250

mcf

d, 1

000

psi b

hfp,

20

ft pa

y Y

M=

34e3

MP

a, z

ero

gel d

amag

e, 1

21°C

, 10

kg/m

2 , 4

1 M

Pa,

700

0 m

3 /d,

7 M

Pa

bhfp

, 6 m

pay

Low

vel

ocity

te

stin

g m

easu

res

only

fric

tion.

Rea

listic

flo

wra

tes

also

co

nsid

er fl

uid

acce

lera

tion.

Page 165: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

3) E

ffec

t o

f L

ow

er P

rop

pan

t C

on

cen

trat

ion

•In

th

e A

PI t

est,

pro

pp

ant

is u

nif

orm

ly d

istr

ibu

ted

wit

h a

co

nce

ntr

atio

n o

f 2

lb/f

t2 , o

r 10

kg

/m2 .

•In

act

ual

fra

ctu

res,

th

e ac

hie

ved

pro

pp

ant

con

cen

trat

ion

may

be

mu

ch lo

wer

.

•It

is li

kely

th

at t

her

e ar

e so

me

un

pro

pp

ed r

egio

ns,

wh

ich

in

crea

ses

the

stre

ss, c

rush

, an

d e

mb

edm

ent

of

the

surr

ou

nd

ing

g

rain

s.

•T

he

follo

win

g p

lot

sho

ws

the

effe

ct o

f re

du

cin

g t

he

con

cen

trat

ion

bu

t m

ain

tain

ing

a u

nif

orm

ly p

acke

d f

ract

ure

.

Page 166: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

3) E

ffec

t o

f L

ow

er P

rop

pan

t C

on

cen

trat

ion

672

3481

225

1243

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

Effective Conductivity (md-ft)

2 lb

/sq

ft

(10

kg/s

q m

)1

lb/s

q ft

(5 k

g/sq

m)

Jord

an S

and

Car

bo

LIT

E

~65

%

dam

age

for

cutti

ng

conc

entr

atio

n by

50%

.

Non

-line

ar, a

s pr

essu

re d

rop

func

tion

of

velo

city

-sq

uare

d, a

nd

embe

dmen

t m

ore

sign

ifica

nt

Ref

eren

ces:

Stim

-Lab

Pre

dK20

02, F

orch

heim

er e

ffect

, SP

E 5

4630

, 776

75

Page 167: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

225

1243

49

479

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

Effective Conductivity (md-ft)

Dry

Gas

Mul

tipha

seF

lowJo

rdan

San

d

Car

boLI

TE

4) E

ffec

t o

f M

ult

iph

ase

Flo

w

~60

to 8

0%

redu

ctio

n fo

r m

odes

t liq

uid

rate

s

Ref

eren

ces:

Stim

-Lab

Pre

dK20

02, F

orch

heim

er e

ffect

, SP

E 5

4630

, 776

75

Con

ditio

ns: Y

M=

5e6

psi,

zero

gel

dam

age,

250

°F, 1

lb/ft

2 , 6

000

psi,

250

mcf

d, 1

000

psi b

hfp,

20

ft pa

y, 1

0 bl

pdY

M=

34e3

MP

a, z

ero

gel d

amag

e, 1

21°C

, 5 k

g/m

2 , 4

1 M

Pa,

700

0 m

3 /d,

7 M

Pa

bhfp

, 6 m

pay

, 1.6

m3 l

/d

liqui

d

gas

Page 168: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

49

479

1414

4

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

Effective Conductivity (md-ft)

Cle

an P

ack

50%

Gel

Dam

age

Jord

an S

and

Car

boLI

TE

5) E

ffec

t o

f G

el D

amag

e

~70

%

dam

age

for

50%

loss

in

lam

inar

flow

. (G

el d

amag

e af

fect

s be

ta

mor

e th

an

perm

)

Ref

eren

ces:

Stim

-Lab

Pre

dK20

02, S

tim-L

ab S

EM

pho

tos

Con

ditio

ns: Y

M=

5e6

psi,

50%

gel

dam

age,

250

°F, 1

lb/ft

2 , 6

000

psi,

250

mcf

d, 1

000

psi b

hfp,

20

ft pa

y, 1

0 bl

pdY

M=

34e3

MP

a, 5

0% g

el d

amag

e, 1

21°C

, 5 k

g/m

2 , 4

1 M

Pa,

700

0 m

3 /d,

7 M

Pa

bhfp

, 6 m

pay

, 1.6

m3 l

/d

Page 169: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

1414

47

130

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

Effective Conductivity (md-ft)

No

Fin

esM

odes

tF

inesJo

rdan

San

d

Car

boLI

TE

6) E

ffec

t o

f F

ines

Mig

rati

on

/Plu

gg

ing

Ref

eren

ces:

