fourth quait&t 1992€¦ · please note: "churchill in stamps" will resume next...

Fourth Quait&t 1992 • I

or

NO. 77 • FOURTH QUARTER 1992 • ISSN 0882-3715

COVER: OMDURMAN PRINT FOR FRIENDS OF ICS

"I was riding a handy, sure-footed, grey Arab polo pony . . . I had to drawmy pistol and bringing it to full cock . . . I saw a row of crouching bluefigures firing frantically . . . The collision was now very near." See pg. 20.

ARTICLES

ANationof Churchfc 6How America Can Continue to Lead the Worldby Bill Clinton

Cnurchfflophilately:Tr»nr»herCo8ection 10"I Did It My Way: A Collection of Forerunnersby Robert A. Fincher

CR Comer: Old Postage Recalls the Saga 16Using Stamps to Highlight Episodes in WSC's Lifeby Dalton Newfield

Churchflophilately: Recent WSC Issues 18All the Churchill Stamps Since 1985by Celwyn P. Ball

From The Canon: OMDURMAN 20The Charge of the 21st Lancersby Winston S. Churchill

Engfeh-Speaking Agenda: Trade War 23Winston Churchill vs. U.S. Congressman Richard Gephardtby Michael McMenamin

Book Reviews 30

A Fine New Book on Churchill the WriterChurchill as Idea Man During the 1945-51 Oppositionby James W. Muller, Raymond Callahan, et. al.

DEPARTMENTS

Editorial/3 International Datelines/4 Woods Comer/19 Action ThisDay/28 Reviewing Churchill/34 Despatch Box/36 Riddles, Mystenes/38Churchilltrivia/39 Immortal Words/40Please note: "Churchill in Stamps" will resume next issue.

FINEST HOUR

Editor: Richard M. Langworth (tel. 603-746-4433 days)Post Office Box 385, Contoocook, New Hampshire 03229 USA

Senior Editors: John G. Plumpton (tel. 416-497-5349 eves)130 Collingsbrook Blvd. Agincourt, Ontario, Canada M1W 1M7

H. Ashley Redbum. OBE (tel. 0705 479575)7 Auriol Dr., Bedhampton, Hampshire PO9 3LR, England

Cuttings Editor: John Frost (tel. 081-440-3159)8 Monks Ave, New Bamet, Herts., EN5 1D8, England

Contributors:George Richard, 7 Channel Hwy, Taroona, Tasmania, Australia 7006Stanley E. Smith, 9 Beech Drive, Littleton, MA 01460 USARonald Cohen, 1351 Potter Dr., Manotick ON Canada K4M 1C3

Produced for ICS by Dragonwyck Publishing Inc.

THE INTERNATIONAL CHURCHILL SOCIETIES

Founded in 1968, the Society consists of three independent, not-for-profit charitable organisations in Canada, the United Kingdom and theUnited States, plus branch offices in Australia and New Zealand, whichwork together to promote interest in and education on the life, times,thought and work of Sir Winston Churchill, and to preserve his memory.The independent Societies are certified charities under the separate lawsof Canada, the UK and USA, and are affiliated with similar organisationssuch as the Winston S. Churchill Societies of Western Canada. FinestHour is provided free to Members or Friends of ICS, which offers severallevels of support in various currencies. Membership applications andchanges of address should be sent to the National Offices listed opposite.Editorial correspondence: PO Box 385, Contoocook, NH 03229 USA,fax 603-746-4260, telephone 746-4433. Permission to mail at non-profit rates in the USA granted by the US Postal Service. Produced byDragonwyck Publishing Inc. Copyright © 1992. All rights reserved.

SIR WINSTON SPENCER CHURCHILL SOCIETY

Founded in 1964, the Society works to ensure that Sir Winston's idealsand achievements are never forgotten by succeeding generations. Allmembers of the B.C. Branch are automatic ICS members, while ICSmembership is optional to members of the Edmonton and CalgaryBranches. Activities include banquets for outstanding people connectedwith aspects of Sir Winston's career; public speaking and debatingcompetitions for High School students, scholarships in Honours History,and other activities, including scholarships for study at Churchill College.

PATRON OF THE SOCIETIES

The Lady Soames, DBE

TRUSTEES _ _ _

ICS/UK: The Lady Soames; The Duke of Marlborough;Lord Charles Spencer-Churchill; The Hon. Celia Sandys Perkins;

Geoffrey J. Wheeler; The Hon. Nicholas Soames, MP;Richard Haslam-Hopwood; David J. Porter

ICS/USA: Ambassador Paul H. Robinson, Jr., Chmn.;The Lady Soames; Hon. Caspar Weinberger; Rt. Hon. Lord Pym;

Wendy R. Reves; Richard M. Langworth;J. Sinclair Armstrong, George A. Lewis

ICS HONORARY MEMBERS

Winston S. Churchill, MP • The Duke of Marlborough, DL, JPMartin Gilbert, CBE • Anthony Montague Browne, CBE, DFC

Grace Hamblin, OBE • Colin L. PowellRobert Hardy, CBE • Wendy Russell Reves

Pamela C. Harriman • Amb. Paul H. Robinson, Jr.James Calhoun Humes • The Lady Soames, DBE

Mary Coyne Jackman • Rt. Hon. Baroness Thatcher,'OM FRS MPYousuf Karsh, OC • Hon. Caspar W. Weinberger, GBE '

ICS DIRECTORS & COMMITTEE MEMBERS

Australia: Peter M. JenkinsCanada: Celwyn P. Ball, Frank Battershill

Leonard Krtz QC, John G. PlumptonUnited Kingdom: David Boler, M.J. Kay, Edmund Murrav

L.W. Pilgrim, David J. Porter, Michael WybrowUnited States: Merry Alberigi, Marianne Almquist Derpk n™ i AR. Alan Fitch, Cdr. Larry Kryske, William C Ives I t o J * /'

George Lewis, Alfred Lurie, Cyril Mazansky, ^ S S

D I R E C T O R Y

INTERNATIONAL COUNCILCelwyn P. Ball, Chairman

1079 Coverdale Rd RR2, Moncton, N.B. E1C 8J6Telephone (506) 387-7347

THE CHURCHILL SOCIETIESICS/Australia: Peter M. Jenkins, (03) 700-1277

8 Regnans Ave., Endeavour Hills, Vic. 3802ICS/Canada: John G. Plumpton, Chmn.

Hon. Sec: Celwyn Ball, (506) 387-73471079 Coverdale Rd RR2, Moncton N.B. E1C 8J6

ICS/UK: David Porter, Chmn. (0959) 523416Hon. Sec: M.J. Kay, (081) 658-2909

Beckenham PI. Park, Beckenhem, Kent BR3 2BS

ICSAJSA: Amb. Paul H. Robinson, Jr., Chmn.Hon. Sec: Derek Brownleader (504) 752-33131847 Stonewood Dr., Baton Rouge, LA 70816

Churchill Society of Vancouver: Frank Battershill, Pres.612 Baycrest Dr., N. Vancouver, BC V7G 1NB

DEPARTMENTS AND PROJECTSICS Stores: Alan Fitch, (502) 244-6032

9807 Willow Brook Cir., Louisville, KY 40223Commemorative Covers: Dave Marcus

3048 Van Buskirk Cir., Las Vegas, NV 89121Publications: Richard M. Langworth

PO Box 385, Contoocook, NH 03229

ICS CHAPTERSMerry Alberigi, Coordinator

P.O. Box 5037, Novato CA 94948 USATelephone (415) 883-9076

Alaska: James W. Muller1518 Airport Hts Dr., Anchorage AK 99508

Arizona: Marianne Almquist2423 E. Marshall Ave., Phoenix AZ 85016

California: Merry AlberigiPO Box 5037, Novato CA 94948Illinois: Amb. Paul H. Robinson, Jr.

135 S. LaSalle St., Chicago, IL 60603

Michigan: Judge P.B. Spivak1 Alger PI., Grosse Pointe Ml 48230

Nebraska: Edward W. Fitzgerald218 So. 94th St., Omaha NE 68114

Nashville: Richard H. Knight, Jr.PO Box 24356, Nashville, TN 37202

New Brunswick: Celwyn P. Ball1079 Coverdale Rd RR2, Moncton, NB E1C 8J6

New York City: Alfred J. Lurie450 E. 63rd St, Apt 8A, New York, NY 10021

New England: Cyril Mazansky50 Dolphin Rd., Newton Centre, MA 02159

North Texas: Ann & Richard Hazlett2214 Sulphur Street, Dallas, TX 75208

Toronto: The Other Club. Murray Milne33 Weldrick Rd., E., Ph #9

Richmond Hill, Ontario L4C 8W4Washington, DC: Jon Holtzman

1954 Barton Hill Rd., Reston, VA 22091

THOUGHTS AND ADVENTURES

FINEST HOUR IS BILINGUALFrom time to time we are prompted to remind readers that Finest Hour \s published intwo languages. When an article, letter or even a caption originates in the Com-monwealth, it is spelled (should I say "spelt?") accordingly: "colour," e.g., instead of"color." When it originates in the USA, it follows American practice. (As ProfessorHiggins said in "My Fair Lady," in America they haven't used English for years.) Thiswill explain the dichotomy in our editorial style that is the mark of the world's onlypublication using both English-English and Americanese; and our international group-ing of Churchill organisations . . . uh, organizations.

THANK-YOU, MR. COOKEIn November Alistair Cooke retired after twenty-one years as host of "MasterpieceTheatre," American Public Television's fine series of British-produced drama that isoften the only thing standing between us and the mindless prattle that occupies somuch of "prime time." Mr. Cooke, who honored ICS by keynoting the 1988 Chur-chill Conference in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, received our Emery RevesAward for his services in interpreting Britain to America and America to Britain, notthe least through "Masterpiece." We are grateful for his service, and pleased that his"Letter From America," delivered without respite since 1946, continues everyweekend on the BBC. Recently, the "Letter" concluded with a lovely Churchill storywe hadn't heard before . . .

Mr. Cooke was comparing the lengthy "transition" between U.S. Presidents tothe lightning shift of power between British Prime Ministers, which usually takesabout eight or ten hours. An exception, he said, occurred when Churchill took overfrom Attlee in 1951. WSC arrived at Number Ten for his first Cabinet meeting, onlyto find the house still full of Attlee's belongings. Attlee, it seems, suffered fromchronic Athlete's Foot. He was being treated for it at the time, and had not been ableto clear his things before Churchill arrived. Departing after his meeting, Churchill eyedthe masses of Attlee boxes with obvious disapproval. Alistair Cooke is a passablygood Churchill imitator, and delivered WSC's remark with perfection: "Clement'sfeet have placed the entire Parliamentary system in abeyance."

SHORTWAVE: THE BEEB'S BLUNDEROne of the common complaints one hears about Britain, from citizens and visitorsalike, is the way dispensers of everything from secondhand books to Bentleys jackup prices, shifting up-market with blithe disregard for competition or the needs ofcustomers. This often invokes the law of diminishing returns, contributing to thedecline of British enterprise — cars, for example — in areas where it once led. Nosooner did I recommend the BBC's monthly London Calling (issue #75, p3) as anessential guide to the world's best shortwave radio programming, that reader ScottBalthasar reminded me that it's been merged into BBC Worldwide, a slick magazinehighlighting BBC-TV, mainly superfluous for shortwave listeners and costing a cool£24 per year — double the price of London Calling. I predict that this move willultimately cost the BBC money, and require a return of the £12 London Calling forlisteners already top-heavy with glossy magazines — if BBC Worldwide itself doesn'tgo the way of the Austin, Morris, MG and Triumph.

A CLASS ACT BY THE U.S. MARINESAnyone who believes in what Churchill called "the Fraternity of the English-SpeakingPeoples" was gratified by the performance of the Marine Corps after their blunder inthe baseball World Series between Atlanta and Toronto. In Atlanta, a Marine colorguard had shocked Canadians by carrying the Maple Leaf upside down. When theSeries moved to Toronto, irate Canadians were prepared to give the visiting Yanks apiece of their minds — but wise heads rescued the situation. A Marine Corps officeraddressed the Toronto crowd, apologizing for the Atlanta affront and "requestingpermission" to bear the Canadian colors during the National Anthems. The crowdroared approval, which was redoubled when the Stars and Stripes appeared, carriedby a delegation of Royal Canadian Mounted Police. Canadian fans sang the "Star-Spangled Banner" with all the fervor of "0 Canada." The Marines performed a classact, underscoring an international friendship that has honored both nations in peaceand war. Sir Winston would have approved.

RICHARD M. LANGWORTHThe Editor's opinions are his own and not necessarily those of the International Churchill Societies.

FINEST HOUR 77, PAGE 3

INTERN A TIONAL DA TELINESQuote of the Season"The re-entry into the European circle of a Germany at peace withinitself, with a heart devoid of hate, would be the most precious benefit forwhich we could strive, and a supreme advantage which alone wouldliberate Europe from its peril and its fear, and I believe the British andFrench democracies would go a long way in extending the hand of friend-ship to realize such a hope." -wsc, HOUSE OF COMMONS, 24 OCTOBER 1935

Errata: Finest Hour #76In "Reporting Churchill/' page

10, we misspelled Wendell Willkie'sname three times (though in"Churchill in Stamps," page 16,we spelled it correctly three times.Even?) We also muffed the namesof Jon Holtzman (page 5 right col-umn), Gordon Ness, Jr. (caption,page 24) and Aida Reid Schoenfeld(page 22). Apologies to all.

On page 10, third from last line,the correct word is " an t i -climactic."

In "Churchill in Stamps," page17, plate 173 incorrectly givesCommons as the venue for WSC'sremark that he would refer favour-ably to the Devil if Hitler invadedHell. In fact, this was a conversa-tional aside to his private secre-tary, Jock Colville.

In our report of EdmundMurray's San Francisco visit, page24, we noted he served WSC asbodyguard for "fifteen years . . .1955 to 1965." The first part isright: it was 1950-1965.

SomaliaLONDON, 3 MARCH 1910 — ' ' I t is a COUn-try valueless to all except the wildinhabitants who live in it, and tothem it is dearer than life." —wsc

1943-1993 Churchill CalendarTORONTO, DECEMBER 1ST -ICS/Canada has again produced afine historical calendar, with Chur-chill's activities and quotes from50 years ago sprinkled throughout,illustrated by photos from the pe-riod, including some lovely onesfrom WSC's Quebec visit. Friendsof ICS/Canada received theirs di-rect; Friends of ICS/USA will findtheir copy with this issue. To orderfrom elsewhere send £5, A$10 orC$10 to ICS/Canada, 130Collings-brook Blvd., Agincourt, Ont. M1W1M7.


WSC Paintings at Reagan LibrarySIMI VALLEY, CALIFORNIA, DECEMBER 18TH —

ICS honorary member Winston S.Churchill MP was the guest ofPresident and Mrs. Ronald Reaganat the opening of "Painting as aPastime: The Art and Treasures ofSir Winston Churchill," a two-month exhibition of WSC at theRonald Reagan Presidential Li-brary. Library Director Ralph Bled-soe obtained the paintings afterdisplay at the Roosevelt Library inHyde Park, New York [Finest Hour#76). In addition to the paintings,Bledsoe said the exhibit will in-clude personal Churchill artifacts.At least one ICS member has of-fered a paintbrush and tubes ofpaint, and Bledsoe says, "We'vegot a line on one of his cigars."Nearby friends of ICS should planon taking in this marvelous exhibi-tion, on through mid-February.The Library's telephone number is(310) 284-8940.

Churchillian AchievementHAWKINS, TEXAS, OCTOBER 15TH —Eighteen-year-old Christina Jones,challenged by her high schoolspeech teacher to delve into Chur-chill, remembers being surprised athow a famous WSC quote, "Weshall never surrender," applied toher. "I had a lot of problems inschool," she said, "But thanks to afew of my teachers, I never gaveup, never surrendered." Her perse-

verance paid off. A speech based onChurchill's philosophy won fastplace in the Winston Churchill Pre-pared Oratory Contest sponsoredby the Dallas Independent SchoolDistrict and the Texas ScholasticFoundation. She won a week's tripto England and a $1500 collegescholarship.

Her speech, "Against All Odds,"paralleled Sir Winston's personalstruggles with her own: "Thisamazing world leader . . . was evenlabeled retarded by his teachers andhis own father after his failures inschool . . . I have made WinstonChurchill's philosophy of neversurrendering, even in the face ofdefeat, my personal philosophy."

Pointing to world hunger, infantmortality and teen pregnancy,Christina contends that despite dif-ficult conditions, youth today "mustrely on individual strength."

Now a freshman at Jarvis Chris-tian College in Hawkins, Texas,Christina credits her speech classeswith her turnaround. "I suddenlyhad something that mattered inschool, and speech gave me areason to do well in school," shesaid.

ICS United States has awardedChristina Jones a complimentarymembership and plans to learnhow it can participate in this ex-cellent Texas oratory contest.

World Crisis ReprintedNEW YORK, OCTOBER IST - Scribner-Macmillan have republished theexcellent one-volume edition ofChurchill's classic World War Imemoir, The World Crisis, in hard-back at $35 ($28 to Friends fromthe ICS New Book Service, see list-ing on page 31). This is the firsthardbound reprint of the one-volume edition since 1949 and isdesignated A31(bg) in ChurchillBibliographic Data. Not merely anabridgement, this edition containsmuch material not in the originalfive-volume work concerning theinitial war in France and Chur-chill's role in the Dardanelles/Galhpoh fiasco. A review appearson page 30 of this issue.

Coping With Your CriticsLONDON, 12 NOVEMBER 1941 - " T h e r e

was a custom in ancient China that

anyone who wished to criticise theGovernment had the right to me-morialise the Emperor and pro-vide that he followed that up bycommiting suicide, very greatrespect was paid to his words, andno ulterior motive was assigned.That seems to me to have beenfrom many points of view, a wisecustom. But I certainly would bethe last to suggest that it should bemade retrospective." -wsc

WSC at Little RockLITTLE ROCK, ARK., USA, OCTOBER 1ST —

Winston S. Churchill, MP took ashis subject "Reminiscences of MyGrandfather," before an audienceof 600 at the annual supper of theOld State House Museum Asso-ciates. His remarks were well re-ceived and greatly enjoyed. It wasobvious that many had no prior in-terest in Sir Winston, but cameaway with that special spark thatmay turn some into Churchillo-philes. You couldn't come to LittleRock in October without talkingabout the local candidate, but Mr.Churchill was, without commit-ting himself, able to shed someworldly, seasoned light on whatthe U.S. presidential electionmeans to the world. —CHRIS KRISINGER

Further Adventures of the MurraysNEW YORK, AUGUST 8TH - Followingtheir successful speaking tour inCalifornia [Finest Hour #76, page24), Edmund and Beryl Murray ar-rived here, scheduled to board theQueen Elizabeth 2, where he hadbeen invited to lecture on theirreturn voyage to England. Despitebeing temporarily separated fromtheir luggage, this phase of theirjourney began well. Thanks to ad-vance warning by Merry Alberigi of

ICS/California, Al and Leslie Lurieof ICS/New York hosted the Mur-rays at dinner in Manhattan; DickEdelman and his friend Annetreated them to lunch next day atthe Harvard Club, and Fred LeeBarbour drove down from Massa-chusetts to take them to breakfastthe following morning; these ICShosts also assisted with theirsightseeing. On the 8th, the Mur-rays arrived at Pier 90 to board theQE2 — only to find no ship await-ing. (She had run aground off CapeCod.) Eventually, stranded passen-gers were put up at hotels and as-signed flights home. Hearing thatEddie was missing the chance tocelebrate his birthday in mid-ocean, the flight crew of his BritishAirways 747 presented him with acard signed by all personnel and abottle of Pol Roger. (Did theyknow it was WSC' s favourite Cham-pagne, or was somebody up therewatching?) As a final souvenir oftheir visit, the Murrays werephotographed, waiting in vain atPier 90, as representative of thestranded QE2 passengers. "I thinkevery friend in Bath saw us in theDaily Telegraph," writes Edmund.(The photo also made the Ameri-can papers, but not a word aboutwho the representative strandeeswere! You can't win 'em all . . .)See also Eddie's letter in"Despatch Box."

