www.fpinnovations.cawww.fpinnovations.ca

Possibilities with Wood Possibilities with Wood Systems in Construction

Marjan PopovskiBuilding Systems DepartmentDallas / Irving, Texas Building Systems Department g,

December 07, 2011

FPInnovations: Canada’s Forest Research Institute;A Canadian Public-Private Partnership

Federal Government Provinces & Territories Industry Members

Main Laboratories:Main Laboratories:VancouverMontrealQuebec CityQuebec City

Sustainable forestry Sustainable design

FPInnovations - Background

• With over 550 employees across the country and an annual budget of $90 million it is theand an annual budget of $90 million it is the world’s largest private, not-for-profit forest products research institutep

• This unique forestry research centre is capable of providing complete value chain solutions – from forest management and transportation to products, such as structural

tsystems

FPInnovations System Approach

Performance Demands on Building SystemsPerformance Demands on Building Systems

The Wood Products Council and AIA/CES

• “The Wood Products Council” is a Registered Provider with The American Institute of Architects Continuing Education S t (AIA/CES) C dit( ) d l ti f thiSystems (AIA/CES). Credit(s) earned on completion of this program will be reported to AIA/CES for AIA members. Certificates of Completion for both AIA members and non-AIA members are available upon requestmembers are available upon request.

• This program is registered with AIA/CES for continuing professional education. As such, it does not include content that may be deemed or construed to be an approval or endorsementmay be deemed or construed to be an approval or endorsement by the AIA of any material of construction or any method or manner of handling, using, distributing, or dealing in any material or productor product.

• Questions related to specific materials, methods, and services will be addressed at the conclusion of this presentation.

Copyright Materials

This presentation is protected by US and International Copyright laws. Reproduction, distribution, display py g p , , p y

and use of the presentation without written permission of the speaker is prohibited.

© The Wood Products Council 2011

Learning Objectives

• Attributes that affect the design and construction will be presentedconstruction will be presented.

• Description of 3 wood-based building systems (light platform-frame heavy columns and(light platform frame, heavy columns and beam and cross-laminated timber) will be given with examples.

• Earthquake simulation tests on 6 and 7-storey buildings will be presented.

• Examples of hybrid construction (wood/non-wood) will be presented.

Wood is Light and has High Strength to Weight Ratio

Mosquito Airplane WWII (mostly wood)

Wood is Durable and Long-Lasting

Norwegian Stave churches – circa 1200

Wood Structures Have Good Seismic Performance

Wood Structures are Aesthetic Pleasing

Ahmet Afif Pasha Yali, Istanbul - 1910

First storey isFirst storey is masonry

3 storey plus attic is3 storey plus attic is wood

We Used to Build Higher Wood Buildings in the Past

180,000 ft² (17,000 m²)

Masonry/Heavy Timber Construction

7 storey + 2 lower storeys

Height: 30m

Kelly, Douglas and Co. Warehouse; Vancouver - 1905

Objective-Based Codes Provide New Opportunities

• The adoption of objective-based building codes (2005 in Canada) offered significant advantages for ) g gdesigners and partially eliminated the bias against wood that was inherent in previous prescriptive codesThe ne format recogni es “Acceptable Sol tions” and• The new format recognizes “Acceptable Solutions” and “Alternative Solutions”

• The proponent of an “Alternative Solution” shall p pdemonstrate that proposed design is equivalent to an “Acceptable Design” specified in the CodeB ildi th t f l l itt d t b f• Buildings that were formerly only permitted to be of non-combustible construction can now be built of wood, provided they can offer equivalent performance

Building Types Today

BUILDINGS

Residential Non-Residential Res / Non-Res

Single Family

Low-riseApartment

Mid- and High-rise

Duplex

Commerciale.g.,

shopping mall

Industriale.g.,

sawmill

3-5 Storey Apartment on

Retail Storey(s)

Other Applications

Institutione.g.,

school

Recreationale.g.,

arena

Multi-Family

3-5 Storeys Apartment 5+ Storeys

Triplex

Attached Townhouse

Largely dominated by light-frame wood structures

Largely dominated by steel, concrete, and masonry

Wood-concrete, steel and masonry

What is Possible to be Build with Wood Today

• Light Wood Frame Construction (up to 4 or 6 Storey)Storey)