Stim

-Lab

thin

sec

tion

phot

os, S

PE

240

08, 3

298,

757

3, 1

1634

Con

ditio

ns: Y

M=

5e6

psi,

50%

gel

dam

age,

250

°F, 1

lb/ft

2 , 6

000

psi,

250

mcf

d, 1

000

psi b

hfp,

20

ft pa

y, 1

0 bl

pdY

M=

34e3

MP

a, 5

0% g

el d

amag

e, 1

21°C

, 5 k

g/m

2 , 4

1 M

Pa,

700

0 m

3 /d,

7 M

Pa

bhfp

, 6 m

pay

, 1.6

m3 l

/d

RC

San

dC

eram

icU

nifo

rmly

si

zed,

sp

heric

al

prop

pant

s le

ss

susc

eptib

le to

pl

uggi

ng.

Larg

er p

ore

thro

ats

redu

ce

brid

ging

.

Page 170: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

713

04

96

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

Effective Conductivity (md-ft)

Sin

gle

Str

ess

Cyc

le25

Cyc

les

Jord

an S

and

Car

boLI

TE

7) E

ffec

t o

f C

yclic

Str

ess

Ref

eren

ces:

CA

RB

O T

ech

Rpt

99-

062,

Stim

Lab

July

200

0, S

PE

169

12, 1

9091

, 228

50

Con

ditio

ns: Y

M=

5e6

psi,

50%

gel

dam

age,

250

°F, 1

lb/ft

2 , 6

000

psi,

250

mcf

d, 1

000

psi b

hfp,

20

ft pa

y, 1

0 bl

pdY

M=

34e3

MP

a, 5

0% g

el d

amag

e, 1

21°C

, 5 k

g/m

2 , 4

1 M

Pa,

700

0 m

3 /d,

7 M

Pa

bhfp

, 6 m

pay

, 1.6

m3 l

/d

Str

onge

r pr

oppa

nts

are

less

dam

aged

by

rep

eate

d st

ress

cyc

les.

Page 171: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

1500

7000

1137

5715

672

3481

225

1243

49

479

1414

4

713

04

96

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

Effective Conductivity (md-ft)

AP

I T

est

Mod

ifie

d50

-Hou

rT

est

"Ine

rtia

lF

low

" w

ithN

on-D

arc

yE

ffect

s

Low

er

Ach

ieve

dW

idth

(1

lb/s

q ft)

Mul

tipha

seF

low

50%

Ge

lD

am

age

Fin

es

Mig

ratio

n /

Plu

ggin

g

Cyc

licS

tress

Jord

an S

and

Car

boLI

TE

Cu

mu

lati

ve C

on

du

ctiv

ity

Red

uct

ion

s

0.00

1 D

-m

0.02

9 D

-m

Con

ditio

ns:

YM

=5e

6ps

i, 50

% g

el d

amag

e, 2

50°F

, 1 lb

/ft2

, 600

0 ps

i, 25

0 m

cfd

, 100

0 p

si b

hfp,

20

ft p

ay,

10

blpd

Y

M=

34e3

MP

a, 5

0% g

el d

amag

e, 1

21°C

, 5 k

g/m

2 , 4

1 M

Pa,

700

0 m

3 /d,

7 M

Pa

bhfp

, 6 m

pa

y, 1

.6 m

3 l/d

Ref

eren

ces:

ST

San

d: S

PE

141

33, 1

641

5, C

L: C

arbo

typ

ical

, LT

: Stim

-Lab

Pre

dK 2

002

, SP

E 2

400

8, 3

298,

757

3, 1

1634

, CA

RB

O T

ech

Rpt

99-

062,

Run

#65

42,

Stim

Lab

July

200

0, S

PE

169

12,

1909

1, 2

2850

Effe

ctiv

e co

nduc

tiviti

es

can

be le

ss

than

1%

of A

PI

test

val

ues

99.7

3%

redu

ctio

n

98.6

3%

redu

ctio

n

Page 172: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Eff

ecti

ve F

ract

ure

Len

gth

•C

avea

t: A

ssu

mes

sin

gle

, pla

nar

fra

c, h

om

og

eneo

us

rese

rvo

ir

Map

ped

half-

leng

th

Slu

rry

/ Pro

pped

Len

gth

may

be

low

er

Gel

-plu

gged

tip

“App

aren

t”fr

ac m

atch

ed to

pr

oduc

tion

data

, ass

umin

g ap

pare

nt

cond

uctiv

ity o

f 10

md-

ft

“Equ

ival

ent”

infin

ite-

cond

uctiv

ity fr

ac

Cle

aned

up

/ Flo

win

g le

ngth

is

likel

y lo

wer

Page 173: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Pro

du

ctio

n M

od

elin

g Tim

e (d

ays)

HC

Rat

e (M

scf/d

)P

rod

uctio

n G

as R

ate

(Msc

f/d)

Cal

c'd

Top

h P

ress

(p

si)

Pro

duc

tion

Sur

f Pre

s (p

si)

0.