Books on TapeNEWPORT BEACH, CALIFORNIA, USA, NO-VEMBER 2 N D — F r i e n d of I C S D u v a l lHecht writes to notify us thatnumerous Churchill books are nowavailable in full-length readingsfrom his firm, Books on Tape Inc;PO Box 7900, Newport Beach CA92658. Included are the Malakand,Rivei Wai, Lady smith, Hamilton'sMarch, African Journey, WorldCrisis, Early Life, Marlborough,Great Contemporaries, SecondWorld War and English-SpeakingPeoples. Readings of Gilbert'sbiography, Manchester's Last Lionand the Alanbrooke memoirs arealso available. Duvall offers theabovenamed books or parts (ifrecorded in multi-part format) for a$5 introductory rental fee, whichincludes a 250-page catalogue plusround trip postage on the book re-

quested. We applaud Duvall'swork in making Churchill 'swriting available to those forwhom reading is difficult or im-possible — and high-mileagemotorists! RML

Wrong-DoingLONDON, 22 FEBURARY 1911 — " I t is a l -ways very difficult to know, whenyou embark on the path of wrong-doing, exactly where to stop.'' -wsc

"The Music of Words"Kathleen Hill, 1900-1992LONDON, NOVEMBER 17TH — KathleenHill was Churchill's personal pri-vate secretary throughout WorldWar LI and later curator of Cheq-uers, the Prime Minister's coun-try residence, for 23 years. Quietand self-effacing, with formidableskills, her tasks were beyond thoseof normal secretaries. She was anindispensable link between Chur-chill and his literary assistants andpublishers; and when Churchillwas bricklaying at Chartwell shewould climb the ladder to take dic-tation on the nearest roof.

Mrs. Hill knew exactly what let-ters had to be shown to WSC. InOctober 1938, immediately afterMunich, she alerted him to the per-sistence of a BBC producer wishingfor an interview; so it was that GuyBurgess spent an important after-noon at Chartwell. In September1939, Churchill asked Mrs. Hill togo with him to the Admiralty,where she impressed everyone byher ability to decipher not onlymumbled words but also gruntsand even pauses. When WSC wasthere, she later recalled, the Ad-miralty "was buzzing with atmos-phere, with electricity. When hewas away on tour it was dead,dead, dead."

Shoftly after the Fall of France, amember of the private office staffrecorded how he found the PM ' 'ly-ing in bed in a red dressing gownsmoking a cigar and dictating toMrs. Hill, who sat with a type-writer at the foot of the bed." Shewas always calm amid disaster,ready to take dictation and to pro-duce a typescript requiring only thePM's signature. Churchill knewthat he could rely on her speed, ac-curacy — and discretion.A fullei tribute will appear next issue.


On 12 June 1990, ICS participated in a luncheon forthe Governor of Arkansas sponsored by the ChurchillClub, which for seven years has hosted prominentspeakers for its audiences of California business-people. This is the first time the speech has beenpublished in entirety, for which we thank the Chur-chill Club. Although far ranging, we believe it helpsdemonstrate how Sir Winston Churchill continues toinspire and lead in the closing years of this century.For further information please contact the ChurchillClub, PO Box 60535, Palo Alto, California 94306.

A Nation of ChurchillsBlueprint for American Leadership in the 1990sBY BILL CLINTON

I BELIEVE THAT Churchill's greatest contributionsmay have come at times when he was not

recognized. In the 1930s when Stanley Baldwin wasthe "Don't worry, be happy" politician of his age,Churchill kept saying, in effect, "This Hitler's nogood. I don't care what you say." Churchill was apariah.

Then again during the war, when the Allies finallybegan to win — as soon as America came into the war— Churchill began to plan for the post-World War IIworld, to think about what the shape of that worldshould be. Some of the ideas that he had led to verygood changes in the world that we have seen in thelast year or so.

Fifty-two years ago Winston Churchill gave one ofhis most remarkable speeches. As the Germanbombers headed toward London, he said on 18 June1940, "Let us therefore brace ourselves to our duties,and so bear ourselves that if the British Empire and itsCommonwealth last for a thousand years men willstill say, 'This was their finest hour.' "

In the last year and a half we've seen the mostremarkable changes. The Berlin Wall came down.I've been giving a lot of high school commencementaddresses, telling students that the Berlin Wall camedown when they were in high school, and went upwhen I was in high school. In the years in between,our whole view of the world was shaped by that wall.It divided light from darkness, freedom from oppres-sion, free enterprise from state Communism. It forcedus to define our national security in terms of the

On 20 January 1993, Bill Clinton will be inauguratedas the forty-second President of the United States.


number of soldiers under arms and weapons that wehad. It led us into mind-boggling computationsarms-control treaties, and attempts to figure out justhow many times we could destroy one another

Now all of that has changed, in part because thepeople behind that wall realized their system wasn'tworking, but also because in our country and in Bri-tain during World War II and the years immediatelyafter, we "braced ourselves to our duties."

The things we have lived through in the past fewyears have nearly nothing to do with what most of ushave done in the last few years, in government or asprivate citizens. We basically have seen the triumphof the three great ideas that we began to push im-mediately after World War II; national independencemarket economies, political democracy. It is ex-hilarating, and every person who had anything to dowith that war, or the shaping of the post-war worldshould be proud of it. '

Did you ever think you'd live to see Gorbachevelected, do as well as he did, and have his biggestproblems from people who thought that he was notchanging fast enough?

The Vote in St. PetersburgIn 1989 they had an election in St. Petersburg for

mayor. The mayor had no opponent but he wasdefeated anyway. When I was in school, we'd have althese anti-Communist lectures about how 97 percentof the Russians voted, and 99 percent of them votedfor the guys who were in, and that showed whatfrauds they were. Well, they voted this guy out andnobody was running against him. (As an incumbent

We are celebrating the fruits of a formergeneration's vision and our faithful adherence to thatvision. The arms build-up accelerated under RonaldReagan had problems but, by forcing the Russians tomatch it, it did accelerate the undoing of their systemand expose the inherent weaknesses of it. I don'twant to minimize the contributions of anybody alongthe way, but I do want to clarify this: all those con-tributions flowed out of a set of ideas and principlesthat were forged during and immediately after WorldWar II.

Managing PeopleNow that we have made this new world, the central

question of this last decade of the 20th century iswhether Americans are prepared to lead the worldthey have made. If you look at the facts, you'd have tosay that that is in doubt. If Churchill were here today,he'd say that there is a gathering storm. Why?Because of all the advanced countries in the world,the USA does the worst job of managing that mostimportant issue, our people.

We do a poor job of bringing babies into the world.Our infant mortality rate is the 19th highest in theworld. At the bottom of the worst of Daniel Ortega'soppression, a child in Nicaragua had a better chanceof living to be a year old than a child in Washington,D.C. Our low birthweight rate is far higher than anyother country with which we compete. That in theend may be the more significant thing because chil-dren born with low birthweight are far more likely tohave mental and physical limitations which theycarry with them throughout life, leading to failure inschool, failure in society. It would be interesting tohave someone at Stanford review the records of thethousands in the California prison system to see whatpercentage of them were low-birthweight babies, andwhether that percentage is higher than the nationalaverage. We have more children who are drugabusers, and more teen pregnancy and more peoplewho are functionally illiterate — including peoplewith high school diplomas — as a percentage of ourworkforce than any other country in the world.

We have a lot of good things going too. We generatejobs more quickly. We have a vibrant entrepreneurialeconomy. We have the best system of higher educa-tion in the world. Things are not all bad. But if youlook at where our future is, which is in our people, wedon't measure up very well.

Environment, Investment, TaxesThe record on the environment is more mixed. It is

clear that the USA ought to be leading a global en-vironmental charge that reconciles economic growthwith environmental preservation. We've got a longway to go there. We don't have any sort of investmentstrategy related to our long-term economic growthand high levels of productivity. Because we say,"read my lips," because we don't raise the fuel tax inCalifornia until people literally can't drive or breathe,because we don't raise the school tax in Arkansas un-

til disaster threatens or the teachers threaten tostrike, because the politics of the 1980s were socharged with evasion of responsibility and askingpeople not to make painful decisions before they wereabsolutely forced to, we have invested insufficientlyin our physical as well as our human capital. We havefailed really to face the tough questions about ourlong-term position, especially in technology-relatedsectors of our economy.

The question is, what is the United States going todo about it? Can we lead the world we have made? Ibelieve we can. I think there are several things we cando.

Government's RoleTime does not permit the detailed discussion that I

wish we could have. But let me just offer you a fewthoughts. First of all, we have to get over the notion— so prominent in the 1980s — that the governmentis the source of our problems. We have to see govern-ment as any other institution in society, as the in-strument of solving the problems that it is best-suitedto solve, problems that require public investment,problems in which there is plainly a community in-terest, problems in which at least there has to be apartnership between the public and the private sector.By the same token, we can't see government as thesolution to all of our problems.

I met the other day in Northern California with abusiness roundtable. Executive after executive, mostof whom were Republicans, told me that they wereabsolutely alarmed by the condition of their workforces, that they would give entry-level job examina-tions — at the telephone company for example — and70 percent of the people taking the test would fail,even though they only had to read at about the ninthlevel and understand very basic math to pass, andeven though most of the people taking the test had ahigh-school diploma. It is obvious that there has to bea common approach to some of our public problems.

We need to search for approaches that promotemore involvement by people, more individual respon-sibility, more concern for personal security, and ap-proaches that empower people to make decisions thatare good for them and their communities and by ex-tension good for the rest of us. Let me just give you afew examples of that in the area of education.

Examples In EducationWhen President Bush and the governors worked

together to write the national education goals, wesaid the first goal was to make available everywherein the country, especially to children at risk, a quali-ty parent-rooted preschool program. We have a pro-gram in our state that we borrowed from Israel calledthe Home-Instruction Program for Pre-SchoolYoungsters (HIPPYS), an interesting acronym forCalifornia. Like all pre-school programs, it helps kidsget off to a good start. But all the data shows that theylose the gains of pre-school unless there is some sus-tained effort to maintain them. What the HIPPY pro-


gram really does is to change the family learningculture, and to empower the parents as theirchildrens' first teacher, to make people who cannoteven read a book understand that they can still createa learning environment for their children. That it isnot just a government program. It is the expenditureof public funds to generate a very desirable result.

Let me give you one or two other examples. Presi-dent Reagan signed near the end of his term a welfarereform law which is both liberal and conservative.The conservative part of it — conservative at least inAmerican jargon, although the Scandinavians wouldtake it for granted — is that if you sign up for welfareand your child is a year old or older, you must sign upfor work, and you must take a job if it is offered. Theliberal part of it is that we will stop pretending thatwe're preparing people who can't read for jobs byspending $100 on them. We are authorized to spendup to ten times more money to train people andprepare them to enter the workforce, and if they takelow-wage jobs with no benefits like health insurance,we will take care of their kids' health insurance for ayear, while they work into the jobs. If they needchildcare, we'll pay for that. So there are three liberalspending programs; more money for training, moremoney for childcare, more money for health in-surance, but people go to work.

"[Going to prison is] a shockingevent. At least 5,000 lads committedfoi these offences would be saved fromprison if only some [othei] method ofcollection could be devised . . . "

WINSTON S. CHURCHILL, 20 JUNE 1910

Parents In Full FlightThe bill also requires every state to set up an

automatic withholding program for child-support en-forcement. Forty percent of the tax money you pay forwelfare would not have to be paid if people who canpay their child support would do it. More than anyother country in the world you have parents — nor-mally fathers — in full flight from responsibility fortheir own children. It is wrong.

Individual responsibility is a very important part ofall these programs. Every state that has an overpower-ing growth of prison population — like California orTexas or my state — should examine who is going toprison and why, and whether prison is the best ap-proach for everybody. Who's in prison today? By andlarge young men who are by and large functionally il-literate, and who more often than not have a problemwith alcohol or drug abuse. Every prison system inAmerica should require every inmate not only towork, but to be in school until they can read at a high-school-graduate level. The 27-year-olds you're spend-


ing $30,000 or $35,000 a year on in prison should beviewed like the 15- or 16-year-olds you have in yourschools. The state is in loco parentis. They're all go-ing to get out of prison anyway. They'll all come backto you in one way or the other. It is wrong to turnthem out without an education as well as a workbackground.

First offenders who are non-violent should be giventhe chance to go to a military-style boot camp for 120or 180 days to take drug treatment and try to ordertheir lives in a different way. The boot-camp pro-posals have been underutilized in this country.

EmpowermentEmpowerment is an important thing. That's what I

like about this preschool program. It makes theparents feel good. That's what I like about the welfare-reform program. We interviewed one of our clientsone time in front of about 500 people. This woman,who had a job as a cook in a restaurant was asked ifshe was glad she was required to sign up for work. Shesaid, "I sure am." She was asked if she would havesigned up if she hadn't been required to. "No," shesaid, ' 'I'd be on the couch watching the soaps.'' Whenshe was asked what was the best thing about having ajob she said, "the best thing is when my kid goes toschool and he's asked what his mama does for a liv-ing, he can give them an answer." Power. That'swhat democracy is. It gives the walking-around per-son power.

That's why I favor a big extension of the earned-income tax credit for the working poor. I don't thinkpoor people should pay taxes if they're working.That's why I favor a comprehensive childcare pro-gram in this country, so people can work and be de-cent parents at the same time. That's why I favor —though it's somewhat controversial in my party —school-choice programs, which allow children andtheir parents in public-school systems to go toschools other than the ones they're assigned to aslong as they're not re-segregating the schools. Thoseare the kinds of things that I think we need to bethinking about.

"Stand and Deliver"A lot of you have probably seen the movie "Stand

and Deliver," featuring Jaime Escalante, the teacherat Garfield High School in Los Angeles who left hismore-lucrative computer job to work in the schoolsand led that high school to the largest number ofstudents passing the Advanced Placement tests in ad-vanced mathematics in the country. A lot of peoplewere very moved by that. George Bush went to JaimeEscalante's school in the 1988 campaign and referredto him repeatedly as one of his thousand points oflight. Now that's a nice story; it's a very importantstory. But that's not the real story, especially here inCalifornia. The lesson is that poor Hispanic kids canlearn advanced math. As I have said many times itcannot be that we have to develop a nation of

"These are not dark days; these are great days — the greatest days ourcountry has ever Jived; and we must all thank God that we have beenallowed, each of us according to our stations, to play a part in making thesedays memorable in the history of our race. WINSTON S. CHURCHILL TO THE BOYS AT HARROW, 29 OCTOBER 1941

geniuses to do what we need to do, to lead the worldwe've made. We do not need a nation full of Ein-steins. We need a handful of Einsteins. We need a na-tion full of Churchills — as principals of schools,mayors of towns, governors of states, runningbusinesses that emphasize people development. Weneed people who are visionary, who can imagine thefuture, who believe in themselves and other people inthis country, and who have the will and courage andsustained effort it takes to succeed.

There are a whole lot of people in this country whodon't believe a polyglot nation like the U.S. can dowhat it takes to lead the world that we are movinginto. You have to ask yourselves whether you believethat or not. If you do believe that we can, you willchange your behavior. If you are an employer, you'llmake sure you have a workplace literacy program. Ifyou're a good citizen, you'll make sure everybody inyour workplace who qualifies for it has a collegedegree, you'll make sure every employer in your com-munity has a workplace literacy program. If youstudied our most serious problem, which is what hap-pens to younger workers who don't go on to college,you will try to change the present system we have formoving people from high school to work and put inapprenticeship programs like our European com-petitors have.

We have a higher percentage of school kids workingtoday than ever before, but they're almost all workingin jobs that don't have anything to do with whatthey'll be doing five years after they get out of school.They're doing it to make a car payment, buy designerjeans, and go out on the weekends. They're encour-aged by a lot of people to take dumbed-down coursesso they'll have even more time to work. It is a foolishwaste of resources. Workers under 25 in this countrytoday who have only a high school diploma are mak-ing about 28 percent less than they were 15 years agobecause they're not working in the world economy. Ifwe had an apprenticeship program like Sweden orGermany or a number of other countries that gaveyoung people the chance to work and earn money inan environment in which they were encouraged tolook to the future and keep taking difficult courses —even if they weren't going to college — it wouldchange the whole shape of opportunity for millions ofAmericans, increase our productivity, our income,and our future prospects. I ask you to think aboutthat.

Think about whether you really believe that theUnited States can lead the world it has made, and ifso, can it do it by just rocking along, or do we have to

sound some alarms? The world is very different now.The things the world rewards are the things that wehave to work harder for.

A Closing StoryLet me just close with this story. If you were in my

office today, you would see a number of pictures. I'vehung a picture of my grandparents, my grandmotherand her brother and sister at a little rural school in1916.1 have a picture of my grandfather at a sawmillshovelling wood chips into a furnace in 1923. And Ihave a picture of my great-grandfather in 1952holding my hand when I broke my leg. In overalls helooks like American Gothic. He was. He lived in arural house without indoor plumbing, up on brickstilts with no foundation. It had a storm cellar that Ispent the night in with a lot of snakes and a coal-oillantern when I was a boy. He had no education, buthe was my great-grandfather, and he did give me asense of purpose, meaning, roots, importance, andvalue.

Last fall I spent an hour-and-a-half with elevensixth-graders from the area of South Central LosAngeles that is so dominated by the teenage druggangs. They said their number-one fear was beingshot walking to and from school. Their number-twofear was that when they became thirteen they'd haveto start using crack, join a gang, or get the livingdaylights beat out of them. All but two of theseeleven sixth-graders desperately wished that therewas some system by which they could turn in theirparents (without them having to go to jail the firsttime), so that their parents would have one chance torecover from drugs and be good parents.

It is a long way from my generation, where you canstill have a picture on the wall holding your great-grandfather's hand, to a generation of people who willdetermine your future and who worry about whetherthey can turn their parents in for drug abuse. It is avery different world.

I don't care how good the numbers look, if we donot take seriously these responsibilities we are goingto be in deep trouble. If we do, I think we will trulylead the world we have made.

We owe that to the generation of Americans whoreally made the decision so long ago that inevitablyled to the tearing down of the Berlin Wall, to NelsonMandela walking out from behind his prison wall,and to millions of people hoping for a world in whichthey could at long last raise their children withoutthe spectre of nuclear war. It is a wonderful time to bealive. Let' s not blow it. •


Frontispiece of Mr. Fincher's collection of -forerunners." Blocks of the Churchill-FDR-Stalin Colombian overprints.

So many, many Stamps come after men,but pitifully few before their death.

Also, on four additional occasions,connection can be traced in Stamps on view.

But yesterday, hia words of courage fellupon the Q&T*S of Natlons sore oppressed*He stood against the foe, now Xi.cs he therest aiadon, whence the First Dny Covers cameto grace the leaves of albums many-hued.That last-day cover buried not his spirit,which will live on, true Victory to share.But 'twas his death that stirred "Thematic Fever1

and then the hunt was on, for items scarcewhich, issued ell to mark some other happ'ning,yet serve to show the scenes in which he moved.

?o let me show you, friends, the Stamps which no>are called "THE FORBRUBSEBS" of CHURCHILL THEME.

COLOMBIA.

THE COMMEMORATIVE ISSUE OF THE 19th. JULY, .1_945_, A.NTJJET.S PW

IK DESIOH HISTORY.

The "Three Grant Men" overprints *re mounted below inmint marginal blocks of four, from

the top of the sheet.

The blocks show p wide variation in the formation ofthe backgrounds of the value tpblets, ranging

from clear eroae-hstching to B solidmass of colour.

S.0.620. B.684.

Tablets mainly solid.S.Q.619. B.685. E.G.618. 3.686.

(dreen overprint). (Red ovemrint) .

mmSiSi-mm

The Fincher Collection"I Did It My Way": A Branch of Churchill Philately

BY ROBERT A. FINCHER

GERMANY.

THE JTBOPAGAKDA FIELD -P03TCAHDS OP 1940 - 1 9 * 1 .In his capacity as First Lord of the Admiralty Sir Winston waslampooned by the Nazis in several different issues of "stamps"imprinted on Field .Postcards. The pair shown below are thoughtto have been produced late in the period, without the printer 'simprint, and show Churchill and Chamberlain as very unhappyfigures - "not worth a farthing".

Mf

NEV ZEALAND.

CHURCHILL-RELATED STAMP. THREE-HALFPENNY. SCARLET VALUE9JM?2ACE» ISSUE

Not many people would realise how very nesr thin "related"stamp came to actually being B "portrait on stamp" example.It is fl fact, however, that James Berry, M.B.E., who designedthe "Peace" set, had originally produced an essay showingghurchill '.3. portrait ag the centrepiece. Interestingly, thevalue on this was twopence, not the three halfpence given tothe finally issued item. In view of political considerations,end because it ia contrary to policy to depict any livingperson on a stamp, with the exception of the reigning monarch,Berry was asked to re-think this one, end enme up with nuite

a dramatic winner.