• Heavy Timber Frame Buildings (up to 10 storey) • Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) Applications (up ( ) pp ( p

to 10 storey)• Mixed (dual) systems including any combinations

of the systems above• Hybrid systems that include wood and other

t t l t i lstructural materials

Platform Frame Construction in Canada

• Over 80% of residential buildings up to 4 storeys are built with this systemstoreys are built with this system

• Limited to 4-storeys in Canada• British Columbia was the• British Columbia was the

first Province in Canadathat allowed residentialt at a o ed es de t awood-frame constructionup to 6 storeys

• Ontario and Quebecare expected to followsuite soon

6-Storey Wood-Frame Building Initiative in BC

• Started as an announcement by the Premier of BC in the Fall of 2008of BC in the Fall of 2008

• BC Building and Safety Policy Branch of Ministry of Housing and Social DevelopmentMinistry of Housing and Social Development led the code change process

• Input received from leading experts and put ece ed o ead g e pe ts a dstakeholders from the residential building industry

• Code change became effective in April 2009

Some Areas of Concern were Raised

• Seismic performance• Fire protection• Fire protection• Shrinkage Control

B ildi l f• Building envelope performance• Acoustic Performance

Solutions for the Seismic Issue

• FPInnovations and Colorado State University conducted a parametric study on a number of 4 and 6 p ystorey building designs which showed the proposed seismic provisions are adequateFPInno ations joined the NEESWood research team• FPInnovations joined the NEESWood research team to conduct a shaking table tests of the 6-storey Capstone Wood-Frame building in Miki, Japan

Shaking Table Tests of 6-Storey NEESWood Building

At two locations it used high capacity Midply wall system developed by FPInnovations and UBC

The NEESWood Capstone Building

6 d f b ildi

Midply Walls

• 6-storey wood-frame building constructed with lumber from Canada

• Tests conducted in summer of 2009

• At two locations it used high capacity Midply wall system developed by FPInnovationsdeveloped by FPInnovations and UBC

• From Canadian side NRCan, FII and CWEP funding for materialmaterial

Shake Table Test of 6-storey Wood-frame Building

Midply Wall System (FPInnovations/UBC)

2x4 studsStandard shear wall

16” 16” 16”

SheathingMIDPLY shear wall Cladding/Sheathing

24” 24”

Drywall/Sheathing

• Sheathing nailed to wide side of studs

Reasons for Improved Performance

Nails work in double shear

Sh hiStud or

thus increasing the lateral load capacity

Greater edge distance panel

Sheathing Plate

89 mm 38 mm 38 mm Greater edge distance - panel

chip out failure is reduced

Nail head away from panel Nail in single shear

Nail in double shear

Grain direction

Stud or Plate

y psurface - nail pull through failure is prevented

single shear shear

Capable of accommodating additional sheathing

Midply Wall System in NEESWood Test Building

Steel Rod ithwith

Shrinkage taker

Test Results - Monotonic & Cyclic Tests

40

10

20

30

)

-10

0

10

Load

(kN

/m)

-30

-20

Specimen m30-01S i S39

-40-150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150

Displacement (mm)

Specimen S39

Midply Wall Application

Four-storey residential building in Vancouver Midply walls used in all corridor and party walls

A t t l ll l ll d f ti A non-structural parallel wall used for acoustic reasons Steel rods used to resist up-lift forces

Building that used Midply Wall System

Varoglu, E. et al 2006 & 2007. The Midply wood shear wall system. American Society of Civil Engineers. Journal of Structural Engineering,Vol.132, No.9 & Vol.133, No 7. , ,

6-Storey Initiative in BC – APEG BC Bulletin

• Association of Professional Engineers and Geoscientists of BC (APEG BC) i ll b tiBC (APEG BC) in collaboration with FPInnovations, Equilibrium Consultants and SEABC Wood Frame Committee developed aFrame Committee developed a Technical & Practice Bulletin for wood-frame mid-rise buildings

SEABC: Structural Engineering Association of BC

APEG BC Technical and Practice Bulletin

• Includes Design Guidelines for Structural (with emphasis on seismic) Structural (with emphasis on seismic),

including a peer-reviewed design example of 6-storey wood-frame building developed by FPInnovations and Equilibrium Consultants

Fire protectionFire protection Shrinkage management Building envelopeg p

Can be downloaded fromhttp://www.apeg.bc.ca/ppractice/documents/ppguidelines/5and6StoreyWoodFrameBulletin pdfand6StoreyWoodFrameBulletin.pdf