000

0

.360

0.

720

1.

080

1.

440

1

.800

0

4

000

8

000

12

000

16

000

20

000

0

4

000

8

000

1

2000

1

6000

2

0000

0

1

000

2

000

3

000

4

000

5

000

0

1

000

2

000

3

000

4

000

5

000

Tub

ing

Pre

ssur

es

(sca

le =

0-5

000

psi)

Tes

t

Mod

el

Gas

Rat

es

(s

cale

= 0

-20,

000

MC

FD

)

Tes

tMod

el

Tim

e (d

ays)

HC

Rat

e (M

scf/d

)P

rod

uctio

n G

as R

ate

(Msc

f/d)

Cal

c'd

Top

h P

ress

(p

si)

Pro

duc

tion

Sur

f Pre

s (p

si)

0.

000

0

.360

0.

720

1.

080

1.

440

1

.800

0

4

000

8

000

12

000

16

000

20

000

0

4

000

8

000

1

2000

1

6000

2

0000

0

1

000

2

000

3

000

4

000

5

000

0

1

000

2

000

3

000

4

000

5

000

Tub

ing

Pre

ssur

es

(sca

le =

0-5

000

psi)

Tes

t

Mod

el

Gas

Rat

es

(s

cale

= 0

-20,

000

MC

FD

)

Tes

tMod

el

Page 174: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Pro

du

ctio

n M

od

elin

g -

Res

ervo

irP

T

•F

inite

-Diff

eren

ce•

Num

eric

al S

olut

ion

to D

iffus

ivity

Equ

atio

n•

Res

ervo

ir A

s G

rid S

yste

m•

Sin

gle

Wel

l With

in R

ecta

ngul

ar G

rid S

yste

m•

Sin

gle

Flo

win

g P

hase

•2-

D•

Unf

ract

ured

and

Hyd

raul

ical

ly F

ract

ured

Wel

ls•

Fra

ctur

e In

put F

rom

Fra

cpro

PT

•P

ropp

ant C

rush

ing

•N

on-D

arcy

and

Mul

ti-P

hase

Flo

w E

ffect

s in

Fra

ctur

e•

Fra

ctur

e F

ace

Cle

an-u

p

Page 175: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

110100

1000

1010

010

0010

000

Tim

e (d

ays)

Oil Rate (bbl/day)

Log

-Log

Rat

e ve

rsus

Tim

e P

lot

Tra

nsie

nt &

Bou

ndar

y In

flue

nced

Flo

w

Hig

h C

ondu

ctiv

ity

Fra

ctur

e

2300

ac

100

ac

200

ac

360

ac

Tra

nsie

nt F

low

Bou

ndar

y In

flue

nced

Flo

w

Page 176: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

110100

1000

010

0020

0030

0040

0050

0060

0070

0080

0090

0010

000

Tim

e (d

ays)

Oil Rate (bpd)

Sem

i-L

og R

ate

vers

us T

ime

Plo

t T

rans

ient

& B

ound

ary

Infl

uenc

ed F

low

H

igh

Con

duct

ivit

y F

ract

ure

2300

ac

360

ac

200

ac10

0 ac

Page 177: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

110100

1000

1010

010

0010

000

Tim

e (d

ays)

Oil Rate (bbl/day)

Log

-Log

Rat

e ve

rsus

Tim

e P

lot

T

rans

ient

& B

ound

ary

Infl

uenc

ed F

low

Hig

h &

Low

Con

duct

ivit

y F

ract

ure

& U

n-fr

actu

red

Cas

e

Hig

h C

ondu

ctiv

ity

Fra

ctur

e

No

Fra

ctur

e

Low

Con

duct

ivit

y F

ract

ure

360

acre

s

Beg

inni

ng o

f B

ound

ary

Infl

uenc

ed F

low

Page 178: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

110100

1000

010

0020

0030

0040

0050

0060

0070

0080

0090

0010

000

Tim

e (d

ays)

Rate (bbl/day)

Sem

i-L

og R

ate

vers

us T

ime

Plo

t

Tra

nsie

nt &

Bou

ndar

y In

flue

nced

Flo

w

H

igh

& L

ow C

ondu

ctiv

ity

Fra

ctur

e &

Un-

frac

ture

d C

ase

Hig

h C

ondu

ctiv

ity

Fra

ctur

e

Low

Con

duct

ivit

y F

ract

ure

No

Fra

ctur

e

360

acre

s

Page 179: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Fra

ctu

re M

app

ing

& M

od

el C

alib

rati

on

Page 180: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

An

alo

gie

s B

etw

een

Hyd

rau

lic F

rac

and

Bal

loo

n

Pay

Pay

p net

L?H

?

W?