Blnck Bnd white enlargements of the_OiurchiJLl__and three other essays for New 2eoX»nd

stamps, prepared by James Berry, M.B.E.between 1932 and 1946.

NaziFeldpostkaTtenxankasfoieTunneilabelstbutnotstamps.

RNEST HOUR 77, PAGE 10

New Zealand proofs showing the unadopted 2d stamp.

MY INTEREST in stamp collecting began aboutsixty years ago, when my parents decided to

turn out an old cupboard over the stairhead at ourhome. One of the treasures thus unearthed was anold thin red album of German origin, which myfather had tried to fill during the time when he was ata London school for the deaf between 1895 and 1900.What a sight were the contents of those pages, andhow very typical of the period. The only snag wasthat the stamps, almost without exception, had par-tially or wholly stuck fast to the pages, or to eachother. Transparent peelable hinges were a luxury ofthe future, so my father's hinges had been madeeither from stamp edging begged from the Post Officeor POISON labels begged from various Chemists.

Very green and quite undaunted, I bought a littleStanley Gibbons "Improved" album, some properhinges and a packet of blotting paper. Then I set towork, filling a large enamel bowl with rather hotwater, and literally put the whole collection into it,one page at a time, until all was submerged. Theresult was quite spectacular, slimy and senseless, forI was left with many colour-fugitive stamps that werethen no longer as green as I was. Others could hardlysupport their own weight and promptly disintegrated,or were then "unused, without gum", or even moreprobably "ungummed, without much use" —whichever way you may like to consider it! But I hadstarted, not knowing in the least where the "bug"would lead me. I had at least learned my first lessonsabout stamps, the hard way.

At first I was a general collector, as were so many ofmy contemporaries, avidly accepting anything fromanyone. As the years went by I graduated to Great Bri-tain, the United States and the Netherlands only,scarcely meriting the title of specialist in any of thosefields. Those collections gave way, in due course, tothematic fever, and financed a fine collection ofmaterial relative to all aspects of Railways. I shallnever quite remember how it happened, but I con-firmed that I was truly a creature of change by dispos-ing of the latter for a very good price and beginning toamass Churchill material with the proceeds, at aboutthe time of his death and in the years that followed.

It was not until I became a Friend of I.C.S. that Ibegan to think seriously about the task of presenta-tion and writing-up of my growing accumulation ofrelevant items, nor had I asked myself what scope Iwould decide upon regarding the "forerunners"(Churchill Stamps issued before WSC's death) and"Churchill related" extensions that might be ex-plored and illustrated. I realised at once that I couldneither afford, obtain or hope to cope with thepolitical and historical possibilities, such as those soexpertly reviewed in the pages of Finest Houi. I wasvery hesitant to venture too far afield, until I tookparticular note of one such illustration. There before

Mr. Finchei, of Tiing, Herts., UK, presented hiscollection to the Chuichill Societies in 1989.

my eyes was the Jubilee set of British stamps of 1887,with a note about the retention of the Sovereign'syouthful portrait {Finest Hour #45). While thesestamps were on sale when young Winston might havepurchased some, there was no particular direct per-sonal or historical connection between them and therising genius who had yet to start his further educa-tion at Harrow. Contemporary history clearly has itsplace in a collection, and I certainly have no quarrelwith the inclusion of the Jubilee set. However, itmade me think. I came to the conclusion that, if it isreasonable to go so far afield in the realm of history,then it ought to be possible to arrange my collectionas to journey into philately for its own sake. Suchthoughts set the tone for what was to follow.

By the time I had reached that watershed, I had col-lected and arranged, often for local exhibitions, mostof the stamps and ancillary material relative to theperiod after the great man's death. I had also ac-cumulated, in boxes and stockbooks, a sizeablenumber of pre-1965 items, including GermanFeldpostkarten, El Salvador miniature sheets, Ber-muda typesettings, the much frowned-upon Yemensets and almost all of the recognised "forerunners".From these, colourful and pleasing though most ofthem were, one very dull and unprepossessing littletrio emerged for special attention and treatment,namely the red, blue and green overprints of Chur-chill, Stalin and Roosevelt on the Colombian 5 cen-tavos Coffee Plantation stamp of 19 July 1945.

In the process of seeking perfect perforations, I soonhad a large number of these in hand, and each in turncame under the magnifying glass. It soon becameclear that there were very strange differences in thefigure "5" tablets at the bottom corners of thesestamps. On some, the oval of brown colour aroundthe white figure was thick, solid and absolutely evenin texture. On others it was composed of diagonal andquite clearly defined closely-spaced parallel ridges, inalways the same direction downwards, from approx-imately 10 o'clock to 4 o'clock. In a miniature way,the effect can be likened to the difference between aperfectly flat and rolled field and one that has been ac-curately ploughed. I tried to decide whether the samedifferences were to be found on the basic stamps of1939, a large number of which I examined, but foundno really clear evidence of obvious ridges, merelyfaint traces on a very few. It may well be, therefore,that the "ploughed field" effect is peculiar only to asmall proportion of the overprinted stamps.

I have asked myself how it came about that the"Big Three" Colombian overprints should have beenmade on stocks of the American Bank Note Com-pany's stamp of March 1939. Whereas one mighthave expected a 1945 overprint to have been appliedto stamps produced much nearer that date — say of1944 origin — either S.G. 590 (Columbian Bank NoteCompany) or S.G. 484 (Litho. National PrintingWorks, Bogota. Perf. YlVi), it is surprising that thevintage used was laid down six years earlier! Indeed,one of the strange things I discovered, in a study of


Origin of the Coffee Plantation stamp was in June, 1932. Typical of Finchei's detail is showing size variations.

3S8ATiyE I3SDE OP THE 19th. JULY, 1945. AKD ITS PLACE"IN BE3I0M HISTORY.

June, 1932. Flat-bed Recess, by Waterlow & Sons, Ltd. P. 12j.

Watermark: Irregular wav7 lines.

The Coffee Plantation.

S.0.431. B.490.(Type 1 - f i s t ) .

The remaining values of the set sre mounted below.

S.G.429. B.48B. S.0.430. B.489. S.0.433. B.492.Emeralds. Oil Wells. Oold Mining.

S.0.432. B.491.

S.0.434. B.493-

Platinum Mines.

C. Columbus.

mid-period Colombian stamps, was that where manyof them had been either overprinted, surcharged, orboth, seemingly long obsolete stocks had been used,even when stocks of a similar design, but from amuch more recent contract, have apparently beenreadily available and ripe for such treatment. This"generation gap" becomes even more noticeablewhen stamps of dissimilar design are considered.

The really classic examples are those where oldstocks of the 1917 and 1923-29 Perkins Bacon issueswere resurrected. First surcharged in 1932 (S.G.427/8), then again in 1935 (S.G. 478], then as Of-ficials in February, 1937 (S.G. 0.496-508) and finally,later in that year, surcharged (S.G. 513), they servedmany purposes indeed.

I became intrigued by the fact that, between 1932and 1950, Gibbons Catalogue listed no fewer than 19Coffee Plantation stamps of 5 centavos value (in-cluding only one variety — S.G. 498a). I had alreadyamassed a great deal of material which, when sortedand closely examined, produced the following addi-tional items :-

S.G. 431. Both flat-bed and rotary press examples.S.G. 431. Flota Santa-Fe Private Carriers' mail bus 5

centavos surcharge.S.G. 481. Imperforate, and also with differing gauges.S.G. 482. Imperforate.S.G. 483. Distinct shades, and also a copy with half-

inch imperforate top margin.S.G. 498. Completely misplaced overprints.S.G. 535. Mint copy, completely without watermark.S.G. 590. Completely imperforate, and others with

doubled frame lines.S.G.594/5. Similar doubling of frame lines.


COLOMBIA.

THE COMMEMORATIVE ISSUE OF THE 19th. JULY, 1945, AND ITS PLACEIN DESIOH HISTORY.

/It the end of October, 1944, a further set of lithographed, un-watermarked stamps was printed by the Betional Printing Works,Bogota. The 5 centavos Coffee Plantation stamp appeared in an

orange-brown colour.

October, 1944. Twelfth Variation. (Type 3)

As lithographed issue of 27-4-36, but Perf. 12J. No wmk.

Note.: Although the stamps of this issue gauge almost preciselythe 1?i claimed for them, there is 1 vast range of differencein the quality of the perforations and, more particularly, inthe overall sizes of the stamps thus perforated. A number ofexamples of the 5 centuvos value are mounted below illustrating

this.


S.0.484. B.666.

303 x 29 mm. 315 x 28 mm. 33

|

x

Jot

29J

<U

mm.

In the right-hand example above, the frame lines of twooriginally adjacent stamps appear, although the stamp's own

design lies well within its own perforations.31 x 27i mm. 31J x 27i mm. 32 x 33 mm.

The remainder of this set, whioh includes two distinct typesof the 1 centsvo value, are shown on

the following page

S.G. 595.S.G. 484.

S.G. 484.S.G. 618.

S.G. 637.

S.G. 637.

S.G. 647.S.G.721.

Surcharge double (one inverted).A vast number where, although the designsare of uniform size, the overall sizes,measured from side to side and from bottomto top, vary by as much as IVi millimetres.Imperforate.A marginal block of four, and a single, withvery clear red offsets of the portraits on thegummed side.Very many specimens with truncated orbroken figures, and missing letters in CEN-TAVO.Both imperforate and surcharge invertedspecimens.Red Cross overprint double.Block of four with overprints smudgeddiagonally on the gummed side, and anhorizontal pair with overprint double, oneinverted.

Altogether, therefore, I have been able to find wellin excess of sixty 5 centavos Coffee Plantation stampsthat can be clearly shown to be different from eachother in some particular respect. I have little doubtthat a few others exist; but I am resting reasonablycontent m retirement, and no longer stand addictedto the chase. Naturally I remain hopeful that I maystill have the odd stroke of good fortune, but fromnow onwards it will have to come to me, I shall notgo looking for it.

Perhaps my collection and study might havestopped there, and I might have disposed of the hund-reds of other Colombian stamps I had accumulated,cut no — the interest that had been aroused wouldnot go away, and it demanded that I should keep andadd to them, so as to form a study not only of the Cof-

Issue of the "Big Three" overprint was during Potsdam. This page illustrates the two main types of value tablets.

THE COMMEMORATIVE ISSPE OF THE 19th. JULY, 1945. AND ITS PLACE

IH DESIGN HISTORY.

We now come to the particular stamps which formed the maininspiration for the commencement of the design study which

has been undertaken.

19th. July, 1945. The Thirteenth, Fourteenthand Fifteenth Variations.

(Type 4)

Overprints of "Three Great Men", in BLUE, GREEKand RED on the 5 centavos brown Coffee Plantation stemp

of American Bank Note Company (S,0.535. B.599).Perf. 12. Watermark: C between wavy lines,

The overprints show a rather rough representation of the headsof Josef Stalin, Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston S. Churchill.This waa presumably dons as a gesture of goodwill towards theLeaders of the Allies, who were still endeavouring to defeatthe Japanese. Three-quarters of a million overprints were made,2.500 sheets (of 100 stamps) being prepared of each colour.

Blue, Green and Red.

In addition to there being collectible items showing variousshades of the overprint, there are also aome very interestingfeatures in the value tablets of the basic stamps themselves.Whereas, in most cases, the colour in the tablets Is heavy,suffused and standing high in blotches, examples are foundwhere the tablet colouring is very clearly achieved by quiteplain and distinot croas-hatchlng. The rough illustration onthe following page shows the range of variations much moreeffectively than a verbal description. I have endeavoured to

show specific examples in this Collection,

The Basic Issues, in the state moat commonly encountered.

(Solid Colour)

"Three Great Men" onThe Coffee Plantation.

S.G.620. B.684. S.0.619. B.685. .0.618. B.686.

fee Plantation types, varieties and errors, but also ofsuch features as had occurred in the various "sets" inwhich they are classified. Starting with the 1932 set,there are flat-bed and rotary prints of all values, withthe possible exception of the 20 centavos Columbusvalue. Of all the catalogues I consulted at the time ofmy research, only that of Leo Temprano listed arotary print of this. All the specimens I have handledhave been, I believe, flat-bed prints 18x23%millimeters in size, and I do not know which dimen-sion would be increased if a rotary print could be ob-tained.

Next came the 1934-35 trio, with marked differ-ences in design, including the somewhat odd reversalof the posture of the gold miner. The 1935-38 litho-graphed set produced some imperforate pairs, butotherwise not much philatelic interest. The 1937 Of-ficials, on the other hand, produced some trulyremarkable results as regards the positioning of theoverprints. Gross misplacements occur, even to thepoint where they appear either as FICIAL O or LOFICIA. Also of interest in this set is an horizontalpair of the 1 peso value, with the overprints at en-tirely different levels vertically.

The 1939 set (the really important one because itcontains the basic stamp of the Churchill trio whichfollowed six years later) produced few surprisesbeyond the lack of watermark already referred to. The1944 set also was fairly predictable, enhanced only bythe production of imperforate stamps, some withmargins on one or more sides that are as wide or tallas the designs themselves! The surcharges on this sethave already been mentioned. The 1944 lithographed

THE COMMEMORATIVE ISSUE OF THE 19th. JULY, 1945, AND ITS PLACE

IN PESIOH HISTORY.

The two representative tablets below show (in diagram form)the extreme ranges of what may be encountered in a study ofthe value tablets of the "Three Great Men" overprinted issue

of the above date.

Pictorial representations of th»

axtrwaaa of engraving varlatlona on

the value tablets.

S.G.620. B.684.Solid Background.

S.G.620. B.684.

Cross-hatched Background.

set is of note only for the very poor quality of the per-forations and the raggedness of the detail.

We then come to the main interest, the Big Threeof 1945. Mint marginal blocks of four make a goodshowing. Similar blocks appear on First Day Cards.These cards are official postal stationery, produced inlithography by Perkins Bacon, impressed with a 2centavos stamp similar in design to S.G. 364, butbearing instead a view of the National Capitol inBogota. Each card also bears an horizontal pair of thelA centavo Obligatory Tax stamps, S.G. 609. Whilstthe adhesive stamps are cancelled with a normalblack C.D.S., the lithographed stamp is cancelledwith a circular carmine-purple rubber stamp with COR-REOS DE COLOMBIA — PRIMER DIA DE CIRCULACION in a Ci rc le ,

but with no integral date. The date 19 JUL 1945 has thenbeen added, in similar ink, by the use of a greatlyoversize rubber dater. Since no addresses appear onthe three cards, they must be considered as "can-celled to order." Apart from clear colour offsets onthe gummed side, and the "ploughed field effect"already mentioned, this set has produced no surprisesfor me.

So far, I have tried to deal with the Coffee Planta-tion individual stamps and the various "sets" inwhich they occur. Having reached that point, I couldwell have said that I had completed that particulartheme, as linked with Sir Winston. However, I couldnot help realising that a great deal of study and in-terest would be missed if I did not pursue the matterstill further. I therefore set out to show and describethe stamps which had a distinct connection withthose already studied. It entailed picking up the


Several pages are devoted to Columbia's first day covers. The reverse of stamps can be interesting too.

THE C0MKBV3RAT1VS ISSUE OP THE 19th. JULY, 1945, *KD ITS PLACEIK PESIQH HISTORY.

19th. July, 1945. The thlr tsanth, Fourtaanth (Opts, onand Fifteenth Variations T7P« 4)

(continued).

Fund, S.G.609 (Barrige 673). These latter stamps, snd the"Three Great Men" blocks of four, are cancelled by the ordinary33 millimetre circular data stamp "CORREOS DB COLOMBIA -BOGOTA (DESPACHO)" with Integral set type "19 JUL. 45". Theesrds, being uneddressed, must therefore fall Into the category

of CAKCELLED TO ORDER.

S.G.620. B.684. Thirteenth Variation. Overprint Blue.

threads more or less chronologically, and dealingwith the various "founts" from which individualstamps already studied and described were actuallyderived.

This can be seen to be no small task when onerealises that, in the case of the February 1937 Of-ficials, no less than six such founts were tapped. Analmost similar situation arose with the 1937-8typographed surcharges undertaken by Litografia Na-cional, Bogota, for which four separate founts wereused. Studying and arranging the complete "sets" inwhich such fount material was found proved to be themost interesting philatelic pastime of all.

For example, taking the four-fount surcharges, Iwas led straight to the Fourth National Olympiad setof January, 1937. This produced the 1 centavo in-verted surcharge and, in addition to the normal set, aset of Waterlow's specimen colour trials, in orange,Black and purple, instead of the issued green, carmineand black.

Next came the 1937 Waterlow set, with both per-forations of the 1 centavo value. One of the remaining5 centavos surcharges was of course applied to astamp already dealt with, namely the 8 centavos blue1 'Platinum Mine.'' The other was applied to a PerkinsBacon 8 centavos blue "Coat of Arms" stamp of 1926vintage — the outstanding "resurrection" I men-tioned earlier. This latter opened up the way for thewhole of the Perkins Bacon definitive issues of 1917,1920 (3 centavos) and 1923-29, together with or-dinary and provisional surcharges applied to themlater in their existence, and also the 1917 related trio,S.G. AR371/2 and E373 issued for special services.

Amongst all these I managed to acquire manyvarieties of perforation, including irregularities even


THE COMMBIORATIVE ISSUE OF THE 19th. JULY, 1945, ASP IT3 PLACEIS DE3I0H HISTORY.

L ' " ' !™"!" 8 f " t u r " of the "Three Great Ken" overprintedsmps do not end merely with an exhaustive study of what we

h»nn.i J*°; f"°* • ' " • • '•••ause It can almost ae e.sllyhappen that something unususl should be found on their reverse

iJrBlS"ml« M°": b ; t l < l * ' ^"o-copr of Its face side, isreltlv ™lnt "°<* of four, with the red overprint not only, oliarE Vrr »°" a! C°"" " • » " " » » flpi, but alsor c l " « 7 » « " t on th. reverse (gummed) side? Perhaps It

l l 5 ;J°" h o v * h > " t h r " S™atLeaders "backed each other up*.

19th. July, 1945. Fifteenth Variation. Overprint Red.Variety: Offset on Gummed Side.

3.0.618. B.686.

Photo-copy of face aide. Red offset on gummed s ide .

in blocks of four. In the paper field, S.G. 364 wasfound mint in three distinct forms, namely thingreyish-white, thin pure white and thick cream. The1920 3 centavos produced even more fun, appearingoverprinted OFICIO, perf. 14 and with both thedesign and the surrounding perforation areas largerthan the usual stamp. Also obtained were an imper-forate plate proof horizontal pair, 2 "Retardo 1921"overprints (1 mint and 1 used) and one with overprintinverted.

Next came the provisional S.G. 390 mint, andanother used, with a clear watermark (catalogued byA. Barriga as 377c), and the fellow provisionals S.G.391/2, with the lucky addition of the double sur-charge S.G. 392a. These are followed in the collectionby a sunken die proof in black of S.G. 400 (the 40 cen-tavos La Sabana Station) and a mint copy of the issuedstamp.

Then came what I still believe to be my most in-teresting acquisition of all, in the form of a sunkendie proof in black of the lVi centavos chocolatedefinitive S.G. 393 (Coat of Arms type) and two mintissued stamps of differing perforation gauge. At thebase of the die proof the inscription reads UNO y MEDIOCENTAVO. The issued stamps are inscribed UNO y MEDIOCENTAVOS. Someone, somewhere must have realisedthat, if you have one and a half of something, youclearly have something that is more than singular, sothat reference must therefore be made in the plural.The really sad thing is that I know a new die wouldhave been prepared, and no doubt proofs were drawnfrom it, but I have been completely unable to trace orsecure such an item. Any offers?

The remaining Perkins Bacon stamps from thefount are surcharges and include S.G. 427 (a) normal

Rarities in the collection: Red Cross double overprints. The collection ends with Yemen's 1948 set: WSC and FDR.

THE COMMEMORATIVE ISSUE OF THE 19th. JULY, 1945. AMD ITS PLACE

IN DESIGN HISTORY.

May 25th., 1946, saw yet another Coffee Plantation 5 centavoa"resurrection" of the American Bank Note Company's printing of9th. March, 1939, despite the faot that this basic stamp {S.G.535. Barriga 599) had meanwhile been superseded by a similarone produced in 1944 by the Columbian Bank Note Company (S.G.

590. Barriga 651 >.

This further variation of the Coffee Plantation theme took theform of a 12 x 12 millimetre Red Cros3 overprint, in varyingdepths of the red colour, and was issued to represent paymentOf an Obligatory Tax for the Red Cross Fund. 500,000 overprintswere made, and their preparation produced several varieties, inthe form of double overprint, badly displaced overprint and a

Perforation error - additional horizontal line.