BC Building Code Changes

• Wood-frame residential buildings are allowed up to 6-storeys in heighty g

• Maximum height of less than 18 m between the grade and the uppermost floor level of the top storey

• The building has to be sprinklered throughout• Total building area is 1440 m² (5-storey)

or 1200 m² (6-storey)or 1200 m (6 storey)

Additional details can be obtained from• http://www.housing.gov.bc.ca/building/wood_frame/6s

torey_form.html

Light Wood-Frame Construction (up to 6 Storey)

• Wood First initiative in BC• New heights for wood frame buildings• New heights for wood-frame buildings Result was 68 that now five and six storey projects are

underway underway Richmond BCCourtesy of Oris Consulting Ltd

V BCVancouver BC

Library Square, Kamloops, BC

Five wood storeys on one concrete, 151 Units (originally designed in steel)

Design Team:

Courtesy of WoodWorksBC

JM Architects, Surrey, BCSiefken Engineering, New Westminster, BC

Library Square, Kamloops, BC

Courtesy of WoodWorksBC

Heavy Timber Frame Buildings (up to 10 Storeys) Timber Post & Beam Mid-rise with Concrete Cores

Concrete cores to resist lateral loads

Building in Quebec City, Quebec

Glulam post & beambeam

Timber Post & Beam Mid-rise with Concrete Cores

6-storey glulam post-and-beam structure with reinforced concrete cores (CSN FondAction) LEED GOLD( )

Wood members were cut using CNC technology

Seven Storey Heavy Timber Building in Berlin Innovative Connections for Heavy Timber Buildings

Heavy Timber Frame Buildings

How about replacingreplacing masonry/concrete elevator shafts and t i ll ithstair wells with

wood-based solutions?

Third System: Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT)

What is Cross Laminated Timber?

• Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT) panels were first developed in Europe about 20 years agop p y g

• CLT is made of crosswise glued layers of wood boards with an average thickness of 20 to 38 mm

CLT Panels

• The CLT panels can use low, medium or high grade lumber

• The cross lamination (two-way action) of the wood strips minimizes swelling and shrinkage, while considerabl increasing the o erall panel resistanceconsiderably increasing the overall panel resistance

CLT Panels

• CLT is used for floor, wall and roof systems• Depending on application and design requirementsDepending on application and design requirements,

panels with 3, 5, 7 or more layers can be produced with thickness from 50 mm to 300 mm (600 mm)

CLT Production

• Openings for windows, doors, staircases and for other utilities are pre-cut using CNC machinesp g

Building Assembly

Buildings are assembled on site with CLT panels lifted with cranes andCLT panels lifted with cranes and put in place

Connecting Floor Panels

• Floor panels are connected using various type of joints and screws Screws

Pl d LVL

Plywood or LVL

Screws

CLT CLTPlywood or LVL

Screws

Plywood or LVL

CLT CLT

Plywood or LVL Screws

Self-tapping screws

CLT CLT

Connecting Floors to Walls

• Floor panels are connected to walls with long self-taping screwsp g

Connecting Walls to Floors

• Walls are connected to floors with steel brackets and screws or nails

Building Envelope

• Buildings should be “breathable”• Prevent rain infiltrationPrevent rain infiltration• Exterior exposed portion of wood panels

may benefit from preservative treatment• Wetting should be prevented during

construction

Attributes of CLT Construction

• Prefabricated high precision production• Fast erection and completion• Fast erection and completion Less disruption to community and Less waste

• Flexible building system• Flexible building system Can be also a modular system or addition to existing buildings

• Good seismic performance• Good seismic performance• Good fire performance• Good sound and thermal insulation• Good sound and thermal insulation • Low environmental footprint

Contemporary Houses in CLT Contemporary Houses in CLT

Contemporary Houses in CLT - Interior Low-rise Multi-family Residential Structures