Page 181: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

An

alo

gie

s B

etw

een

Hyd

rau

lic F

rac

and

Bal

loo

n

Pay

Pay

p net

L?H

?

W?

R?

p net

Page 182: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Mo

ther

Nat

ure

’s B

irth

day

Par

tyS

om

e b

allo

on

s h

ave

a te

nd

ency

to

mo

ve u

p

Page 183: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Mo

ther

Nat

ure

’s B

irth

day

Par

tyS

om

e sh

ow

a h

ug

e le

ng

th-h

eig

ht

asp

ect

rati

o …

Page 184: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Mo

ther

Nat

ure

’s B

irth

day

Par

ty…

wh

ile o

ther

s sh

ow

hig

h le

vels

of

com

ple

xity

Page 185: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Mo

ther

Nat

ure

’s B

irth

day

Par

tyS

om

e g

row

in a

sp

ecif

ic w

ay in

th

e U

S …

Page 186: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Mo

ther

Nat

ure

’s B

irth

day

Par

ty…

and

qu

ite

dif

fere

ntl

y in

th

e re

st o

f th

e w

orl

d

Page 187: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Per

fect

ly c

on

fin

ed f

rac

Wh

y M

ap F

racs

? W

hy

Mo

del

Fra

cs?

Ou

t-o

f-zo

ne

gro

wth

Tw

isti

ng

frac

ture

s

Po

or

flu

idd

iver

sio

n

T-s

hap

edfr

actu

res

Ho

rizo

nta

lfr

actu

res

Mu

ltip

le f

ract

ure

sd

ipp

ing

fro

m v

erti

cal

Inco

mp

lete

co

vera

ge

Page 188: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

FR

AC

TU

RE

DIA

GN

OS

TIC

S

Page 189: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Pri

nci

ple

of

Tilt

Fra

ctu

re M

app

ing

Dir

ect

Fra

ctu

re D

iag

no

stic

Tec

hn

iqu

e

Hyd

rau

lic f

ract

ure

in

du

ces

a ch

arac

teri

stic

def

orm

atio

n p

atte

rn

Ind

uce

d t

ilt r

efle

cts

the

geo

met

ry a

nd

ori

enta

tio

n o

f cr

eate

d

hyd

rau

lic f

ract

ure

Fra

ctu

re

Fra

ctu

re-i

nd

uce

dsu

rfac

e tr

ou

gh

Do

wn

ho

le t

iltm

eter

sIn

off

set

wel

lg

as b

ub

ble

Pic

k-u

p e

lect

rod

es

con

du

ctiv

e liq

uid

exci

tati

on

ele

ctro

de

Page 190: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Fra

cSei

s M

icro

seis

mic

Fra

cmap

pin

g

•M

easu

re f

rac

hei

gh

t,

len

gth

an

d a

zim

uth

in

rea

l-ti

me

Page 191: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Wh

y B

ad M

od

els

Hap

pen

to

Go

od

En

gin

eers

PR

OB

LE

M:

Po

orl

y d

efin

ed in

pu

t p

aram

eter

s

SO

LU

TIO

N:

Sp

end

tim

e an

d m

on

ey t

o o

bta

in b

ette

r in

pu

ts

PR

OB

LE

M:

Ph

ysic

s o

f m

od

el n

ot

con

sist

ent

wit

h r

eser

voir

SO

LU

TIO

N:

Cal

ibra

te m

od

el

Page 192: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Fra

ctu

re M

od

els

So

met

imes

Nee

d C

alib

rati

on

Cap

tain

, my

frac

m

od

elin

g b

uild

s a

mo

un

tain

of

resu

lts

on

a

mo

leh

ill o

f in

pu

ts

Use

so

me

fud

ge

fact

ors

an

d le

t’s

frac

th

is w

ell

Page 193: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Wh

y B

ad M

od

els

Hap

pen

to

Go

od

En

gin

eers

To

o m

any

kno

bs

to t

urn

Cri

tica

l Mo

del

Inp

ut

Par

amet

ers

•F

luid

rh

eolo

gy

•W

allb

uild

ing

co

effi

cien

t

•P

ress

ure

-dep

end

ent

leak

off

•C

losu

re s

tres

s in

pay

•Y

ou

ng

’s m

od

ulu

s

•P

erm

eab

ility

an

d p

ore

pre

ssu

re

•C

losu

re s

tres

s in

nei

gh

bo

rin

g la

yers

•F

ract

ure

co

mp

lexi

ty

•T

ip e

ffec

ts

•P

rop

pan

t d

rag

•C

om

po

site

laye

rin

g

•F

ract

ure

wid

th d

eco

up

ling

Co

lor

Key

:

Rel

ativ

ely

easy

& r

elia

ble

mea

sure

men

t

Har

der

to

mea

sure

dir

ectl

y an

d le

ss r

elia

ble

Imp

oss

ible

to

mea

sure

dir

ectl

y an

d p

hys

ics

no

t w

ell u

nd

erst

oo

d

Imp

rove

M

easu

rem

ents

Page 194: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Gra

ssh

op

per

, No

w Y

ou

Mu

st C

ho

ose

!