?5th. May, 1946. Eighteenth Variation. (Typo 4)Red Cross Overprints on the American 3enk Note

Company's recess printed 5 centavos reddish-brownCoffee Plantation stamp of 9th. March, 1939, (S.G.535,

Barriga 599). P. 12. Wmk.: c between wavy l ines.


The Normal Stamp. Variety: Over-print double.

Cross medium red.

S.G.647. 3.715.

Crosses heavydark red.S.G. 647 •

%rriga 715a.

and (b) with the letters VO partly missing and S.G.427a in a block of four (surcharge inverted).

There were a few stamps which many consider tobe in related sets, indeed several Colombiancataloguers actually group them as though they are.They comprise S.G. 557-62, 587, 666, 676 and 741.This batch yielded high, central and low placementsof the 5 centavos surcharge on S.G. 587, and a doubleoverprint on S.G. 666. This latter I submitted to Gib-bons, who agreed that it was genuine, and that theirsecond edition Part 20 Catalogue was incorrect instating that the basic stamp was no. 591, whereas itshould have been 599, and they assured me that theywould correct the error and include the variety intheir next catalogue issue. It boosted my ego to beable to educate the experts!

The Waterlow blue "Tequendama Falls" 12 cen-tavos stamp of 1937 was joined by a red 10 centavosvalue of the same design in 1948. Five years later in-teresting things began to happen to it. It was selectedto form the basis of an air mail stamp, by the over-printing AEREO in blackish blue. I obtained aspecimen of the first trial print to be made. The let-tering is extremely thin and very well defined.Another specimen shows a somewhat thicker impres-sion, but still much clearer and well formed than thefinal state of the stamps most commonly found. Onone copy of the "intermediate" state the overprint isinverted. The further and final overprint, inDecember 1959, added the "aeroplaneUNIFICADO," so of course the whole of the longUnificado set had to be obtained as well! The basicAEREO stamp was found with various different guidelines, in the form of + or - signs at the corners, and Ialso have what is extremely rare on Waterlow recess

KINCJOM OF YEMEN

STAMPS COMMEMOBATIKO THE ADMISSION OF THE TOiES TO THE II. N.2Otb. September, 1948.

The POSTAGE Set.

Hational Flags.

The Imam Signs. Imam Broadcasts.

National Flags.

A DC3 on Airfield. A DC3 on Airfield.

printed stamps, namely a distinct doubling of the topframe line. My copy also has a + guide line at thelower right corner.

Finally, and on a more colourful note, I felt I had toinclude the multicolour coffee plant spray on the 5centavos Waterlow recess/litho stamp of 10th.January, 1947. It has nothing whatever to do with SirWinston, and is not in the "set" family tree at all, butit is of the right relative centavo denomination and itcertainly has everything to do with coffee planta-tions, the original extension idea.

I hope I have been able to show how the Churchilltheme can be extended philatelically, as distinct fromhistorically, and the great interest and pleasure thatcan be derived from it. There surely must be otherChurchill "forerunners" or "mainstream" stampsfrom which outward trips can be made in a similarfashion. From my own ivory tower, however, I wouldchallenge anyone to find such a trip more extensiveand rewarding than mine. It is most unfortunate thatColombia has become notorious for one particularproduct that causes worldwide addiction to drugs,and the misery that follows their use. By contrast Ihave found much happiness by becoming addicted toone of that country's less harmful plants — coffee, inall its available blends, even when it appears blue incolour, as in S.G. 536.

A smart-eyed checker may find the odd omission orerror in what I have written, in which case I tendermy apologies. What the same sleuth may miss is thefact that I have not included S.G. 379 and 379a. Thereis a very good reason for this, namely their currentmarket price, which is (and has been for a long time)considerably in excess of $3000 and $5000 respective-ly. Any offers? I could afford £ 10 or $15 . . . •


C-R CORNEROld Postage

Recalls the SagaBY DALTON NEWFIELD

"CR" 01 Chuichill-Related stampscue issues not depicting Chuichillbut closely related to events in hislife. Finest Hour has been writing

about them to the amusement ofleaders foi twenty-four years. Weoffer herewith four CR stories fromold issues [including one ChurchillStamp) with the suggestion that, ifyou like this approach, you help bysending us some new material.Numbers are from the Scott [#) andStanley Gibbons [sg) postage stampcatalogues.

1. Did He Keep the Prince Waiting?

Was His Uniform Paid For?

Nicaragua #C587, sg 1559 —Newfoundland #81, sg 86FRESHLY commissioned, YoungWinston in 1896 begged his motherto leave no stone unturned to helphim gain control of his destiny. Hefound valuable allies in his aunt,the Duchess Lily; her new hus-band, Lord William Beresford, whohad been secretary to two succes-sive Viceroys of India and had wonthe V.C. in Zululand; and Na-thaniel "Natty" Rothschild, one ofthe more interesting figures ofBritish history. There was muchcuriosity about Lord Randolph'sson, the ugly duckling who sud-denly seemed to be sproutingswan-like plumage.

Beresford arranged an invitationto a weekend party given thePrince of Wales, and Churchilldistinguished himself by arriving late.This might have gone unnoticed ex-cept that the Prince refused to sitdown to dinner with a total of thirteenand the whole party had to await thesubaltern's appearance. The New-foundland stamp pictures Prince Ed-

F1NEST HOUR 77 , PAGE 16

ward at the time.In trying to make the Regimental

polo team, Winston asked to bor-row £200 from Lady Randolph inorder to buy a really good pony (hisannual salary was about £300). Hewas in debt. One of his tailor billsfor his first uniforms, possibly theone he is wearing in the picture onthe Nicaragua stamp, was not paidfor until 1901! But he continued tomeet all sorts of important peoplewho would stand him in good steadin the future.

FINEST HOUR #19

2. Two C-R- Shipson One Stamp

Sudan #J5IN THE long, meticulous planning byKitchener for the Nile Campaign in1898, an integral part was the con-struction of twelve prefabricatedgunboats, the first of which wasHMS Zafir, shown on the Sudanesepostage stamp pictured here.

While Churchill did not mention

boarding one of these gunboats, hereferred to them often in both TheRiver Wai and My Early Life/ARoving Commission. His cavalryunits drew their water and foodeach night from the gunboats andstern-wheelers that towed stringsof sailboats up the Nile. One eve-ning a gunboat captain, Lt. Beatty,offered WSC all sorts of hospitalityincluding a very welcome bottle ofChampagne which he tossed toChurchill near the shore: "It fellinto the waters of the Nile,'' wroteWSC, "but happily where a gra-cious Providence decreed them to beshallow and the bottom soft."

Zafii arrived in Egypt on 23 July1896 and took part in the advanceon Dongala. Sunk in action in 1898,she was salvaged and converted toa tug for Nile service. She and hereleven sisters are not listed in thestandard works on the Royal Navy;in fact, no mention of the cam-paign appears in the list of RNBattle Honours. Lt. Beatty, how-ever, after long service on Nileflotillas, rose to be the youngest ad-miral in the Navy in World War I,under First Lord of the AdmiraltyWinston Churchill. In the film"Young Winston," glimpses ofrepresentations of the gunboats canbe seen behind the trees lining theshore, and closeups depict thenaval batteries firing.

Behind Zafii, the stamp alsoshows a gaissa, a maid-of-all-worklike the Thames sailing barge. Avariation of the gaissa, which thismay be, is the dahabia, used forpassengers. Churchill says little inhis books about his trip down theNile after Omdurman, except thathe went in a sailboat — undoubt-ably a dahabia. In Ian Hamilton'sMaich, page 8, he says the trip tookfive days.

Our thanks to ships-to-stampsexpert A.W. Mears of Fredericton,New Brunswick. FINEST HOUR #26

3. Twice Saved by Orion

Botswana #84, sg 290Mexico #774, sg 676LT. WINSTON Churchill was gratefulmore than once to the constella-tion Orion. On 16 August 1898, Lt.Churchill was left in Atbara by hissquadron to perform duties whilethey proceeded up to Shabluka. Itwas almost dark when he finished,yet it seemed no problem as he hadbut to follow the river south to thecampfires of his friends. To avoidthe thick and thorny brush hestruck into the desert, and in twohours he was lost, without food orwater for himself or his pony. Sincethe clouds hid the stars, he hadnothing to do but to wait for sun-rise. The hours passed slowly, hisimagination conjured up all sorts ofdark possibilities. Then:

"About half past three in themorning the clouds cleared from onepart of the sky, and the beautifulconstellation of Orion came intoview. Never did the giant lookmore splendid. Forthwith Imounted and rode in his direction,for at this season of the year he liesalong the Nile before dawn withhis head to the north."

Before long both officer and ponywere drinking from the Nile and, ofcourse, they ultimately found thesquadron.

On 12 December 1899, Chur-chill made his famous escape fromthe POW camp in Pretoria. He wasover the wall but his fellows, whohad the compass and the mapwhich were to guide them, couldnot escape.

"But when hope had departed,fear had gone as well. I formed aplan. I would find the Delagoa Bayrailway. Without map or compass Imust follow that in spite of thepickets. I looked at the stars. Orionshone brightly. Scarcely a year agohe had guided me when lost in thedesert to the bank of the Nile. Hehad given me water. Now heshould lead me to freedom. I couldnot endure the want of either."

Surely these stamps are Chur-chill-Related! We are much in-debted to Dr. A.J. Cornish of theAmerican Topical Association in-formation service (Astronomy) forguidance. "Leave it to Sir Winstonto pick out such a beautiful con-stellation," he writes.

FINEST HOUR #31

4. King-Brothers,Thanks to Churchill

Tians-jordan #152, sg 166Iraq #14, sg 78SEVENTY-SEVEN years ago, Secretary ofState for the Colonies the Rt HonW.S. Churchill found his hands

full of a problem not unknown incurrent events: the Arab-Jewishconflict in the Middle East. Afterhis tour (see Finest Horn #18) ofthe area, he decided to cut off fur-ther Jewish immigration pendingsettlements. He elected to set updistinctly Arab governments inMesopotamia and Trans-jordan.His position (contrary to recent re-visionist accounts in the press) wasthat the peoples of the territoriesshould have the final say, and theywere overwhelmingly Arab. Therewould be governments elected bynational assemblies and headed bya king supplied by the House ofMecca. For Mesopotamia, the EmirFeisal was told that if he was accep-table to the population he wouldhave the support of the Britishgovernment. Mesopotamia laterbecame Iraq, and Feisal's pictureappears on the Iraqi stamp il-lustrated. Feisal's brother, Ab-dullah, was supported for a similarpost in Trans-jordan, and his pic-ture appears on that stamp.

The principal problems were theinsistence of the Zionists on mak-ing all of Palestine the Jewish Na-tional Home, which raised fearsamong the Arabs that they wouldbe overrun. Churchill's personalopinion was that the Middle Eastcould not but profit by the immi-gration of as many Jews as could

crowd in. He said theArabs had had centu-ries to do something,but had elected to donothing.

FINEST HOUR #22

Puzzler: Why isthis Turkish stampa crucial CR? Findout next issue.


Churchillophilately:Recent WSC Issues

All the Churchill Stamps Since 1985BY CELWYN P. BALL

Many Churchill stamps are beingissued during the 50th anniversaryof World War II; however, numer-ous issues have appeared since1985, and the object of this check-list is to update the record. Num-bers are from Scott (a set of cor-responding Stanley Gibbons num-bers would be gratefully published-Ed.). The letters " s / s " stand forsouvenir sheets and ' 'o /p" for over-print. I welcome any corrections tothis list, which may be sent to meat 1079 Coverdale Road, RR2,Moncton, NB, Canada E1C 8J6.

ANGUILLATall Ships, 1985

Scott 657-662, s/s 663#660 depicts the Sail Training As-sociation's vessel, "Winston Chur-chill."

ANTIGUAWoild War II Milestones, 1991

Scott 1380-1388, s/s 1389-1390#1383 depicts Churchill and Roose-velt at Casablanca, January 1943.100th Ann., Birth of De Gaulle,1991

Scott 1476-1483, s/s 1484-1485#1484 s/s depicts Churchill withDe Gaulle at Casablanca, January1943.

BARBUDA200th Ann., Birth of De Gaulle,1991

Scott s/s 1272-1273Antigua #1484-1485 o/p BAR-BUDA MAIL. S/s #1272 depictsChurchill with De Gaulle at Casa-blanca, January 1943.

BARBUDA MAILWorld War H Milestones, 1991

Scott 9148-9156, s/s 9157-9158Antigua #1380-1390 o/p BAR-BUDA MAIL. #9151 depicts Chur-chill and Roosevelt at Casablanca,January 1943.

BHUTAN100th Ann., Birth of Roosevelt;250th Ann., Birth of Washington,1982

Scott 351-55, s/s 359-60#357 depicts Churchill, Rooseveltand Stalin at the Yalta Conference,1945.

BELIZECommonwealth Omnibus Issues,1985

Scott 528a-528j, s/s 529#528f depicts Churchill Memorial.

CAYMAN ISLANDS90th Birthday of the QueenMother, 1990

Scott 622-23Both depict King and Queen withChurchill, World War H.

CONGO REPUBLICCelebrities, 1991

Scott 930-937, s/s 938#936 depicts Churchill and DeGaulle.

FALKLAND ISLANDSFalkland Hospitals, 1987

Scott 465-68#467 depicts the new ChurchillWing.

GUYANA20th Ann. of Churchill's Death,1985

Scott 288Sideways o/p in black: SIRWINSTON CHURCHILL 1965-1985.Locomotives, 1990

Scott 807-811, s/s 812-813#810 depicts Pacific Class loco-motive "Sir Winston Churchill."

GUINEACelebrities, 1987

Scott 1041-1046#1046 depicts Sir Winston Chur-chill.World WarH Battles, 1991

Scott 1160-1165, s/s 1166-1168#1166, 1167, 1168 depict Chur-chill with De Gaulle.

ISLE OF MANChurchill as Wartime Leader, 1990

Scott 432-435Churchill on all four values.

JERSEYInternational Youth Year, 1985

Scott 356-360#359 depicts M.S. "Sir WinstonChurchill."

MALDIVE ISLANDSWorld War II Milestones, 1990

Scott 1431-1440#1439 depicts Churchill, Trumanand Stalin at Potsdam, 1945.Anniversaries, 1990

Scott 1506-1513, s/s 1514-1515#1512 depicts Churchill as PrimeMinister.

MARSHALL ISLANDSCommemorating Events of WW2,1989-

Scott 240-251 (1989)Scott 252-253, 253a (1990)Scott 257-260, 260a (1990)Battle of Britain $5/$50 coin

covers (1990)Scott 261-264, 267-270 (1990)Scott 275, 283-284 (1991)


Scott 297 (1992)All above have a Churchill speechprinted on the tab, or selvedge,around panes of stamps. (See"Postage Stamps, Republic of theMarshall Islands Stamp Catalog1984-1992," obtainable from 1Unicover Centre, Cheyenne WY82008 USA.)

REDONDANobel Prize Winners, 1991

Scott 9101-9108, s/s 9109#9105 depicts Churchill and theNobel Prize for Literature.

ST. VINCENT100th Ann., Birth ofDe Gaulle, 1991

Scott 1550-1552, s/s 1553#1551 and #1553 depict Churchill.

Famous Statesman, 1991Scott 1561a-1561h, s/s 1565

Issued in sheets of eight withborder; setenant. #1561c and #1565depict Churchill.

SOLOMON ISLANDS85th Birthday of the QueenMother, 1985

Scott 543-547Churchill with Queen Mother, V-EDay.

TANZANIAWorld WarH in the Pacific, 1992

Scott 824a-824j mini sheetMini-sheet 144 x 210 mm with 10stamps, centre picture of HMS Ex-eter, #824b depicts Churchill,notes declaration of war on Japan.

UGANDA90th Birthday of the QueenMother, 1990

Scott 778-780, s/s 781S/s #781 depicts Churchill andothers during World War II.

UNITED STATESWorld WarU, 1992

Scott 2559a-2559j mini-sheetBlock of 10 plus centre label;#2559d depicts Churchill andRoosevelt.

VANUATU100th Ann., Birth of De Gaulle,1990

Scott 530a-530f mini-sheetSheet of 10 stamps plus 2 labels;#530e depicts Churchill.

WOODS CORNERComments on the Woods Bibliography of the Works of Churchill, 1979

A123a Vol. 6 Editorial ChangeOur attention has been drawn by Don

Dunham, a former foreign service of-ficer writing a history of the period, tothe deletion of Averell Harriman'sname from Churchill's account of theMoscow meeting of 9 October 1944(Chapter 15, p226 of the American Edi-tion, pl97 of the English). It was thenthat Churchill made his now-much-criticized "percentage proposal" toStalin, ceding Rumania as a 90% Rus-sian interest against Greece as a 90%British, and so on, writing the figureson a slip of paper.

Examining scores of copies of Vol-ume 6, Mr. Dunham noticed that someinclude Gov. Harriman (with Stalin,Molotov, Eden and two interpreters) atthis meeting, while some do not; heasked us if there was a pattern. Wefound Harriman only in first Americaneditions (both trade and Book of theMonth Club, ICS A123aa and A123ab),published 30 November 1953. The En-glish Edition, Woods A123b, publishedfive months later on 26 April 1954,omits Harriman, as does every subse-quent reprint of the American Editionwe could find. Ironically, certain newissues, such as the U.S. Chartwell Edi-tion (ICS A123o) and the Easton PressEdition (ICS A123q) put Harriman back,apparently because they were repro-duced from first edition sheets.

We conclude that sometime after 30November, but obviously long beforeApril 1954, Churchill removed Harri-man from the ranks of the present. Ow-ing to the controversy that the "per-centage paper" raised, we can under-stand why a diplomat not presentwould want this corrected. In hisSpecial Envoy to Churchill and Stalin1941-1946 (1975, Redburn A320),Harriman writes that he did not attendthe 9 October meeting and did not learnof the "percentage paper" until the12th. (Dunham believes otherwise.)

The bibliographic question is: wbenwas Harriman's name deleted? Wouldowners of early non-first editions ofVolume 6 (Houghton Mifflin) pleasecheck and let us know if page 226 omitsGovernor Harriman from the October9th meeting? If so, we would appreciatephotocopies of the title page and its ver-so, and knowing whether yours is atrade edition (brick red cloth) or bookclub edition (pink cloth).

Bewaie Early Dust JacketsA Friend of ICS thought he had a

good buy when he was offered Volumes1, 3a and 3b of The World Crisis firsteditions with their original dust jackets(wrappers) for £750. (Fine jacketedsets, 5 volumes in 6 parts complete,sell for £3000 and up.) After consultingwith experts, he thought otherwise.Volume 1 (published 1923) was a well-worn copy in a jacket that includedblurbs on the back for Volumes 3a/3b(1916-1918, published 1927). Volumes3a/3b (1916-1918) did not have the off-setting marks on the pastedowns thatshow a jacket has always been there,and were second impressions, again inreplacement jackets carrying blurbs forVolume 4 [The Aftermath) and MyEazly Life. Needless to say, he returnedthem forthwith.

While jacketed copies of Churchillfirst editions are highly prized, espe-cially for prewar titles, buyers shouldnever assume the jacket has alwaysbeen with the book. While even scru-pulous booksellers shift jackets fromfirst edition to first edition, there aresome who shift jackets from later im-pressions to first editions to glorify thelatter. If the jacket is identical, no oneis the wiser, but in almost every casethere are changes in later impressionjacket faces, flap copy, or even the coloror texture of the paper, that a seasonedcollector can instantly identify. Noto-rious examples: the First English GreatContemporaries, whose orange jacketwas used on all the many reprints in1937, but with variations in flap copythat began to occur with the third im-pression; and English Mazlboroughjackets to Volumes 1 and 2, oftenclipped on the lower front flap in orderto escape the telltale line, ' 'second im-pression." The English Stemming theTide (1953) was republished c. 1965with an all-black jacket. Distinctly dif-ferent from the original 1953 jacket,this one advertises other books pub-lished in 1965. The book under it was aremainder binding of leftover sheets.While experts can tell the boards apart,the sheets are completely unalteredfrom the first edition. So the surestguide is the jacket — if present. Origi-nal jackets have a repeat leaf pattern ona maroon band across the top and bot-tom edges. But suppose the jacket wasswapped?!

The lesson is: know your dustjacketsand, if possible, binding variations aswell. A new ICS publication in 1993,' 'A Guide to the Books of Sir WinstonChurchill," will cover such variations.