Low-to-Mid Rise Residential Buildings Example of Mid-rise CLT Structure

• 9 Storey buildingin London Englandg

• ArchitectAndrew Waugh

Construction of the Building

• 9 storeys in 9 weekswith crew of 5

• Crane from the trucklifting elevator shaftlifting elevator shaftCLT module

• Total time savingof 20 weeks vs.concrete

8-Storey Buildings, Växjö, Sweden

CLT in Industrial Structures CLT in Industrial Structures

CLT in Restaurants or Bars CLT in Concert Halls

CLT Schools - Norwich Open Academy, UK

106,000 sqf. mixed CLT & glulam

Erected by 2 cranes and 12 persons in 18 weeks

School Gymnasiums

Religious Structures Myers Memorial UMC, Bell Tower, N. Carolina

Shaking Table Tests on 7-storey Building

• Conducted at E-Defense in Japan• Building weight 270t (120t + 150t)

• Wall panel thickness 140 mm floors 1 and 2 125 mm floors 3 and 4 85 mm top 3 floors All floor panels 142 mm

• Wall panels length 2.3 m 23.5m Wall panels length 2.3 m• Two 3-axial records used

Kashiwazaki Kariwa Quake• X (0 3g) Y (0 68g) Z (0 4g)• X (0.3g) Y (0.68g) Z (0.4g)

Kobe JMA Quake• X (0.6g) Y (0.82g) Z (0.34g)

7.5m 13.5m

X

Videos of a Shaking Table Test (Kobe 0.82g)

Fire Performance FPInnovations’ Wood Handbook

CLT for Hurricane and Tornado Shelters

• Great work on this topic by A. Purgstaller and G. Schickofer, TU Gratz, Austria, ,

Dual System CLT and Heavy Timber

CLT core

CLT diaphragm

Heavy timber wood columns for vertical loads

Dual CLT Wood-Frame System

• Elevator shaftsElevator shaftsand stairwellsmade of CLT

• Rest of the buildingcan be other system

• CLT can be used withCLT can be used withgypsum boards toform a firewall

Wood-Concrete Hybrid Structure, Vancouver, BC

Concrete underground parking plus concrete street level commercial storey

4-storey wood-frame residential vertically and horizontally separated

itunits

Concrete-Wood Hybrid Structure in Sweden

Concrete Building with Wood Top Storey

Wood-Frame Infill Walls in Scandinavia

Hybrid Buildings: Earth Sciences Building, UBC, Vancouver, BC Hybrid Wood - Concrete - Steel Building

It is Post Disaster Building Built to Stringent Requirements CLT in Hybrid Industrial Structures

• Concrete – CLT hybridstructurestructure

Steel – CLT Parkade Hybrid Wood Roofs - Speed Skating Oval

After the OlympicsAfter the Olympics

UBC Bio-Energy R&D Building

20,300 sfCLT walls + roof deckglulam moment frameconcrete raft slab

Research at UBC Vancouver, Wood-Concrete Tower

J. Wang and RJCJ. Wang and RJCOriginal Concept by F. Lam, CC Yao and A. Boniface

Life Cycle Tower Concept from Austria

Creative RenewableEnergy and Efficiency Group (CREE Group)

Metropol Parasol Building, Seville, Spain

Jurgen Mayer H ArchitectsJurgen Mayer H. Architects

Plaza de la Encarnacion

Conclusions

• In North America we were able to built 30m (100 ft) ( )high heavy timber structures over a century ago

• This trend did not continue; during most of the last century wood was used in low-rise single family, andcentury wood was used in low rise single family, and later, multi-family residences

• During the last decade wood-based systems started to be increasingly used in mid rise residential and in nonbe increasingly used in mid-rise residential and in non-residential applications

• Systems presented here are viable opportunities for f d i id ti l d id ti l b ildiuse of wood in residential and non-residential buildings

Conclusions

• Today we are witnessing a Wood Renaissance that is supported bypp y Use of pre-fabrication techniques (walls, floors, roofs) and

engineered wood products (Glulam, SCL, Wood-I joists, trusses, CLT)CLT)

Use of innovative connections with CNC precision cutting Presence of new design and construction expertise and technical

support Introduction of Building Code Changes (includes mid-rise buildings) Implementation of results from applied researchImplementation of results from applied research Various government involvement (Wood First Act in BC, Wood Use

Strategy for construction in Québec, US city ordinances)

What the Future Holds?

36 storey building in preliminarypreliminary design stage

20 storey building in Norway under construction 16 storey building Italy Concept of 36 story buildingunder construction 16 storey building, Italy Concept of 36 story building

Questions?This concludes The American

Institute of Architects Continuing Education Systems CourseEducation Systems Course

The Wood Products Council

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info@woodworks.org