Page 195: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Wh

y B

ad M

od

els

Hap

pen

to

Go

od

En

gin

eers

Kn

ob

s “l

ock

ed in

”b

y im

pro

ved

mea

sure

men

ts

Cri

tica

l Mo

del

Inp

ut

Par

amet

ers

•F

luid

rh

eolo

gy

•W

allb

uild

ing

co

effi

cien

t

•P

ress

ure

-dep

end

ent

leak

off

•C

losu

re s

tres

s in

pay

•Y

ou

ng

’s m

od

ulu

s

•P

erm

eab

ility

an

d p

ore

pre

ssu

re

•C

losu

re s

tres

s in

nei

gh

bo

rin

g la

yers

•F

ract

ure

co

mp

lexi

ty

•T

ip e

ffec

ts

•P

rop

pan

t d

rag

•C

om

po

site

laye

rin

g

•F

ract

ure

wid

th d

eco

up

ling

Co

lor

Key

:

Rel

ativ

ely

easy

& r

elia

ble

mea

sure

men

t

Har

der

to

mea

sure

dir

ectl

y an

d le

ss r

elia

ble

Imp

oss

ible

to

mea

sure

dir

ectl

y an

d p

hys

ics

no

t w

ell u

nd

erst

oo

d

Imp

rove

M

easu

rem

ents

Dir

ectl

y M

easu

red

Mo

del

Ou

tpu

ts

•N

et p

ress

ure

•F

ract

ure

len

gth

•F

ract

ure

hei

gh

t

•F

ract

ure

wid

th a

nd

co

nd

uct

ivit

y

Mo

del

Cal

ibra

tio

n

Page 196: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Wh

y B

ad M

od

els

Hap

pen

to

Go

od

En

gin

eers

Kn

ob

s “l

ock

ed in

”b

y m

od

el c

alib

rati

on

Cri

tica

l Mo

del

Inp

ut

Par

amet

ers

•F

luid

rh

eolo

gy

•W

allb

uild

ing

co

effi

cien

t

•P

ress

ure

-dep

end

ent

leak

off

•C

losu

re s

tres

s in

pay

•Y

ou

ng

’s m

od

ulu

s

•P

erm

eab

ility

an

d p

ore

pre

ssu

re

•C

losu

re s

tres

s in

nei

gh

bo

rin

g la

yers

•F

ract

ure

co

mp

lexi

ty

•T

ip e

ffec

ts

•P

rop

pan

t d

rag

•C

om

po

site

laye

rin

g

•F

ract

ure

wid

th d

eco

up

ling

Dir

ectl

y M

easu

red

Mo

del

Ou

tpu

ts

•N

et p

ress

ure

•F

ract

ure

len

gth

•F

ract

ure

hei

gh

t

•F

ract

ure

wid

th a

nd

co

nd

uct

ivit

y

Mo

del

Cal

ibra

tio

n

Co

lor

Key

:

Rel

ativ

ely

easy

& r

elia

ble

mea

sure

men

t

Har

der

to

mea

sure

dir

ectl

y an

d le

ss r

elia

ble

Imp

oss

ible

to

mea

sure

dir

ectl

y an

d p

hys

ics

no

t w

ell u

nd

erst

oo

d

Imp

rove

M

easu

rem

ents

Page 197: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

So

met

imes

th

e M

od

els

Wo

rk W

ith

ou

t C

alib

rati

on

•Diff

eren

t fra

ctur

e he

ight

gro

wth

beh

avio

r in

two

we

lls is

exp

lain

ed b

y po

re p

ress

ure

depl

etio

n–U

ncon

fined

hei

ght g

row

th in

und

eple

ted

sand

–Con

fined

frac

ture

gro

wth

in s

igni

fican

tly d

eple

ted

sand

1600

1950

2300

2650

3000

340

0

338

0

336

0

334

0

332

0

330

0

328

0

326

0

324

0

322

0

320

0St

ress

Pro

file

Clo

sure

Stre

ss (p

si)

Per

mea

bilit

y

Low

Hig

h

Prop

pant

Con

cent

ratio

n (lb

/ft²)

0.00

0.10

0.20

0.30

0.40

0.50

0.60

0.70

0.80

0.90

1.0

Con

cent

ratio

n of

Pro

ppan

t in

each

Fra

ctur

e (lb

/ft²)

050

100

150

200

Leng

th (f

t)

Depth (ft)