From the Canon: The Charge of the 21st Lancers

OMD URMANBY WINSTON S. CHURCHILL

FROM "MY EARLY LIFE"

© WINSTON S. CHURCHILL, MP

ILLUSTRATION BY BEN BRADSHAW

r p H E TROOP I commanded was,J. when we wheeled into line,the second from the right of theregiment. I was riding a handy,sure-footed, grey Arab polo pony.Before we wheeled and began togallop, the officers had been march-ing with drawn swords. On ac-count of my shoulder I had alwaysdecided that if I were involved inhand-to-hand fighting, I must use apistol and not a sword. I had pur-chased in London a Mauser auto-matic pistol, then the newest andthe latest design. I had practisedcarefully with this during ourmarch and journey up the river.This then was the weapon withwhich I determined to fight. I hadfirst of all to return my sword intoits scabbard, which is not the easi-est thing to do at a gallop. I hadthen to draw my pistol from itswooden holster and bring it to fullcock. This dual operation took anappreciable time, and until it wasfinished, apart from a few glancesto my left to see what effect the firewas producing, I did not look up atthe general scene.

Then I saw immediately beforeme, and now only half the length ofa polo ground away, the row ofcrouching blue figures firing fran-tically, wreathed in white smoke.On my right and left my neigh-bouring troop leaders made a goodline. Immediately behind was along dancing row of lances couchedfor the charge. We were going at afast but steady gallop. There wastoo much trampling and rifle fire tohear any bullets. After this glanceto the right and left and at mytroop, I looked again towards theenemy. The scene appeared to besuddenly transformed. The blue-black men were still firing, butbehind them there now came intoview a depression like a shallowsunken road. This was crowdedand crammed with men rising upfrom the ground where they hadhidden. Bright flags appeared as ifby magic, and I saw arriving fromnowhere Emirs on horseback


PRINTS AVAILABLE: SALE BENEFITS CHURCHILL SOCIETIESNew Horizons Publishing will kindly donate a portion of the proceeds from salesto the Churchill Society of the person ordering (USA, UK, Canada, Australia).Prints measure 19x24" and are shipped in sturdy rolls: US$140 postpaid. Fiftynumbered artist's proofs are available at US$200. Send cheque payable to ICS inyour own currency to the editor, Box 385, Hopkinton NH 03229 USA. Note: theoriginal painting is available; inquire. Edition limited to 50 proofs and 950 prints.

among and around the mass of theenemy. The Dervishes appeared tobe ten or twelve deep at thethickest, a great grey mass gleam-ing with steel, filling the dry water-course. In the same twinkling of an

eye I saw also that our right over-lapped their left, that my troopwould just strike the edge of theirarray, and that the troop on myright would charge into air. Mysubaltern comrade on the right,

Wormald of the 7th Hussars, couldsee the situation too; and we bothincreased our speed to the veryfastest gallop and curved inwardslike the horns of the moon. Onereally had not time to be frightenedor to think of anything else butthese particularly necessary ac-tions which I have described. Theycompletely occupied mind andsenses.

The collision was now very near.I saw immediately before me, notten yards away, the two blue menwho lay in my path. They were per-haps a couple of yards apart. I rodeat the interval between them. Theyboth fired. I passed through thesmoke conscious that I was un-hurt. The trooper immediately be-hind me was killed at this placeand at this moment, whether bythese shots or not I do not know. Ichecked my pony as the groundbegan to fall away beneath his feet.The clever animal dropped like acat four or five feet down on to thesandy bed of the watercourse, andin this sandy bed I found myselfsurrounded by what seemed to bedozens of men. They were notthickly-packed enough at thispoint for me to experience any ac-tual collision with them. WhereasGrenfell's troop next but one onmy left was brought to a completestandstill and suffered very heavylosses, we seemed to push our waythrough as one has sometimes seenmounted policemen break up acrowd. In less time than it takes torelate, my pony had scrambled upthe other side of the ditch. I lookedround.

Once again I was on the hard,crisp desert, my horse at a trot. Ihad the impression of scatteredDervishes running to and fro in alldirections. Straight before me aman threw himself on the ground.The reader must remember that Ihad been trained as a cavalrysoldier to believe that if evercavalry broke into a mass of infan-try, the latter would be at theirmercy. My first idea therefore wasthat the man was terrified. Butsimultaneously I saw the geam ofhis curved sword as he drew it backfor a ham-stringing cut. I had roomand time enough to turn my ponyout of his reach, and leaning overon the off side I fired two shots into

him at about three yards. As Istraightened myself in the saddle, Isaw before me another figure withuplifted sword. I raised my pistoland fired. So close were we that thepistol itself actually struck him.Man and sword disappeared belowand behind me. On my left, tenyards away, was an Arab horsemanin a bright-coloured tunic and steelhelmet, with chain-mail hangings.I fired at him. He turned aside. Ipulled my horse into a walk andlooked around again.

In one respect a cavalry charge isvery like ordinary life. So long asyou are all right, firmly in yoursaddle, your horse in hand, andwell armed, lots of enemies willgive you a wide berth. But as soonas you have lost a stirrup, have arein cut, have dropped your weap-on, are wounded, or your horse iswounded, then is the moment whenfrom all quarters enemies rushupon you. Such was the fate of nota few of my comrades in the troopsimmediately on my left. Broughtto an actual standstill in theenemy's mass, clutched at fromevery side, stabbed at and hackedat by spear and sword, they weredragged from their horses and cutto pieces by the infuriated foe. Butthis I did not at the time see orunderstand. My impressions conti-nued to be sanguine. I thought wewere masters of the situation,riding the enemy down, scatteringthem and killing them. I pulled myhorse up and looked about me.There was a mass of Dervishesabout forty or fifty yards on myleft. They were huddling andclumping themselves together,rallying for mutual protection.They seemed wild with excite-ment, dancing about on their feet,shaking their spears up and down.The whole scene seemed to flicker.I have an impression, but it is toofleeting to define, of brown-cladLancers mixed up here and therewith this surging mob. The scat-tered individuals in my immediateneighbourhood made no attempt tomolest me. Where was my troop?Where were the other troops of thesquadron? Within a hundred yardsof me I could not see a single officer

or man. I looked back at the Der-vish mass. I saw two or three rifle-men crouching and aiming theirrifles at me from the fringe of it.Then for the first time that morn-ing I experienced a sudden sensa-tion of fear. I felt myself absolutelyalone. I thought these riflemenwould hit me and the rest devourme like wolves. What a fool I wasto loiter like this in the midst ofthe enemy! I crouched over the sad-dle, spurred my horse into a gallopand drew clear of the melee. Twoor three hundred yards away Ifound my troop all ready facedabout and partly formed up.

The other three troops of thesquadron were re-forming close by.Suddenly in the midst of the troopup sprung a Dervish. How he gotthere I do not know. He must haveleaped out of some scrub or hole.All the troopers turned upon himthrusting with their lances: but hedarted to and fro causing for themoment a frantic commotion.Wounded several times, he stag-gered towards me raising his spear.I shot him at less than a yard. Hefell on the sand, and lay there dead.How easy to kill a man! But I didnot worry about it. I found I hadfired the whole magazine of myMauser pistol, so I put in a new clipof ten cartridges before thinking ofanything else. .

I was still prepossessed with theidea that we had inflicted greatslaughter on the enemy and hadscarcely suffered at all ourselves.Three or four men were missingfrom my troop. Six men and nineor ten horses were bleeding fromspear thrusts or sword cuts. We allexpected to be ordered immedi-ately to charge back again. Themen were ready, though they alllooked serious. Several asked to beallowed to throw away their lancesand draw their swords. I asked mysecond sergeant if he had enjoyedhimself. His answer was 'Well, Idon't exactly say I enjoyed it, Sir;but I think I'll get more used to itnext time.' At this the whole trooplaughed.

But now from the direction ofthe enemy there came a successionof grisly apparitions; horses spout-


ing blood, struggling on three legs,men staggering on foot, men bleed-ing from terrible wounds, fish-hook spears stuck right throughthem, arms and faces cut to pieces,bowels protruding, men gasping,crying, collapsing, expiring. Ourfirst task was to succour these; andmeanwhile the blood of our leaderscooled. They remembered for thefirst time that we had carbines.Everything was still in great confu-sion. But trumpets were soundedand orders shouted, and we allmoved off at a trot towards theflank of the enemy. Arrived at aposition from which we could en-filade and rake the watercourse,two squadrons were dismountedand in a few minutes with their fireat three hundred yards compelledthe Dervishes to retreat. We there-fore remained in possession of thefield. Within twenty minutes ofthe time when we had first wheeledinto line and begun our charge, wewere halted and breakfasting in thevery watercourse that had so nearlyproved our undoing. There onecould see the futility of the muchvaunted Azzne Blanche. The

Dervishes had carried off theirwounded, and the corpses of thirtyor forty enemy were all that couldbe counted on the ground. Amongthese lay the bodies of over twentyLancers, so hacked and mutilatedas to be mostly unrecognisable. Inall out of 310 officers and men theregiment had lost in the space ofabout two or three minutes five of-ficers and sixty-five men killed andwounded, and 120 horses — nearlya quarter of its strength.

Such were my fortunes in thiscelebrated episode. It is very rarelythat cavalry and infantry, whilestill both unshaken, are interm-ingled as the result of an actual col-lision. Either the infantry keeptheir heads and shoot the cavalrydown, or they break into confusionand are cut down or speared as theyrun. But the two or three thousandDervishes who faced the 21stLancers in the watercourse at Om-durman were not in the leastshaken by the stress of battle orafraid of cavalry. Their fire was notgood enough to stop the charge, butthey had no doubt faced horsemenmany a time in the wars with Abys-

sinia. They were familiar with theordeal of the charge. It was thekind of fighting they thoroughlyunderstood. Moreover, the fightwas with equal weapons, for theBritish too fought with sword andlance as in the days of old.

A white gunboat seeing our firstadvance had hurried up the river inthe hopes of being of assistance.From the crow's nest, its com-mander, Beatty, watched thewhole event with breathless in-terest. Many years passed before Imet this officer or knew that hehad witnessed our gallop. When wemet, I was First Lord of the Ad-miralty and he the youngest Ad-miral in the Royal Navy, 'What didit look like?' I asked him. 'Whatwas your prevailing impression?''It looked,' said Admiral Beatty,'like plum duff: brown currantsscattered about in a greal deal ofsuet.' With this striking, if some-what homely, description my ac-count of this adventure may fit-tingly close. •

The Charge as conceived by R. Caton Woodville in The IUustiated London News, 24 September 1898.


ENGLISH-SPEAKING AGENDA

Winston S. Churchill

versus U.S . Congressman

Richard Gephardt

in a 10-round battle

to the death

over protectionism.

THE BELLICOSE LANGUAGE INthe debate on free trade haschanged little in the last 90

years.In 1902, William Humble

Ward, the Earl of Dudley, wroteto his friend Winston Churchill,"Free trade notwithstanding, weare gradually but surely beingbeaten [in world markets], andthe defenseless position that ourpresent system leaves us in,makes us powerless to arrest the

BY M I C H A E L M C M EN AM INREPRINTED BY PERMISSION OF THE AUTHOR AND REASON MAGAZINE

downward tendency. A commercial war is being hotly wagedagainst us and yet because we are cowards we refuse to availourselves of arms to combat our enemies. We are afraid of thetemporary consequences of touching our free-trade policy andwe therefore allow our enemies to ravage our territories un-checked."

Echoing Ward, Rep. Richard Gephardt (D-Mo.) proclaimedin a 1989 speech, "Our past reluctance to use retaliation has leftus without a credible deterrent. The limited and judicious useof retaliation will keep our trading partners convinced that wemean business. Too many analysts have reacted to a raisedvoice at the bargaining table as if it were thelast step before a trade war. If we adoptedthat same posture across the board wewould have lost out long ago."

Now as then, those who oppose freetrade claim they are for "fair trade." Manydeny being protectionists and claim theircalls for "retaliation" are really meant tofurther free trade by opening foreignmarkets.

America's most prominent protection-ist, Gephardt claims to want only to protectAmerican industry from "unfair" competi-tion: "We must forge a new trade policy thatguarantees to our workers and business thatif they make a good product at a competi-tive price, they will have the opportunity tosell it in foreign markets as freely as weallow those countries to sell their productsin our markets. We must have free and fairtrade."

Free traders, on the other hand, have long had the welfareof consumers at the core of their beliefs and rejected national-istic slogans about foreigners "taking advantage of us:"

"Our free-trade plan is quite simple. We say that every[citizen] shall have the right to buy whatever he wants,wherever he chooses, at his own good pleasure, without restric-tion or discouragement from the State. That is our plan....Inpursuit of this simple plan there came last year into [ourcountry], from every land and people under the sun, millions'worth of merchandise, so marvelously varied in its characterthat a whole volume could scarcely describe it. Why did itcome? Was it to crush us, or to conquer us, or to starve us, orwas it to nourish and enrich our country? It is a sober fact thatevery single item, however inconsiderable, in all that vastcatalogue of commodities came to our shores because some[citizen] desired it, paid for it, and meant to turn it to his com-fort or his profit." The speaker was Winston Churchill, MP.The year was 1903.

"English-Speaking Agenda" offers timely opinion on matters affectingwhat Churchill called "The Great Democracies. " Previous articles havedealt with Australia's foreign policy (Finest Hour #66), Britain and Europe(#67), Canada's Constitution (#69), WSC's post-Cold War Relevance(#72) and Statesmanship and Democracy (#75). The views of authors arenot necessarily those of the Churchill Societies, their officers or trustees.

A;

"Every citizen

shall have the

right to buy

whatever he

wants, wherever

he chooses, at his

own pleasure,

without restric-

tion from the

state."

C H U R C H I L L

T T H E T I M E , G R E A T B R I T A I N W A S T H E W O R L D ' Spreeminent economic power. Although its economy con-tinued to grow, the economies of the United States and

Germany were growing faster. As a result, Britain's share ofworld industrial production and world manufactured exportsdecreased, and the share of the United States and Germanyincreased. In other words, Great Britain's economic position atthe turn of the century was strikingly similar to that of theUnited States today. And, then as now, many politicians blamedfree trade.

So why not let Gephardt speak for himself and bring backthat young free trader Winston Churchill tooppose him in a debate on free trade?

At first glance, Gephardt has the advan-tage. In the prime of his career, the formerEagle Scout has run once for his party'snomination for president and finished firstin the Iowa caucus. He is the majority leaderof the U.S. House of Representatives and isrecognized as the chief spokesman forsevere retaliatory tariffs and quotas againstour trading partners. Widely respected byhis congressional colleagues, he is stillprominently mentioned as a future presi-dent.

By contrast, Churchill was only in hisfirst term in Parliament in 1903. While hispolitical career looked promising and he hadachieved notoriety at an early age throughhis books and career as a journalist—includ-ing a daring escape from a Boer prison camp

in South Africa—he was best known as the sonof Lord Randolph Churchill, who had served briefly as Chan-cellor of the Exchequer and Leader of the House of Commonsin 1886.

In 1904, Churchill resigned from the Conservative Party ofhis father and "crossed the floor" to join the Liberal Party. Heswitched parties because the Conservatives had abandonedtheir commitment to free trade. Leaving the Conservative Partyhurt Churchill's reputation. As C.P. Snow observed in hisbiographical essay on Churchill in Variety of Men, "He enteredParliament at the age of twenty-seven, and within a remarkablyshort space of time became the most-hated politician in thecountry, with the honorable exception of Lloyd George."

!

l E P H A R D T ' S V I E W S O N P R O T E C T I O N I S M A N D F R E EItrade are well-known from his presidential campaign,linterviews, and speeches. But despite all evidence to the

contrary, Gephardt rejects the "protectionist" label. He madethis clear in a January 1988 interview with David Frost.

Q: "Isn't your trade amendment a form of protectionism?"A: "It isn't. My approach says: Find the countries that have

a pattern of unfair trade practices against the U.S. and dispatchthe president to negotiate with them to get rid of those practices.If they won't do it, then give the president the power to begin


penalizing their products coming here."But 90 years ago, Churchill saw that free trade benefits

consumers while "fair trade" benefits special interests. "Pro-tection is, in the first instance, undoubtedly beneficial to theprotected trade whatever it may be. It is secured from foreigncompetition....This advantage is however obtained at the ex-pense of the general consumer, who, being deprived of his rightto buy in the cheapest market, has to pay rather more forhomemade goods, and, in the second place, the quality of thegoods is apt to deteriorate....Therefore the consumer will paymore for the articles which he uses and will perhaps not getsuch good articles in the end. His loss willbe more or less severe in proportion to theamount of protection given and to the num-ber of industries protected.... We do not denythat industries may be made to flourish byartificial means in the power of the State toadminister, but we contend that the Govern-ment must look to the well being of thecountry as a whole, not to that of any partic-ular class or section."

Gephardt says little about what impacthis trade policies would have on consumers.In February 1987, Gephardt appeared on"Meet The Press." When the questionsturned to the harsh penalties contained in atrade bill he had authored and to the Amer-ican consumers who would be hurt by it,Gephardt quickly tried to change the sub-ject.

Robert Novak: "Let's talk about Ameri-

'Sometimes, evenwith someone

you respect andis your friend,

you have to takeaction in your

own self-interest to set a

level playingfield."

G E P H A R D Tcan consumers. Aren't you saying that the Amer-ican consumer, that he is going to have limitations if he wantsto buy a Japanese car because he thinks it's a better car?"

Gephardt: "Bob, do you think American consumers arehelped by having foreign markets closed? Do you think ulti-mately the consumer, the voter, the constituent, the person inthis country is helped when foreign countries treat us unfairly?I don't think so. If we're to have economic growth in thissociety, which I think is the most important goal we have tohave, we've got to be on a level playing field. We aren't on onetoday, and the only way we're going to get it is to stand up forthe rights of the people."

TO GEPHARDT, "STANDING UP FDR THE RIGHTS OFthe people" means retaliation or its threat. Gephardtcontends there will be no casualties in the global trade

war he proposes and that no one will really be hurt."It will never happen, because the minute we get tough, the

other countries will finally change their behavior. And just lookin the last year. We finally got tough with the Japanese onmicrochips, and they sat down and did a treaty with us. We gottough with the Europeans on agricultural products, and at thelast minute they finally opened their market the way we hadasked them to do it. We simply haven't been tough enough. This

president stands up to the Soviets; he needs to stand up to theEuropeans, the Japanese and our other trading partners and say:open your markets."

Indeed, far from a global trade war, Gephardt suggests histough attitude on trade is no different from how he treats hiswife, as he told Andrea Mitchell three years later on anothervisit to "Meet the Press."

Mitchell: "You think a trade war would be good for theUnited States?"

Gephardt: "We're not going to have a trade war. This I thinkis the misnomer. We have a marriage with Japan. We are

interdependent. We cannot afford to go onopposite, independent courses. We have toget along. And this negotiation needs to becarried on in a way that we don't break upor have a problem. I said when I was inJapan a year ago that this is like a marriage.I often have disagreements with my wife,Jane. But we don't allow those disagree-ments to have us lose our respect for oneanother or our affection for one another.That's the kind of negotiation and the kindof relationship that we have with the Ja-panese, and I think we can do this withouta trade war."

Taken aback, Mitchell attempted toallow Gephardt to portray a more benignpicture of his domestic life, if not his atti-tude toward Japan.

Mitchell: "Congressman, I have to tellyou. I'm confused by something you said

earlier. You're in favor of imposing tariffs—punishment. Yet you said you don't want a trade war. Imposingtariffs on Japan is creating a trade war. I mean, you comparedit to a marriage, and a disagreement in a marriage; you don'tpunish a spouse with tariffs. That's pretty tough action."

Gephardt: "But sometimes, even with someone you respectand is your friend, you have to take an action in your ownself-interest in order to get a level playing field."

Churchill, however, openly criticized the theory that punish-ing foreigners with retaliatory tariffs would cause them to seethe light. "There is a feeling that England has only to retaliate,and foreign tariff walls will immediately collapse. Well, but allthe great nations of the world are Protectionist; they have beenfor 100 years past, and perhaps for many years before that,endeavouring by every dodge of reciprocity or negotiation toforce each other to reduce their tariffs in eachtrther's respectiveinterests. Where have they come to? Have they reached FreeTrade? On the contrary, their tariffs have risen higher andhigher, and at this moment Free-trade England, which doesnothing. Free-trade England, with masterly inactivity, occupiesin regard to the nations of the world so far as tariffs areconcerned, a position of advantage to which few of the Pro-tectionist countries have attained and which none of them havesurpassed."

Gephardt has often said that he does not really want to use


retaliation. He simply wants to negotiate on a bilateral basiswith a tariff club in his hand. "Right now our trade negotiatorsare questioning if we should take retaliatory steps that we abhorand urge other countries to abhor. Our fear is that if we don'tcontinue to reject retaliation we will lose our capacity to leadon these issues. I believe we must establish a new trade strategyand policy that contains the ability for necessary, albeit limited,retaliation to be used as a method of enforcement....With highlyindustrialized competitors like East Asia and Europe, we mustlook to the practicality of bilateral—wholesale—agreementsthat solve as many complex disputes as possible at the sametime."

Churchill did not believe negotiationswith protectionist countries would be anymore successful than retaliation. "Now, donot let us imagine...that there is very muchto be gained in trade by any negotiatoryproceedings with foreign countries....Whatis the object of Protection? Gentlemen, theobject of Protection is to protect. Franceadopts a system of Protection to protectFrance—to protect the French market—andwhat foreign nations desire to secure bytheir tariff systems is the practical and vir-tual monopoly of their home markets inregard to their special products. I think theyare wrong; but I am not now arguing thatpoint: I am discussing retaliation. It is verynatural that they should be loath to changetheir policy. After all, if a lot of hothouseindustries reared up under artificial condi-

in fast-food restaurants; we have watched Americans begin todoubt their ability to meet foreign competition."

B"Every vote given

for Protection is

a vote to give

Governments the

right of robbing

Peter to pay

Paul, and charg-

ing the public a

commission on

the job."

C H U R C H I L L

U T C H U R C H I L L H A D L I T T L E P A T I E N C E F O R S U C Hspecial interest pleading. "The finished product of onetrade is the raw material of another. By placing taxes on

any of these commodities to raise their price you may indeedfor a time help this trade or that trade, but it will only be at theexpense of this or that other trade and to the impoverishmentof the general consumer. No one can tell whose enterprise will

be hindered or whose it will be that will beundermined. You may, by the arbitrary andsterile act of Government—for remember.Governments create nothing and have noth-ing to give but what they have first takenaway—you may put money in the pocket ofone set of Englishmen, but it will be moneytaken from the pockets of another set ofEnglishmen, and then the greater part willbe spilled on the way. Every vote given forProtection is a vote to give Governmentsthe right of robbing Peter to pay Paul, andcharging the public a handsome commis-sion on the job.

"To say that Protection means greaterdevelopment of wealth is unspeakablehumbug. The Democratic Party in Americaand the Socialist Party in Germany aremade up of the poorest and least fortunateof these countries: and have they not

tions, are suddenly exposed on equal terms to thecompetition of our hardy out-of-door plants, widespread ruinmust occur. In a country whose complicated trade and industryhas grown up on the basis of Protection any sudden changecould not fail to be disastrous, and would be resisted inch byinch by all the great interests concerned.

"The political parties in foreign countries are arranged forthe very purpose of making sure that no sudden reduction ofthe tariff shall take place which will deprive their great organ-ized vested interests of the monopoly of the home market."

Gephardt talks a good game about opening closed foreignmarkets to American exports, but a careful review of his recorddemonstrates that protecting selected American industries andtheir employees at the expense of American consumers is hisreal concern.

Gephardt came close to admitting this in 1987. "Meanwhile,more automobile workers have been laid off; more farm equip-ment businesses have closed down; more high-technologymanufacturers and agricultural producers have found foreignmarkets closed by unfair trade practices.

"This situation has a fundamental impact on our nationalsecurity, our economic future, and our self-image as a nation.We have watched America transformed from the world'slargest international lender to its largest debtor; we havewatched American workers turned out of factories and into jobs

learned by bitter experience that high protectivetariffs, whatever profits they may confer on capital, whateverprivileges they may bring to certain of the higher ranks oflabour, are to the poor and to the poorest of the poor an accursedengine of robbery and oppression?"

Churchill was sympathetic to domestic industries, but hefirmly believed open competition was in their best interests justas it was for consumers. "We Free Traders are often told thatwe should consider the producer more, and not think so muchabout the consumer. The great manufacturers are the largestproducers in the country, but they are also by far the largestconsumers. The more they produce, the more they have toconsume. The bigger the mill, the more it costs to run. Themanufacturer, therefore, wants one thing dear—the thing hesells—and a hundred things cheap which he uses. Now letanybody who is familiar with the working of some big mill—Idon't care what kind of mill—think how much the cost ofproduction would be increased if everything used in that millcost 10 percent more. If the machinery cost more, and the oil,and the lamps by which the mill was lighted, and the building,and all the materials out of which it was made, and the paperon which the accounts were kept, and the glass in the spectaclesof the senior partner—and so on."

Gephardt has much less faith in the market's ability to serveconsumers. His recent comments on the Japanese purchase of


a substantial minority interest in Titanium Metals Corporationof America reveal much about his thinking.

TIMET accounts for about half of all U.S. titanium produc-tion. Two other companies produce the rest. Together, the threeU.S. companies account for roughly 25 percent of world pro-duction while Japanese companies account for another 22percent. Gephardt railed against the Japanese involvement withTIMET. "I remain concerned about the extent to which the U.S.Department of Defense is and will continue to be reliant onTIMET for its titanium needs. The increasing amount of foreignacquisitions of U.S. technology in our high tech companies isalarming."

But why would Japan, if it could, stopTIMET from trading with the biggest marketin the world? And if it did, why doesGephardt assume that the other two U.S.manufacturers of titanium alloy would notexpand their manufacturing capacity tomeet demand, or that companies from othercountries would refuse to sell to the UnitedStates?

Churchill addressed just this sort ofthinking in a 1903 speech. "'I think it wasBurke who said of the French Revolution-ists, that they forgot every set of circum-stances. So it is with the fair traders. Theywatch the river flowing to the sea, and theywonder how long it will be before the landis parched and drained of all its water. Theydo not observe the fertilizing showers bywhich, in the marvelous economy of nature,the water is restored to the land."

Gephardt once suggested on "Meet the Press" that tariffs beimposed on all foreign goods to help balance the budget. "Ifwe're going to bring in revenue, there are two sources we oughtto look at: one is energy taxes, either a gasoline tax or an oilimport fee; and, I would like to look at an across-the-boardimport fee on all products in order to bring in some revenue tohelp the deficit."

Churchill did not believe this was a path to prosperity: "Thetheory of Protection is either right or wrong. The doctrines thatby keeping out foreign goods, more wealth, and consequentlymore employment, will be created at home, are either true orthey are not true. We contend that they are not true. We contendthat for a nation to try to tax itself into prosperity is like a manstanding in a bucket and trying to lift himself up by the handle."

Gephardt views international trade as a battlefield, a zero-sum game where there are winners who prevail only at theexpense of the losers. "The issue is not just trade or inter-national competitiveness. That sounds like some kind of agame. What we have to talk about is what's happening to thefabric of the economy of this country. What's happening to theloss of jobs, the loss of wages, the declining standard of living.Our position, compared with the Japanese and the Germans andthe others, we're losing the trade battle. And we're losing it notjust because the trade rules aren't fair, we're losing it because

"We must

establish a new

trade strategy

and policy that

contains the

ability for neces-

sary retaliation

to be used

as a method of

enforcement."

G E P H A R D T

we aren't preparing the people of this country to meet thatcompetition....The American people want to know how we'regoing to win this competition and how we're going to hold ourstandard of living."

Churchill faced identical arguments from xenophobes in1903. His prescient response demonstrates a grasp of peace andfree markets that will forever elude Gephardt. "Free-tradersdeclare that both the selling and the buying of these things wereprofitable to us; that what we sold, we sold at a good profit, fora natural and sufficient return; that what we bought, we boughtbecause we thought it worth our while to buy, and thought we

could turn it to advantage. And in this waycommerceis utterly different from war. sothat the ideas and the phraseology of the oneshould never be applied to the other; for inwar both sides lose whoever wins thevictory, but the transactions of trade, like thequality of mercy, are twice blessed, andconfer a benefit on both parties. Further-more, the fact that this great trade existsbetween nations'binds them together inspite of themselves, and has in the last thirtyyears done more to preserve the peace of theworld than all the Ambassadors. Prime Min-isters, and Foreign Secretaries and ColonialSecretaries put together."

Mr. Gephardt has turned from hisparty's historic support of free trade andhas made fair trade and protectionism apillar of his program, and has done so inthe face of uncontested economic evidence

that the post-World War II international eco-nomic order based on free-trade principles ushered in anunparalleled world prosperity from which the United Statesclearly received the greatest benefit.

A recent International Monetary Fund report demonstratesin practical terms just how prosperous the United States is inrelation to other countries. The U.S. has 572 automobiles. 650telephones, and 621 televisions for every 1,000 citizens. No oneelse is close. West Germany, for example, has only 446 auto-mobiles, 641 telephones, and 377 televisions for every 1,000persons. And Japan fares even worse: 235 automobiles. 535telephones, and 250 televisions.

What is really going on here? Why have traditional FreeTraders spurned free trade in favor of protectionism andretaliation? In 1904, Churchill already had the answer."Frankly, I believe that retaliation as now put forward is. froma commercial point of view, humbug. I do not believe that it isput forward from commercial motives, to benefit the trade ofthe country. I believe it has been put forward from politicalmotives to suit the convenience of a party."

Thank you, Mr. Churchill. Thank you, Mr. Gephardt. *

Friend oflCS/USA Michael McMenamin is a lawyer in Cleve-land. A portion of this article was written in Kent, England, afew miles from Chartwell, Churchill's country home.


ACTION THIS DAY EDITED BY JOHN G. PLUMPTON

FOURTH QUARTER 1892 • Age 18The Churchills had been forced

to move from 2 Connaught Placeand move to 50 Grosvenor Squarewith the Duchess of Marlborough.In October they were also forced torelinquish Banstead. This was par-ticularly distressing because LadyRandolph was seriously ill at thetime with peritonitis.

In November Winston made hissecond attempt at the Entrance Ex-amination into Sandhurst. Hewould not obtain his results untilJanuary but Reverend Welldonwrote the boy's parents that he wasconfident of success.

Winston's son, Randolph, wouldlater write these comments abouthis father's schooldays: "Thelegend, partly fostered by himself,that Winston was a preternaturallystupid little boy has doubtless en-couraged habits of indolence inmany generations of other school-boys, and has no doubt often af-forded some solace to their parents.We have seen enough of his workto denounce this legend as false.He was not stupid; indeed he earlyshowed originality of mind. Hewas obstinate, rebellious andmischievous. No one could makehim do or learn anything againsthis will. Unthinking school-masters found it easier to writehim off as stupid than to scrutinizeand adapt their own methods. Yetdespite his ostensible failure atschool, these unhappy years werefar from wasted. His parents kepthim at a distance and this, com-bined with his mutinous outlookat school, early compelled him tostand on his own feet and to makehis way in the world by his own ex-ertions and by his own methods.He had to fight every inch of hisroad through life; nothing cameeasily to him, not even oratory andwriting, in which he was later toexcel. To achieve success he had todevelop that intense power of con-centration that, as it grew, was toserve him and his fellow country-men so well."

FOURTH QUARTER 1917 • Age 43The horror of the attacks at

Passchendaele, which began 12 Oc-tober is best described by Churchillhimself: "The British offensiveagainst Passchendaele unrolled itssombre fate. The terrific artillerypulverized the ground, smashingsimultaneously the Germantrenches and the ordinary drainage.By sublime devotion and frightfullosses small indentations weremade upon the German front. Insix weeks at the farthest point wehad advanced four miles. Soon therain descended, and the vast craterfields became a choking fetid mudin which men, animals and tanksfloundered and perished hope-lessly.

Fully aware of the consequencesof what was happening on theWestern Front, Churchill asked:"If we lose three or four times asmany officers and nearly twice asmany men in our attack as theenemy in his defence, how are wewearing him down?"

On the Eastern Front, Russia wascollapsing from within. In OctoberLenin returned from exile and on 6November Bolshevik mobs joinedby soldiers and sailors, and theworkers' Red Guards, stormed theCzar's Winter Palace in Petrograd.With civilian and military casual-ties well over ten million, Russiawanted peace but a civil war be-tween the Bolsheviks and Keren-sky's government ensued.Hostilities between Russia andGermany would end with theDecember signing of a treaty atBrest Litovsk in Byelorussia.

Churchill was also frustratedover the inappropriate use of tankson the Western Front. They hadbeen useless at Passchendaelebecause the battlefield had been aquagmire. As the Passchendaelebattles ended, a new offensivebegan at Cambrai. Tanks contri-buted to a penetration of six miles,more than any previous British of-fensive, and the capture of moreprisoners with considerably fewer

casualties. The War Cabinet beganto show more interest in whatChurchill called "moving power."He later claimed that if he had beenable to convince them of the poten-tial of the tank in 1915, the warwould have ended that year.

Ironically, these attacks coin-cided with the execution of thenotorious spy, Mata Hari, who hadprovided valuable knowledge abouttanks that allowed the Germans todevelop gas and other weapons torepel them.

On 10 December Churchill madea speech at Bedford on Allied WarAims. Acknowledging that thecountry was facing its greatestdanger since the battle of theMarne had saved Paris, he said thatthey could not rest until "Prussianmilitarism is unmistakably beatenand the German people are savedfrom its evil spell."

He made several visits to Franceand to the Front, usually flyingacross the Channel. Since most air-planes were required at the Front,the machines at the disposal ofpoliticians were often not safe. Hehad several narrow escapes andonce almost crashed into the Chan-nel before limping back to safety.

Prime Minister Lloyd Georgewanted Jerusalem for his Christ-mas present and General Allenbyled his forces into the city on 9December. Although Palestine wasnow British, the Government hadalready informed Jewish leadersthat it would support Zionistaspirations for a permanent na-tional homeland in Palestine.Although Churchill spoke withinCabinet circles for British dis-engagement from Palestine, he wasnot formulating British policy.

FOURTH QUARTER 1942 • Age 68In early October Churchill went

to Scotland to receive the Freedomof the City of Edinburgh and tovisit the Home Fleet. The PrimeMinister was showing great fatigueand stress and so he made several


journeys to rest at Chequers, buthe was seldom alone. Among hisvisitors were Smuts, Attlee, Crippsand numerous senior military of-ficers. His stress showed in hisresponse to an article in the NewStatesman about British policy inIndia. He protested to Bracken:"Pray stop any repetition of anyNew Statesman comments outsidethis country till you have been per-sonally consulted on the text ofeach message."

This period saw the turning of"the Hinge of Fate." As the Rus-sians stopped the Germans at Stal-ingrad, the British opened an offen-sive at El Alamein. As Rommel'sforces were in full retreat in EastAfrica, the Allies landed in theWest, under "Operation Torch."

After Alexander advised Chur-chill to "Ring out the bells" tocelebrate victory in Egypt, Chur-chill told a Lord Mayor's luncheonat Mansion House: "This is not theend. It is not even the beginning ofthe end. But it is, perhaps, the endof the beginning."

Churchill's Private Secretary,John Martin, recorded the visit toMansion House in his diary:"These have been exceptionallyactive days. I do not remember anymore so since the summer of 1940.For the Lord Mayor's luncheon thePM and Mrs. Churchill drove intothe City in an open car . . . loud-speaker vans had announced hiscoming and we made a triumphalprogress along the Strand and FleetStreet, up Ludgate Hill and past St.Paul's. There were huge and en-thusiastic crowds, with scarcelyenough police to control them, andat the last stage we had difficulty ingetting through."

On the German side, Hitler wasdetermined to stand firm andordered no retreat in both Russiaand Africa. British cities were stillnot completely safe. On 31 Oc-tober waves of German bombersblasted the cathedral city ofCanterbury in the biggest daylightraid since the Battle of Britain.

Vichy France became moreovertly pro-German. It broke offdiplomatic relations with theUnited States and in response

Canada severed relations withVichy. However, it did not savethem: the Germans invaded Unoc-cupied France. Petain became a vir-tual prisoner and Laval a puppet ofthe Germans. French naval com-manders were ordered to scuttlethe fleet in Toulon and all obeyed.Some captains went down withtheir ships. Admiral Darlan aban-doned Vichy after the Allied land-ing in North Africa and orderedresistance fighters to side with theAllies. Darlan was assassinated andsucceeded by General Giraud asHigh Commissioner and Com-mander in Chief in French Africa.

In a broadcast to the Italian peo-ple, Churchill told them to ousttheir leaders or face shatteringAllied air blows.

The Beveridge scheme for com-pulsory social insurance, the basisof the postwar welfare state, wasannounced in early December.

Churchill made some changes inhis Government. Herbert Morrisonreplaced Sir Stafford Cripps. LloydGeorge advised his old friend thathe did not want a role in this war:"I've had my show. This is yourshow and I don't want to interferewith it."

Eleanor Roosevelt came to Bri-tain to see firsthand the effect ofthe war on the British people, par-ticularly the women. She was ac-companied on a number of her ac-tivities by Clementine, who visiblyshowed the strain in keeping up tothe pace set by the First Lady.

Although Churchill greatly ad-mired the work of both the Roose-velts, according to Mary Soames heand Eleanor "never really got on."One evening the British PrimeMinister and the American FirstLady had a "slight difference ofopinion over Loyalist Spain" andrequired the conciliating role ofClementine. Nevertheless, whenEleanor left Britain, Churchillwrote her a note that included thecomment that ' 'you certainly haveleft golden footprints behind you."

As the year ended, fierce fightingraged on Guadalcanal, the Germanswere in full retreat at Stalingradand the Allies were closing in onRommel's forces in North Africa.

FOURTH QUARTER 1967Volume Two of Randolph Chur-

chill's biography of his father waspublished in October. Many com-mentators have noted that Ran-dolph was not above using the biog-raphy to make political points indefence of his father. Most parti-cularly he wanted a chance to eval-uate the "Men of Munich." Somefelt that he was getting his shots ina little too early. In reviews ofVolume Two, Cyrus Sulzbergercriticized the "irritating asides"and Asa Briggs said that there were' 'too many peeps around the cornerinto the future."

In The Spectator, Nigel Nicolsoncommented that "no future bookabout Winston can hope to be any-thing but a commentary on Ran-dolph's." That comment remainedtrue throughout the publication ofthe remaining volumes by Ran-dolph's successor, Martin Gilbert.

A research assistant on VolumeTwo, Gilbert tells of RSC as biog-rapher: ' 'Randolph was often impa-tient with the earlier periods of hisfather's life; but he did not intendto neglect them. Throughout theGreat Work he aspired to high pro-fessional standards. He had a finelibrary and a magisterial set ofreference books, which he con-sulted continually. He could sniffout dubious facts like a blood-hound. He believed that nothingneed remain obscure for long. Insearch of unknown documents, hesent his research team to the veryends of the archival earth. His owndetailed knowledge was for-midable. Above all, he had enor-mous enthusiasm for recent Britishhistory. He demanded at all timesto be fed with new material. I oncesent him what I knew to be a finediamond from New York, a com-plete set of the letters which hisfather had written to the Americanpolitician Bourke Cockran at theturn of the century, and awaitedwith some complacency his warmapproval. To my chagrin I receiveda telegram which, while startingCOCKRAN STUFF EXCELLENT, continuedimperatively: PLEASE GET MORE. Hewas quite right; no research everreally comes to an end." •


Book Reviews"The World Crisis": A New One-Volume EditionA Fine New Book on Churchill the WriterChurchill as Idea Man During the 1945-51 Opposition

The World Crisis: One Volume Editionby Winston S. Churchill. New York: Scribner-Macmillan, 1992, 866 pages, maps & charts. $35. ICSprice $28. See New Book Service sidebar.

Reviewed by Richard M. Langworth

WHEN Charles Scribner Jr. told us he planned tobring out a new edition of Churchill's masterful

World War I memoir, we expressed grateful apprecia-tion, because the one-volume World Crisis is morethan a mere abridgement. It contains a much fulleraccount of the great opening battles in France, includ-ing an entirely new chapter on the Battle of theMarne; two-thirds of the text concerns 1914-15 whenWSC played a crucial role,- and there is a more accu-rate account of Lord Fisher's resignation, whichprompted the government crisis that toppled Chur-chill from the Admiralty in May 1915. Thus the one-volume World Crisis is essential for any library.

The first hardbound edition anywhere in the worldsince 1949, the 1992 issue is good value for money.First editions from 1931 cost $75 or more, whilejacketed copies (very rare) are worth several hun-dreds. This new edition costs only $35 (ICS $28),exactly reproduces the original's 866 pages, is un-changed in dimensions and printed on better paper.