Pres

sure

ana

lysis

resu

lts

Perfs

Dow

nhol

e til

t ana

lysi

s re

sults

Larg

e sa

nd-s

hale

st

ress

con

trast

Dow

nhol

e til

tP

ress

ure

anal

ysis

2000

2250

2500

2750

3000

3550

3520

3490

3460

3430

3400

3370

3340

3310

3280

3250

Stre

ssPr

ofile

Clo

sure

Stre

ss(p

si)

Pe

rme

abili

ty

Low

Hig

h

Pro

ppa

ntC

onc

entra

tion

(lb/ft

²)

0.00

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2.0

pp(

Con

cent

ratio

nof

Pro

anti

nea

chFr

actu

relb

/ft²)

l

075

150

225

300

Leng

th(f

Pre

ssur

e an

alys

is r

esul

ts:

Fra

ctur

e H

alf-

leng

th 9

5 ft

6 “e

quiv

alen

t”fr

actu

re m

ultip

les

Per

fs

Sm

all s

and-

shal

e

Dow

nhol

e til

t

Pre

ssur

e an

alys

is

Sm

all s

tres

s co

ntra

st

Dep

lete

d P

ort

ion

of

Fie

ldU

n-d

eple

ted

Po

rtio

n o

f F

ield

Per

fs

Larg

e st

ress

con

tras

t

Page 198: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Bu

t M

any

Tim

es M

od

els

Nee

d C

alib

rati

on

DJ

Bas

in

Un

calib

rate

d m

atch

Page 199: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Bu

t M

any

Tim

es M

od

els

Nee

d C

alib

rati

on

DJ

Bas

in

Page 200: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Bu

t M

any

Tim

es M

od

els

Nee

d C

alib

rati

on

DJ

Bas

inC

alib

rate

d m

atch

Page 201: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Bu

t M

any

Tim

es M

od

els

Nee

d C

alib

rati

on

DJ

Bas

in

Page 202: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

1120

0

1125

0

1130

0

1135

0

1140

0

1145

05GR

_ST

GC

(G

AP

I) Taylor S

ands

Taylor S

ands

Taylor S

ands

1120

0

1125

0

1130

0

1135

0

1140

0

1145

05GR

_ST

GC

(G

AP

I) Taylor S

ands

Taylor S

ands

Taylor S

ands

Bu

t M

any

Tim

es M

od

els

Nee

d C

alib

rati

on

Co

tto

n V

alle

y T

aylo

r S

and

Wo

olf

#1-9

Wri

gh

t #

1-3

Too

ls

Wri

gh

t #

1-3

GR

10000

10200

10400

10600

10800

11000

11200

11400

11600

11800

12000

-2000

-1800

-1600

-1400

-1200

-1000

-800

-600

-400

-200

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

Dis

tan

ce A

lon

g W

ellb

ore

(ft)

Depth (ft)

Ca

libra

ted

Mo

del

On

frac

win

g w

as n

ot fu

lly s

een

by M

S m

appi

ng-

frac

is a

ssum

ed to

be

sym

met

ric

One

Wrig

ht 1

-3N

et P

ress

ure

Mat

ch

Cot

ton

Val

ley

Tay

lor

8/26

/03

Tim

e (m

in)

Obs

erve

d Net

(psi

)Net

Pre

ssur

e (p

si)

0

.0

80.

0

160.

0

240.

0

320.

0

400.

0

0

4

00

8

00

1

200

1

600

2

000

0

4

00

8

00

1

200

1

600

2

000

Page 203: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Bu

t M

any

Tim

es M

od

els

Nee

d C

alib

rati

on

Co

tto

n V

alle

y T

aylo

r S

and

Cal

ibra

ted

Mo

del

Page 204: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Bu

t M

any

Tim

es M

od

els

Nee

d C

alib

rati

on

Co

tto

n V

alle

y T

aylo

r S

and

Un

-Cal

ibra

ted

Mo

del

Page 205: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Cal

ibra

ted

Mo

del

Ap

pro

ach

: M

od

elin

g a

nd

Mea

suri

ng

Cal

ibra

ted

mo

del

s m

ore

rea

listi

cally

pre

dic

t h

ow

fra

ctu

res

will

ph

ysic

ally

gro

w f

or

alte

rnat

ive

des

ign

s

Fra

ctu

re g

row

th m

od

els

inco

mp

lete

ph

ysic

al

un

der

stan

din

g

Dir

ect

dia

gn

ost

ics

no

t p

red

icti

ve

Page 206: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Co

ncl

usi

on

s

•M

od

els

of

tod

ay a

re m

ore

so

ph

isti

cate

d t

han

20

year

s ag

o,

bu

t o

ften

sti

ll d

o N

OT

acc

ura

tely

pre

dic

t fr

actu

re g

row

th

–P

oo

r ch

arac

teri

zati

on

of

rock

/ re

serv

oir

/ g

eolo

gy

–In

com

ple

te u

nd

erst

and

ing

of

rele

van

t p

hys

ics,

esp

ecia

lly w

ith

re

spec

t to

hei

gh

t g

row

th

•M

od

el c

alib

rati

on

is c

urr

entl

y o

nly

do

ne

emp

iric

ally

, by

mat

chin

g g

eom

etri

es

–H

op

efu

lly le

adin

g t

o im

pro

ved

ph

ysic

s in

mo

del

s

•M

od

el c

alib

rati

on

can

pro

vid

e “G

oo

d M

od

els

to G

oo

d

En

gin

eers

Page 207: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Qu

esti

on

s ?

Page 208: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Fra

cpro

PT

Ove

rvie

w

Tim

e (m

in)

Net

Pre

ssu

re (

psi)

Ob

serv

ed N

et (

psi

)S

lurr

y F

low

Rat

e (b

pm

)B

tm P

rop

Con

c (p

pg)

0

.00

1

4.00

28

.00

42

.00

5

6.00

70

.00

0

4

00

8

00

1

200

1

600

2

000

0

4

00

8

00

1

200

1

600

2

000

0

.0

2

0.0

4

0.0

6

0.0

8

0.0

10

0.0

0

.00

4

.00

8

.00

12

.00

16

.00

20

.00

Mod

el N

et P

ress

ure

Act

ual N

et P

ress

ure

Rat

e

Bot

tom

hol

e pr

opp

ant

conc

entr

atio

n

Tim

e (m

in)

Net

Pre

ssu

re (

psi)

Ob

serv

ed N

et (

psi

)S

lurr

y F

low

Rat

e (b

pm

)B

tm P

rop

Con

c (p

pg)

0

.00

1

4.00

28

.00

42

.00

5

6.00

70

.00

0

4

00

8

00

1

200

1

600

2

000

0

4

00

8

00

1

200

1

600

2

000

0

.0

2

0.0

4

0.0

6

0.0

8

0.0

10

0.0

0

.00

4

.00

8

.00

12

.00

16

.00

20

.00

Mod

el N

et P

ress

ure

Act

ual N

et P

ress

ure

Rat

e

Bot

tom

hol

e pr

opp

ant

conc

entr

atio

n82

00

8250

8300

8350

8400

8450

8500

8550

8600

020

0G

amm

a R

ay (

AP

I)

150

350

Tem

p 1

150

350

Tem

p 2

150

350

Tem

p 3

150

350

Tem

p 4

150

350

Tem

p 5

Depth, TVD (ft)

Co

ncen

trat

ion

of

Pro

ppan

t in

Fra

ctur

e (lb

/ft²

)

5010

015

020

025

030

035

0

8100

8150

8200

8250

8300

8350

8400

8450

8500

8550

8600

Depth, TVD (ft)

00.

300.

600.

901.

21.

51.

82.

12.

42.

73.

0

Pro

ppan

t Con

cent

ratio

n (lb

/ft²)

Wid

th P

rofil

e (in

)

10

1

Depth (ft-TVD)

8200

8250

8300

8350

8400

8450

8500

8550

8600

020

0G

amm

a R

ay (

AP

I)

150

350

Tem

p 1

150

350

Tem

p 2

150

350

Tem

p 3

150

350

Tem

p 4

150

350

Tem

p 5

Depth, TVD (ft)

Co

ncen

trat

ion

of

Pro

ppan

t in

Fra

ctur

e (lb

/ft²

)

5010

015

020

025

030

035

0

8100

8150

8200

8250

8300

8350

8400

8450

8500

8550

8600

Depth, TVD (ft)

00.

300.

600.

901.

21.

51.

82.

12.

42.

73.

0

Pro

ppan

t Con

cent

ratio

n (lb

/ft²)

Wid

th P

rofil

e (in

)

10

1

Depth (ft-TVD)