The faults are ones we expect from modern reprintsof classic works. Twenty original, mostly two-color"facing page" maps, both page-size and gatefold,have been eliminated. Since they covered broadersubjects than the smaller "in text" maps (and pro-vided a blow-by-blow map sequence of the Battle ofJutland), they will be missed by connoisseurs. Thebinding is half cloth — and half cardboard; andreaders of Douglas Russell's ICS book on Churchill'sorders and decorations will find that the medalsacross WSC's chest on the otherwise handsome dustjacket are incorrectly colored. These are admittedlyfine points (perhaps the last can be corrected if thereis a reprint?), and at its cost, the book can be forgiventhem. If you haven't yet experienced what manybelieve is Churchill's richest prose work, here it is ata bargain price.

Churchill the Writer: His Life as a Man of Letters

by Keith Alldritt. London: Hutchinson, 1992. Hard-bound, illus., 162 pages. £16.99. ICS price $27. SeeNew Book Service sidebar.

Reviewed by Professor James W. Muller

CHURCHILL'S biographers have never over-looked his books, finding in them a source as in-

dispensable as it is irresistible. Yet they are apter toplunder them for an incident or a turn of phrase thanto reflect on his life as a writer. Churchill's deedshave eclipsed the shelfful of books he wrote, whichmost biographers treat simply as a lucrative diversionfrom politics. Though William Manchester begins hissecond volume of biography ("The Last Lion," 1988)with an evocative description of Churchill's mannerof writing at Chartwell in the 1930s, and the officialbiography (particularly in its companion volumes) af-fords glimpses of Churchill's literary life that arenowhere else available, fuller accounts are few.Maurice Ashley's Churchill as Historian (1968) andManfred Weidhorn's Sword and Pen: A Survey of theWritings of Sir Winston Churchill (1974) are the bestgeneral studies, which have now been joined byFrederick Woods' Artillery of Words: The Writings ofSir Winston Churchill (1992, reviewed in Finest Hour#75) and this fine new book by Keith Alldritt.

A professor of English at the University of BritishColumbia in Vancouver who has written criticalstudies of Orwell, Lawrence, Eliot, and modernism,and three novels as well, Alldritt also serves as anacademic advisor to ICS/USA. He brings to this studyboth a scholarly acquaintance with recent Englishliterature and a writer's practical appreciation forEnglish prose. His book is a literary life of Churchill,written to recount "the career of a professional writerwhich lasted some sixty years and which predatedand facilitated his other career in politics." Alldritt'sclaim that "the two careers stand in a creative,

fames W. Muller is a Professor of Political Science atthe University of Alaska, Anchorage. Raymond Calla-han is Director of the Master of Arts in LiberalStudies Program, University of Delaware. ManfredWeidhorn is Guterman Professor of English atYeshiva University. All are members of the ICSAcademic Advisory Board. William John Shepherd isa Friend of ICS/USA from Crofton, Maryland.


dialectical relationship with each other" (viii) cor-rects the usual treatment of Churchill's writings bybiographers and justifies the more careful scrutinythat he offers in Churchill the Wiitei. Setting asidehis speeches as a separate subject, Alldritt provides anassessment of Churchill's books from The Story ofthe Malakand Field Force to A History of the English-Speaking Peoples, beginning with Churchill's literarydebt to his father and ending with his letter to Ber-nard Baruch in 1957 announcing that he had "retiredfrom literature" (161).

Though Alldritt judges Churchill's prose to be "ofan outstanding literary quality which belongs un-questionably in the canon of English literature in thiscentury," he considers WSC's work uneven. Hefinds fault with what he calls "Churchillese, a grandbut pretentious language made up of ringing phrasesand sentences that at times have little relationshipwith the known realities of experience" (vii). Nordoes he shrink from taxing Churchill with prolixityin his final works, which he frankly calls "turgid"and worse (viii). Some of these failings were due toChurchill's reliance on what he called "the Syn-dicate" of assistants who helped to put these bookstogether. But Alldritt praises the works that appearedbefore the 1940s for their "prose marked by wit, sub-tle human insights, pace, drama and a poetic richnessand allusiveness" (viii), beginning with theMalakand, which marked "the debut of a con-siderable literary talent" (13-14). He calls Churchill'ssecond book, The River War, "a classic of historicalwriting" (22), discerning in it "some of the qualitiesof epic" (16). While acknowledging the "very ob-vious limitations" of the novel Savrola, which Chur-chill himself disparaged, Alldritt points out the com-plicated character of the eponymous hero of the book,"who concerns the author far, far more" than theother characters (27-28), and the philosophicalruminations that most commentators have ignored.(For more on Savrola, see Patrick Powers' apprecia-tion, Finest Hour #74.) Churchill's "startlinglyenergetic literary debut" ended with the two bookson the Boer War, tales of adventure that "constitute agenuine literary achievement" (38).

One of the merits of Alldritt's book is his steadyeye on Churchill's reading, beginning with his self-education in India,- on Churchill's enthusiasm forearlier writers from Gibbon to Defoe, who served asmodels for his prose; and on his wide-ranging literaryacquaintances. Alldritt's account, though not exhaus-tive, is the more illuminating for his perceptive con-trasts between Churchill's treatment of war and theemerging fashion of the twentieth century. Unlikethe poet Wilfred Owen, who appeals to our "sensesand feeling" by showing us all the "terrible visualand palpable detail" of war, Churchill remains "fac-tual and dispassionate" (9). Yet his prose becomespoetic "quite unselfconsciously" when he writesabout war: an "unashamed atavism" on the part of aman who must be called a "warrior" (100-101).While critics have often remarked on Churchill's old-

ICS NEW BOOK SERVICE

Providing new books at discounts as a service to Friendsof the Society. Shipping $3 first book, $1 each addi-tional anywhere in the world [allow for surface postoutside USA). Order from Churchillbooks, 181 BuriageRoad, Hopkinton, NH 03229 USA. [Bookshop price inparentheses.) Equivalent sterling welcomed.

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A31bg). New York: Charles Scribners Sons, 868 pages,maps, charts & plans. An important book. ($35) . . $28

1043. Churchill the Writer: His Life as a Man of Let-ters, by Keith Alldritt, 162pp (£17) $27

1044. Churchill: A Major i\few Assessment, Blake &Lewis., eds., 480pp ($29.95) $23

1045. A Harmony of Interests: Explorations in theMind of Sir Winston Churchill, by Manfred Weidhorn,192pp ($32.50) $26

Books By Churchill1001. India: Defending the Jewel in the Crown 1st US

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first American edition, 234pp ($19) $171005. My African Journey, Cooper English Edition,

134pp, illustrated with photos (£15) $281006. My Early Life: A Roving Commission, Cooper

English Edition, 388pp, illustrated (£16) $321015. Savrola, WSC's only novel, Cooper special

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ultimate single-volume biography. Not an abridgementbut all new. Strongly recommended — indispensablefor anyone interested in WSC. Six first editions left.($35) . . . $23

1033. The Sir Winston Method: How to Speak theLanguage of Leadership, Humes, 1900pp. ($17) . . . $13

1036. Artillery of Woods: A Survey of the Writings ofWinston S. Churchill, F. Woods, 184pp (£17.50) . $30

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fashioned fondness for war, Alldritt hardly finds inhis writings an uncritical celebration of it. He drawsour attention to Churchill's regrets at the disap-pearance of nobility from modern mechanized war-fare. This theme is prominent in Thoughts andAdventures, Churchill's neglected book of essaysfrom the early 1930s, and it figures also in his life ofMarlborough. It accounts for his urgency in lookingfor a second front in the First World War: as TheWoild Crisis shows, the Dardanelles campaign arosefrom Churchill's search for an alternative to the masscarnage on the western front. Later, his admirationfor the poems of Siegfried Sassoon, who was hardly afavorite among Churchill's brother officers at thefront, evinced his refusal to countenance a senselessslaughter.

Among the works that followed Churchill'sprecocious early years as a writer, Alldritt admiresthe great biographies of Lord Randolph Churchill andof Marlborough, and he praises the early volumes ofThe World Crisis. Yet he avers that Churchill's ex-cellence as a writer "is often best seen in the smaller,more modest prose forms, in his essays and characterportraits" (161). In Thoughts and Adventures, andagain in Great Contemporaries, which Alldritt neatlydubs Churchill's "brief lives" (136), one sees Chur-chill's "special abilities with words": "his delicatelyinsinuating humour, his sense of drama, his fineironies, his generous understanding, his humanity"(161). Alldritt himself peppers his book with tellingobservations: he remarks, for instance, that writing abiography "is in some ways like reliving the life ofthe subject" (42). To write Churchill's life in lettersis to live with the example of Churchill's prose. Ashis assistant Dennis Kelly remarked after watchingthe master prune his draft, the experience was ' 'a freelesson in writing English" (155). No doubt Alldritt'sconsiderable talents as a prose writer have been bur-nished by so much reading of Churchill.

Not that his book is without flaws. Scholars mayrue his gentlemanly disdain for footnotes. Hestumbles over names, and sometimes over spelling.For example, Churchill saw the Parthenon in Athens,not the Pantheon (65); Marlborough's secret sign was00 rather than OO (129); Kitchener's Christiannames were Horatio Herbert, not Herbert Horatio(82; cf. 65); and Alldritt's esteemed predecessor wasManfred, not Martin Weidhorn (vi). Finally, thenickname of Churchill's literary uncle was "MortalRuin" rather than "Family Ruin" (14). If Churchillcould read Alldritt's book, he would probably sym-pathize with these failings, since his own first bookwas garbled by the good offices of that well-meaninguncle.

Moreover, Alldritt sometimes suggests that Chur-chill's writing takes its character from the times inwhich he writes, as in this remark about theMarlborough: " . . . clear-cut moral estimates areamong the features of this biography that show it tobe a work from between the wars. In these years therewas a strong tendency for writers to see life in terms


of absolutes of good and evil, the heroic and thevillainous" (128). Certainly Churchill grappled withquestions and problems that occurred to other writersof his era; but to suggest that he took his bearingsfrom the "strong tendency" of an age is to under-estimate his independence of mind. Most of the con-temporary writers who figure in Alldritt's compari-sons to Churchill, though esteemed for their prosestyles, fall short of Churchill in the comprehen-siveness of their thought; and all of them fall short ofSir Winston in their understanding of politics.

To indicate the limits of the purview of a very goodbook is not to detract from its originality and discern-ment. It ranks among the best works we have onChurchill's writings. It has one other strength, whichChurchill himself would appreciate. It is liberallyadorned with cartoons, drawings, and advertisementsfrom or about Churchill's books, and it offers morethan a few fresh and arresting apothegms. For thebook lover without time to read who likes to "han-dle" and "fondle" his books — to "peer into them,"and "let them fall open where they will," as Chur-chill writes in his essay on hobbies in Thoughts andAdventures — Alldritt's book will likewise afforddelight.

The Opposition Yeats/Winston S. Churchilland the Conservative Party, 1945-1951

by Frank A. Mayer. New York: Peter Lang Publishing,1992. Hardbound, unjacketed, 188 pages. List price$37. ICS price $34 (see sidebar).

Reviewed by Raymond Callahan, PhD.

ONE of the pieces of conventional wisdom aboutWinston Churchill is that he was not a good

party leader. In his introduction, Dr. Mayer recountsa meeting with Sir Robert Rhodes James some yearsago in which that distinguished historian, biographer,and Conservative M.P. singled out Churchill's yearsas Leader of the Opposition (1945-51) as a period ofmarked ineffectiveness. Dr. Mayer's monograph —an outgrowth of his doctoral dissertation — is an ex-tended attempt to confute this judgment. He hasdone his homework very carefully, combing privatepapers, probing the memories of surviving par-ticipants in the great post-1945 restructuring of theConservative Party and diligently going throughmountains of printed evidence — books, articles,Hansard and the contemporary press. If there is a prob-lem with this book it is not with the quantity ofresearch that underpins it but rather with whetherDr. Mayer's evidence compels us to revise the stan-dard view of Churchill as party leader in 1945-51.

There has been, historically, no single pattern towhich a Leader of the Opposition has been supposedto conform. Churchill in 1945 was both tired and in-itially stunned by his defeat. He soon found amplesolace in a wide variety of activities — his memoirsand paintings, the movement for European unity, and

the numerous speeches that kept him very much inthe public eye. All this left him relatively little timefor the routine activities of a party leader. Moreover,it is clear that Churchill lacked the taste as well asthe time for such duties. His Toryism had alwaysbeen of a rather eccentric variety in any case.

What Churchill did that was of enormous impor-tance, however, was to grasp the fact that the party heled — and planned to use as his vehicle for a return toNumber Ten — needed both to rebuild its structureand to rethink its positions to cope with the newworld inaugurated by the events of 1945. LordWoolton and R.A. Butler, hand-picked by Churchill,did the basic work on the structure and program ofthe party respectively and Churchill, having onceselected them, let them get on with it. All this is, ofcourse, well known. What has Dr. Mayer added to thepicture?

His diligent research has given us considerabledetail about Churchill's conduct, both in the Com-mons and in his relations with his chosen subor-dinates in the party organization. He does not,however, seem to this reviewer fundamentally tohave changed the picture — as opposed to addingsome highlights and shadows. Where Churchill's in-terests were engaged, or his emotions stirred, hecould intervene powerfully, but much of the time hisinterest and energy were centered elsewhere (and thatenergy was in any case no longer what it have oncebeen — in 1948 he had a mild stroke). He approvedwhat Woolton did and what Butler and his team pro-posed, and on the foundation laid by their efforts builtthe campaign that led to his return to office in 1951.This, in fact, was a considerable accomplishment fora man in his late seventies. After all how many partyleaders have the wit to pick really capable subor-dinates, the self confidence virtually to hand over theparty machine to them, and the sheer bravura to sur-mount defeat, age, declining energy and the complex-ities of a new — and often unwelcome — world, asChurchill did in 1945-51? As he himself said inanother context "for history it is enough." Dr. Mayerhas helped deepen our understanding of Churchillduring these years but to the question of whetherChurchill was a more engaged party leader than wehave hitherto believed, this reviewer must enter thegood Scots verdict, "not proven."

Churchill: A Major New Assessment ofHis Life in Peace and War

Edited by Loid Blake and Wm. Roger Lewis. NewYozk: W.W. Noiton & Co. Hardbound, illus., 480pages, $29.95. ICS price $23. See New Book Servicesidebar.

Publisher's Announcement

His reputation has grown to almost mythical pro-portions. A stirring war leader, an orator unequaled as

the rallier of a nation under siege, a writer whose elo-quence has been compared to Shakespeare's, suchhallmarks of Winston Churchill barely define theman or measure his impact on this century.

In this immensely readable volume, Churchillemerges in the clearest light yet, as twenty-ninerenowned contributors — British and Americanhistorians and political leaders — inquire into allphases of Churchill's life, from his youth in thelanded aristocracy through his early experiences inbattle to his storm-tossed career in Parliament. Thestature of Churchill in the mind's eye does notchange, but the features become more finely chiseledand the achievements seem even more remarkable inthis work that is itself a historical event.

Stop Press:A New Work onChurchill byManfred Weidhorn

Editor's note: Manfred Weidhorn is a preeminentthinker on matters Churchill whose works rankamong the most important in the field. We arepleased with the advent of yet another, and willreview it next issue.

A Harmony of InterestsExplorations in the Mind of Sir Winston Churchill

by Manfred Weidhorn. Cranbury, NJ: FairleighDickinson University Press, 1992. Hardbound, 192pages with notes, bibliography and index, $32.50. ICSprice $26. See New Book Service sidebar.

Precis by the Author1 I ' HERE is no end to the writing of books about Sir-L Winston Churchill. The potential reader of a

new tome on the subject has every right to ask whatcould possibly be said that is new. The man led, to besure, an extremely long, varied, and exciting life; heamassed as many experiences and achievements as itwould take a dozen merely talented individuals to do.Still, the number of volumes about him has been pro-portionally high.

What may justify this book is that it does not fit in-to any of the categories to which the other works ofChurchilliana belong. It is not a biography, achronological survey of his plans and deeds. It is not abook of memoirs or a collection of reports from in-dividuals who either knew him intimately or whomhe brushed by on his numerous rendezvous withhistory. It is not a monograph on one facet of his per-sonality, such as his relations with the Irish or theJews, or on his performance at the Admiralty inWorld War I or at the helm in World War DL It is not a


study of his writings — neither a chronological onewhich records the changes in his outlook duringvarious personal and historical phases, nor a synopticone which collates his abiding themes, regardless ofthe niceties of chronology.

It is, rather, a study of his sensibility, an attempt toportray the ineffable mental processes at the border ofthought and feeling, through a scrutiny of Churchill'swritten and spoken words, as well as of the inferencesdrawn by acquaintances, critics, and historians. Theoperations of a unified imagination are traced in hisideas about politics, war-making, international rela-tions.

Since Churchill was as much as professional writerwith awesome accomplishments in print as he was aperdurable politician and statesman, I begin at thejuncture of literature and politics. His writing andspeaking careers, his sensitivity to the resonance ofnames, words, and phrases, his proficiency in theforging of powerful sentences, images, witticisms,and his production of a large number of multivolum-ed works placed him in the company of literary ar-tists, literally as well as figuratively. The subject ofhis relations with the literary eminences of his age —and his age stretches from late Victorian to neo-Elizabethan, encompassing some two or three genera-tions — has been scarcely broached. Of special in-terest are his relations with the literary quartet — Ar-nold Bennett, John Galsworthy, H.G. Wells, GeorgeBernard Shaw — that dominated British letters in thefirst decades of the century.

Since the discussion of his literary tastes inevitablytouches on his politics, the second chapter examinesChurchill's conservatism, a topic which is, unlikethat of the first chapter, all too familiar. My aim is toshow that by ignoring chronology and by makingdistinctions among different fields of interest, onecomes up with something other than the conven-tional answers.

No delineation of Churchill's political sensibilityand of the vagaries of his putative conservatism canavoid becoming bogged down in the quagmire of hisapparent love of war. Everyone has noticed that therewas something curious in his attitude to combat, andnearly everyone, depending on his own dispositionand ideology, has praised or blamed him accordingly.No one has, however, tried to bring together virtuallyall the relevant facts and anomalies lying about in thehistorical and biographical records. The subject re-quires such treatment because on it turns nothingless than one's reading of human nature and one'sdefinition of civilization.

Churchill's obsession with war and war-makingcrystallized in his lifelong interest in his ancestor, thefirst Duke of Marlborough. Though he had had, afterall, more peaceable ancestors, he was fascinated byJohn Churchill because he was fascinated by war, andvice versa. That that interest should tie the biographyhe wrote about Marlborough to his own world warmemoirs, written both before and after the biography;

that the eighteenth century career should in someway be — or seem to be — duplicated in the twentiethcentury; that pipe dreaming should become indistin-guishable from prophecy; that history writing shouldlook forward as well as back, in a personal fashion —all these notions are touched on by the obiter dictaof students of his career, but no one has until nowworked out the eerie parallels in chapter and verseand their psychological ramifications. At issue hereare the inmost stirrings of the soul. Although the manhimself was probably only half aware of these, theparallels are none the less real. That Churchill wasdestined to be a Marlborough — or doomed to try invain to emulate the Duke — was something thathaunted his imagination; it also sometimes inspired,and more often irritated, his contemporaries.

If Churchill was highly conscious of being thedescendant of Marlborough, he was hardly any lessaware of being the son of an American mother and ofhaving a mother's land as well as a fatherland. No ex-ploration of his psyche can be complete that does notinclude his thoughts about America and about theAnglo-American mystique and that does not see theseas being as important as his ventures into the literaryforum, his ambiguous conservatism, his ambivalencetoward war, and his Marlborough connection. Thelarge subject of Churchill and America is in fact thesubject of two books, but one is an anthology ofquotations and the other is an ancedotal chronicle.This is the first systematic attempt to define his ideasand to place them in the historical context.

The sense of uniqueness which comes from being,as few Englishmen are, a descendant of Marlboroughand a semi-American, as well as from being the son ofLord Randolph and someone who seemed called uponto play a special role on the stage of history abettedthose archaic tendencies in Churchill which were in-clined to see history as shaped by Great Men. Yet histhoughts on the subject were buffeted by the winds ofexperience, and a survey of Churchill's changes ofmind on this problem in the philosophy of historymakes for an interesting study of the interplay oftheory and experience and traces the impact oftwentieth-century events on one's sensibility.