Net

Pre

ssu

re M

atch

Pre

dic

ted

Fra

ctu

re G

eom

etry

Page 209: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Fra

cpro

PT

Sys

tem

-H

igh

ligh

ts

•E

stim

ates

frac

ture

geo

met

ry a

nd p

ropp

ant p

lace

men

t in

rea

l-tim

e by

net

pre

ssur

e hi

stor

y m

atch

ing

•P

rovi

des

uniq

ue to

ol to

cap

ture

wha

t is

lear

ned

fro

m d

irect

frac

ture

di

agno

stic

s th

roug

h ca

libra

ted

mod

el s

ettin

gs

•P

erfo

rms

near

-wel

lbor

e to

rtuo

sity

/ pe

rf fr

ictio

n a

naly

sis

–al

low

s id

entif

icat

ion

and

rem

edia

tion

of p

oten

tial p

rem

atu

re s

cree

nout

pr

oble

ms

•In

tegr

ated

res

ervo

ir si

mul

ator

for

prod

uctio

n fo

rec

astin

g an

d m

atch

ing

•O

ptim

izes

frac

ture

trea

tmen

t eco

nom

ics

•S

uppo

rts

rem

ote

acce

ss v

ia m

odem

or

inte

rnet

•C

onta

ins

prel

oade

d lib

rarie

s of

stim

ulat

ion

fluid

s, p

ropp

ants

, an

d ro

ck p

rope

rtie

s fo

r m

any

litho

logi

es

Page 210: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Fra

cpro

PT

Mo

du

le In

tera

ctio

n

Pro

duct

ion

Dat

a

Cal

ibra

ted

Mod

elS

ettin

gs

Fra

cpro

PT

F

ract

ure

Ana

lysi

sF

racp

roP

T

Pro

duct

ion

Ana

lysi

s

Fra

cpro

PT

Eco

nom

icO

ptim

izat

ion

Fra

cpro

PT

F

ract

ure

Des

ign

Trea

tmen

t S

ched

ule

Pro

duct

ion

For

ecas

tor

Mat

ch

Wel

lbor

e In

form

atio

nLo

g/la

yer

Info

rmat

ion

Est

imat

edF

ract

ure

Geo

met

ry

Trea

tmen

t Dat

a

Dat

aAcq

PT

R

eal-T

ime

Dat

a A

cqui

sitio

n

Page 211: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Fra

cpro

PT

Dev

elo

pm

ent

Ph

iloso

ph

y

•A

fter

dev

elo

pm

ent

of

pse

ud

o-3

D m

od

els

(ear

ly 1

980’

s) t

he

ind

ust

ry w

as

jub

ilan

t as

it w

as n

ow

kn

ow

n h

ow

fra

ctu

res

real

ly b

ehav

ed -

-o

r n

ot

?

•O

bse

rved

net

pre

ssu

res

wer

e co

nsi

sten

tly

far

hig

her

th

an n

et p

ress

ure

s

pre

dic

ted

by

thes

e m

od

els

(dis

cove

red

in e

arly

198

0’s)

--

par

amet

er

sen

siti

vity

als

o in

con

sist

ent

•D

evel

op

men

t o

f F

racp

ro s

tart

ed in

198

0’s

wit

h t

he

aim

to

ho

no

r th

e

“mes

sag

e”co

nta

ined

in r

eal-

dat

a

–C

aptu

rin

g t

he

ph

ysic

s o

f d

etai

ls is

no

t as

imp

ort

ant

as h

on

ori

ng

larg

e-sc

ale

elas

tici

ty a

nd

mas

s b

alan

ce

–C

alib

rate

d s

imp

lifie

d a

pp

roxi

mat

ion

wit

h f

ull

3D g

row

th m

od

el, l

ab t

ests

an

d f

ield

ob

serv

atio

ns

–M

od

el c

alib

rati

on

is n

ow

a c

on

tin

uo

us

effo

rt

Page 212: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Fra

ctu

re M

od

elin

g in

Fra

cpro

PT

•W

ellb

ore

Mo

del

•P

erfo

rati

on

an

d N

ear-

Wel

lbo

re M

od

el

•F

ract

ure

Gro

wth

Mo

del

(s)

•F

ract

ure

Lea

koff

Mo

del

(s)

•F

ract

ure

Tem

per

atu

re

Mo

del

•P

rop

pan

t T

ran

spo

rt

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del

(s)

•A

cid

Fra

ctu

rin

g M

od

el(s

)

•B

acks

tres

s (p

oro

-ela

stic

)

Mo

del

•M

ult

iple

Fra

ctu

re M

od

el

Page 213: FracproPT Short Course (March 2008)

Fra

cpro

PT

is J

ust

a T

oo

l•

Th

e F

racp

roP

T s

yste

m c

on

tain

s se

vera

l 2D

mo

del

s, a

co

nve

nti

on

al 3

D m

od

el, a

n a

dju

stab

le 3

D m

od

el

inco

rpo

rati

ng

“ti

p e

ffec

ts”,

an

d a

gro

win

g n

um

ber

of

calib

rate

d m

od

el s

etti

ng

s

•T

her

e is

NO

“F

racp

roP

T a

nsw

er”

•D

esig

ned

fo

r o

n-s

ite

eng

inee

rin

g f

lexi

bili

ty

•Q

ual

ity

of

resu

lts

are

mo

re u

ser-

dep

end

ent

than

m

od

el d

epen

den

t–

Mak

ing

th

e ri

gh

t en

gin

eeri

ng

ass

um

pti

on

s is

key

–G

arb

age

in =

gar

bag

e o

ut

–T

he

KE

Y is

to

ho

no

r th

e o

bse

rved

dat

a w

ith

th

e m

ost

re

aso

nab

le a

ssu

mp

tio

ns

po

ssib

le