These circumstances and influences interweave.Because of his ineptness at classics, he was made tolearn English instead, gaining along the way a masteryof his native tongue and a love of its literary heritage.His enjoyment of toy soldiers and his mediocre schoolrecord closed off all careers for someone of his circleexcept the military one. His proficiency in writingnow fused with his prowess as a soldier and broughthim fame as warrior and writer. This success in turncombined with his aristocratic origins to ease the en-try into politics, and those origins kept the ship of hispolitical thought tilting to the right even when veer-ing to the left during the most radical storms. Thecoming of large wars meshed with his Marlboroughroots and his perennial interest in combat. The infor-mal British alliance with America in two world wars


endowed the son of a Brooklyn-born woman with asense of special mission and a personal pride. Andthrough it all, the writer produced a stream of essaysand books, making literature, studying it (albeit fit-fully and selectively), and pronouncing on it, at leastwhen it touched on politics and history. Literature,conservatism, war, Marlborough, America, the GreatMan — he who undertook to know Churchill andwho knew his thoughts on only these topics will haveencompassed most of his project. For this "harmonyof interests" (Churchill's phrase) formed his ownpeculiar song, or set of songs.

' 'Admhalty Christmas Card,'' Bernard Partridge, Punch 1912

Dteadnought: Britain, Germany, and the Comingof the Great War

by Robeit K. Massie, New Yoik: Random House,1991. Hardbound, illus., 908 pages plus bibliography,notes, and index, $35.

Reviewed by William John Shepherd

ROBERT K. MASSIE is author of two epic works ofRussian imperial biography, the tragic Nicholas

and Alexandra and the incomparable Pulitzer prize-winning Peter the Great. Noted for both meticulousresearch and masterly narrative prose, he shifted hisattention to the Anglo-German naval arms race of thepre-First World War era. This profound struggle fornaval mastery was a precursor to the nuclear armsrace between the Soviet bloc and the NATO Allies

which plagued the latter half of the 20th Century.Winston S. Churchill, as First Lord of the Ad-

miralty during 1911-1915, is a major figure in thismonumental study, particularly in the last section.Overall, Massie weaves a powerful narrative historyof the broad political, military, and economicdevelopments of the decades preceding the outbreakof the First World War in 1914. Intertwined with thisare a series of brilliant biographical vignettes of theimportant Anglo-German players. Included are suchnotables as Bismarck, Wilhelm n, Edward VII, LordSalisbury, Lord George, Jacky Fisher, and of course,Churchill.

Massie is adept at describing the efforts of theBritish to maintain and defend the world's largestempire, which was in relative decline, in the face ofthe nascent economic and military might of Ger-many. Germany's drive toward naval equality was in-tolerable to Britain, whose maritime supremacy wasvital. A German Navy was, in Churchill's words, "aluxury fleet."

Massie's depiction of Churchill is neither over-critical nor adulatory. He describes Churchill'smeteoric rise and stunning impact on the BritishCabinet and the Royal Navy. Churchill, he says, wasa productive writer, brilliant orator, and tireless ad-ministrator whose overexuberence, interference, andunconventionality caused many to view him as anenfant terrible and untrustworthy self-aggrandizer.

There are provocative insights on Churchill'stempestuous relationship with the mercurial navalreformer, Admiral Sir John Arbuthnot Fisher, whowas First Sea Lord 1904-1910. The excitable Fisherwas obsessed with a naval Armageddon whichprompted him to enact sweeping and radical navalreforms. Foremost among these was the creation ofthe first modern battleship, the Dreadnought, whichstressed firepower and speed but had a fatal lack ofarmor protection. In Fisher's world of paranoid delu-sion one was either a passionate friend or vehementfoe. Churchill was forced to walk an emotional tight-rope because of the need for cooperation with theFisherite influences which dominated the techno-logical evolution and strategic planning of the RoyalNavy at this time.

Many other people and events are explored, whichserves to widen the contextual perspective in regardto this bygone epoch. Massie's particular gift inretelling this familar story is a welcome lack of par-tisanship. He does not have a specific ax to grind noran academic niche or carve. There are no heroes norvillians, just fascinating individuals who strove toenhance their careers while advancing the interests oftheir respective countries. There are some minortypographical errors which are annoying but do notsubstantively mar the overriding quality of this book.Massie is to be commended for not jumping on thebandwagon of the Churchill-bashing revisionistswhose web of disinformation currently afflicts bothpopular and academic histories. •


DESPA TCH BOXGreetings from Moscow

(To ICS/UK) I wish to thank theCommittee for the honour you havegiven me by accepting me as the firstFriend of ICS from Russia. I hope thatI'll not be the ultimate one! I look for-ward to meeting all personally when Iam next in London, and have lookedthrough the editions you kindly sentme with great pleasure and interest.Winston Spencer Churchill was one ofthe great men whom I have admiredfrom my childhood (from the SecondWorld War time) and I am honoured tobe part of a Society which perpetuateshis name and memory, his life and ac-tivity.

VICTOR K. VOROBIEV

TVEZKOI BLVD, HOUSE 3, APT 6, MOSCOW, RUSSIA

We are honoured to welcome ourfirst Friend of ICS from Russia, andpublish Victor's full address so thatanyone interested may correspond.

The Cooper Portrait (Issue #75)I was delighted to see the cover of

issue #75 because the portrait ofWinston Churchill is by my father, A.Egerton Cooper, RBA, ARCA (1883-1974). The title of the painting is "Pro-file for Victory," painted from life inthe middle of World War II and exhib-ited at the Royal Academy in 1945. Thework was purchased by Sir EdwardMountain, Bart., who not only pre-sented the picture to the Carlton Clubbut also had signed reproductions madewhich were sent to important personsin the UK and overseas. My father con-sidered this work to be his best in a por-trait painting career that covered 70years. Naturally, I am very proud ofhim as an artist and as a man, and amdisturbed that full recognition was notgiven in Finest Hour.

PETER C. COOPER, FARMINGTON, MICH. USA

Our apologies to Mr. Cooper. Had webeen given any more information thanwe published about the artist and thebackground of the work, we would cer-tainly have mentioned it, and we arepleased to make the correction.

The Pleasure Was OursPlease broadcast our expression of

thanks to all in ICS/USA whose kind-ness and hospitality made our late visit[FH #76) so memorable. We appreciateespecially the efforts of MerryAlberigi's collaborator Jim Johnson, Aland Leslie Lurie of ICS/New York,Richard Edelman and his friend Anne inNew York, Lee Barbour of Massachu-

setts. Most of all we thank Merry, whoseemed to arrange everything on a trans-continental basis, and Glen Alberigi,the Tomato King. [That's "to-may-toe," Eddie. -Glen]

Let me congratulate the responsiblesfor the super cover of #76, whichhenceforth will be known here as theMurray issue. I am not a person whoblushes, but if I were, when I read allthe lovely things that were said aboutme, the house would have been lit by arosy glow. We are all most gratifiedthat the Conference in England was asuccess; we also felt there was notenough time to appreciate the US/Canada presence, but new friends werecertainly made.

I am so pleased that Mr. MontagueBrowne will be attacking those exag-gerated reports that WSC was oftendrunk. Sir Winston had numerous scot-ches during a normal day but I used toask him if he would like a lemonade,because the scotch he imbibed was real-ly about one finger of spirits with agood two inches of soda. It was takenaround with us during visits to theestate, farm and fishponds, and I wasgiven plenty of opportunity to taste theinnocuous liquid, which I disliked in-tensely. There were perhaps occasionswhen WSC would not have passed thebreathaliser test, e.g., when returningfrom the Other Club. But he would notbe driving, and the only sign wouldhave been his rendering of "We'reSoldiers of the Queen, My Lads" fromthe back seat of the car. The wordswould be intelligible and correct . . .try doing that when you're drunk.

I also have always held that WSCkept his faculties until shortly beforehis death, and I did spend a lot of timewith him in the lounge at 28 Hyde ParkGate, often reminding me of Casabian-ca, sitting before a burning log fire,whence all but me had fled.EDMUND MURRAY, COMBE DOWN, SOMERSET, UK

We Perforce AgreeI am an assistant professor of English,

specializing in rhetoric, at Ohio StateUniversity. I have been studying Chur-chill's work for several years now. Ihave given papers at scholarly confer-ences on argumentation and rhetoric,have published a paper on Churchill,and am currently working on a book-length study of his speeches andwritings between 1930 and 1940. Thisstudy stresses "common sense" as ahealthy alternative to the current ex-tremes of intellectualism and irratio-

nalism in democratic politics. I placeChurchill in the tradition of Cicero,Machiavelli and Edmund Burke, but Ialso relate him to contemporary trendsin rhetorical theory. I would very muchlike to share thoughts about Churchilland the useful, if problematic, examplehe offers to contemporary orators.

CLIFFORD VAIDA, COLUMBUS, OH., USA

The "Real" ICS StoresMany believe ICS Stores (the sales of-

fice for ICS publications and materials)is a commercial business. I am getting alot of "requests" from people whowrite and act like they are dealing withGeneral Motors. [But Alan, you toldme you were in the black! RML]. Onesecretary in Chicago got huffy becauseshe couldn't find my fax number in theyellow pages!

Since a picture is worth a thousandwords, maybe you will run this oneover the caption "ICS Stores inaction." Also, please ask people to readthe "fine print" at the top of the ICSStores flyer.

ALAN FITCH, LOUISVILLE, KY, USA

Memo to Alan: We have not insertedan ICS Stores flyer with this issue,deciding you need a well earned break!Beware the Ides of March, though.

Funeral VideosI have just read your "Riddles, Mys-

teries, Enigmas" with Norman Clark ofWinnipeg, issue #74, page 38. Last yearI purchased three reels of black &white, silent 8mm cine film. It ismainly Jack Le Vien's 1964 film "TheFinest Hours," but at the end is splicedWalker Films' ' 'The State Funeral of SirWinston Churchill." This covers thelying in state, procession, funeral cere-mony and departure from Tower pier.At the end are a few feet of amateurcolour film which symbolizes the rail-way journey from Waterloo, the roadjourney to Bladon and some shots inthe church and churchyard includingWSC's grave.. My local photographicshop tell me that this can be transferredto video tape for about £60 or C$135. If


Mr. Clark or anyone else is interested Iwould be happy to make arrangements.

DOUGLAS HALL, ]83A SOMERBY HILL

GRANTHAM, LINCS. NG31 7HA, UK

Unfortunately, North American tele-vision doesn 't accept British video, andvice versa, though conversions (expen-sive) ate possible. But we publish Mr.Hall's full address so that anyoneworldwide may contact him.

Churchill's England 1992Months have passed since the trip of

my lifetime ended [FH #76). I thankyou for spearheading what has becomea benchmark event in my life. Alreadywhat I saw and felt in England is be-coming magnified in memory; so manydoors have now opened in my on-going amateur studies of Churchill,English history and things related.Others should be so lucky.

DAVID NIC COOK, APPLE VALLEY, MN, USA

Thanks for the kind words. Stand byfor the Seventh International ChurchillTour, featuring, "Churchill's Scot-land, " in the summer of 1994.

Hawker HurricaneI felt you would wish me to point out

in,error in plate 164 of "Churchill in.'Stamps," Finest Hour #75, page 26.The Hurricane fighter was built byHawker Aircraft Ltd. of Kingston-on-Thames, Surrey, a famous British avia-tion firm, and the WW2 Hurricanefigther is never referred to by any nameother than Hawker. The Sir ArthurW.G. Armstrong Whitworth AircraftCo. was absorbed into a group knownas Hawker Siddeley Aircraft Co. Ltd.during the war, the Whitworth Co. ofCoventry being a minor manufacturermainly undertaking various subcon-tract work. The Hurricane is regardedas the principal victor in the Battle ofBritain, not only because of its versa-tility and survivability, but because itwas flown by a larger number of FighterCommand squadrons. The Spitfire cer-tainly played its role but in muchsmaller numbers. Also on plate 167,

page 27, the Bristol Blenheim in therole of fighter bomber played a smallpart during the Battle of Britain. It had,however, ceased to become an ade-quately equipped or effective aircraft bylate 1942 and was superseded by thevery successful De Havilland Mos-quito. The Avro Lancaster, HandleyPage Halifax, Vickers Armstrong Well-ington and Short Stirling formed GreatBritain's major bomber force in bring-ing the war to the heartland of Ger-many. Because of their range, the Hur-ricanes and Spitfires only supported theaircraft of Bomber Command in raidsto France and the Low Countries.

DAVID J. PORTER, SHOREHAM, KENT, UK

This is what comes of a motoringwriter confusing the distinguishedautomotive name of Armstrong-Siddeley with aircraft; and a philatelisttrying to justify Bhutan's illustration ofLancasters in stamps commemoratingthe Battle of Britain.

Churchill CenterYou have done a marvelous job with

the Churchill Studies Center [FH #74)and I hope it will be one of many activi-ties you have energized to the ultimatebenefit of many thousands of people. Ienclose my donation toward balancingthe 1992 budget.

RICHARD ZIMBERT, LOS ANGELES, CA, USA

The Boer ConspiracyThese letters relate to the Sherlock

Holmes pastiche by John C. Woods,just published by ICS/USA. Copies areavailable for US$15 or the equivalentpostpaid from ICS Stores, 9807 WillowBrook Cir., Louisville, Ky 40223 USA.

I have just received my copy of TheBoer Conspiracy. As I am a Holmes en-thusiast and a member of the SherlockHolmes Society of London, this was aspecial publication for me, involving asit does my two most revered heroes,real and fictional. My complements toMr. Woods. I am sending my donationwith this letter.

MILTON O. WHITAKER, BOTHELL, WA, USA

The Boer Conspiracy is all you said itwould be. I couldn't put it down andthought it most entertaining and wellwritten. Hopefully there will be more"frivolity" sometime in the future.

I've had the pleasure of being a Friendof the Society for five years, and wantyou to know they have been greatly en-hanced because of WSC. I was seri-ously ill when I discovered ICS and theimmensity of Churchill. He helped methrough some very difficult times withhis majestic writings, his never-endingcourage and above all, his humanity.

To me this will be his enduringstrength: the quality that allows us torelate so well to him. We all succeedand fail within our measure, just as hedid. I never cease to be amazed by hisforesight, vision and understanding ofthe world order and its impact on society.

You and your staff, as well as all theothers who make ICS possible, are tobe encouraged and commended for yourdiligent and unceasing efforts. I believethat it is wise to look to the future totry to provide for a more enlightenedworld because of who and what Chur-chill stood for. In these difficult dayswhen the world seems so unsettled,both morally and economically, weneed courage and leadership more thanever before. If ICS can influence even afew young people through our program,"Teaching the Next Generation," itwill be a splendid achievement.

DONALD M. SHORT, MERRILVILLE, IN, USA

ADVERTSChartwell Colour

PrintsBeautiful 6 x8% " heavy cardswith Howard Ped-raza's painting ofChartwell in full

colour. Gloss finish. Sales benefitICS/UK. US$10 postpaid per pack offive from ICS Stores, 9807 WillowBrook Circle, Louisville KY 40223.

Blenheim Cottage, MaineYou've see Blenheim Palace,- now tryBlenheim Cottage. Lower rent, ocean-front view. On the waterfront at pic-turesque Tenant's Harbor (Camden 30mins., Portland 2Vi hrs.). Year-roundbungalow with heat, telephone, mod-cons, deck, deepwater dock, a librarystocked with Churchill; 5 min walk tosuperb inn and seafood restaurant, yetvery private. Fishing, sailing readilyavailable. Weekly rentals, special ratesfor Friends of ICS. Reserve early forsummer 1993. Contact the editor,(603) 746-5606 or write Box 385,Hopkinton NH 03229 USA.

Churchill MedalsJohnson Matthey platinum medalsstruck to mark the Churchill Cente-nary, 1974. In fine presentation casewith certificate of authenticity. I wishto sell this set and would be grateful ifany interested readers would write tome. M.P. Slade, (071) 625-6499 orwrite 31 St. James Mansions, West EndLa., London NM6 2AA, England.

Classified Adverts . . . of a personal na-ture are free to Friends of the ChurchillSocieties. Send yours to the editor. •


RIDDLES, MYSTERIES, ENIGMAS SEND YOUR QUESTIONS TO FINEST HOUR

What Was "Cozy Pig?"Q: In Connoisseur magazine, Novem-ber 1987, an article about Chartwellmentions that Chuichill called it"Cozy Pig." Is this true, and if so,why7.

A: Churchill had a hideway he called"Cozy Pig," but it was not Chartwell.It was a Bouse a few miles down theroad to Westerham, which he rentedand used during his renovation ofChartwell. WSC's nickname in corre-spondence with his wife was "Pig" andthe rented house was (and is) called"Hosey Rigg." So WSC's spoonerismwas obvious. (We trust we don't haveto explain what a spoonerism is!)

"If It Had Happened Otherwise"Q. Do you know of a book in whichvarious authors contribute articlesbased on what might have happenedhad a certain event turned out dif-ferently7. It is my recollection thatChurchill wrote one chapter.

A: The book was "If It Had HappenedOtherwise," edited by J.C. Squire, Lon-don: Longmans and New York: Viking1931, reprinted London: Sidgwick &Jackson 1972, Woods B18. Churchill'scontribution was "If Lee Had Not Wonthe Battle of Gettysburg," whichassumed that Lee had won, occupiedWashington, forced Lincoln to flee andeventually to sign an armistice result-ing in an independent Confederacy.The story has a happy ending, when theUSA and the CSA join with Britain inforestalling World War I. Churchillasks who could tell what might havehappened had Lee lost — and thenrecites as a ' 'probability'' exactly whatdid happen. This is a brilliant piece ofinverted speculation that we hope torepublish some day. Last year we sent acopy to the great Civil War historianShelby Foote, who replied that of allthe "might-have-been" Civil Warscenarios he had ever read, this was byfar the most absorbing. Unfortunately,"If" is a very scarce work but Chur-chillbooks (editor) has three; write fordetails.

"Collected Poems" of WSCQ: Here is a copy of "The CollectedPoems of Sir Winston Churchill" byF.John Herbert, College Park, Maryland:Sun & Moon Press 1981. Did WSCwrite these poems7

A: Certainly not! Former editorDalton Newfield discovered this paper-back upon publication and went to thepublishers with the same question, but

received no answer. The "poems"comprise a healthy ration of mean-ingless free verse with an occasionalsnippet from one of WSC's speeches,obviously asembled by a madcapprinter's reader or a cage of chim-panzees with a computer. (WSC's onlyknown poems were an ode to "TheFlea,'' and the lyrics for a song he sangto his children about curing a pet dognamed "Puggy Wug." Somehow, wecan't seem to lay our hands on either ofthese classics at the moment.)

The Collected Poems ofSir Winston Churchill

F. John Herbert

"Marlborough"Q: Volume I of the 1939 "LimitedPresentation Edition" Marlborough(ICS A40ad) indicates that the new edi-tion revised was published November1934 and reprinted October 1939. Theother three volumes make no referenceto the reprint. Does this mean thatVolume I is a reprint as of October 1939and Volumes II through IV were issuedearlier7

A: The "Limited Presentation Edi-tion" was in reality a "clean-up" edi-tion bound more cheaply (purple clothwith no cover decoration instead ofbeveled buckram with cover coat ofarms) issued by Harrap to use up left-over unbound sheets. Of the originalwork (A40aa), only Volume I was sig-nificantly revised, in November 1934as it notes. Volume II had at least asecond impression, but we are notaware that Volumes HI and IV did. Atany rate, the "Limited Presentation"consisted of whatever Harrap had tobind. Lacking Vol. I, they reprinted it.

"Tragedy of Winston Churchill"Q: I recently came across a book by

the above title, written by VictorWallace Germains, published London:Huist & Blackwell, fuly 1931. It is ascathing condemnation of Churchill,particularly his conduct during theDardanelles episode. Germains accusesWSC of inconsistency, lack of propor-tion and a perceived philosophy of the"short cut" as he calls it. While it isdifficult to accept much of this book, itis interesting as a further example of aview of Churchill held by many of hiscontemporaries. Do you have anyknowledge of it7

A: Germains' book is numbered A15in the Redburn Bibliography of WorksAbout Churchill, page 2.05 of "Chur-chill Bibliographic Data," published byICS. (This booklet is available for $10postpaid from ICS Stores, see Direc-tory, page 3.) It was referred to by theRt. Hon. Enoch Powell in his October1988 address to ICS/UK, published inthe "Proceedings of the ChurchillSocieties 1988-1989," also availablefrom ICS Stores at $10 postpaid.

Garden SpotsQ: What is Churchill Gardens, Lon-don7

A: A council estate for 5500 people,built 1946 and now preserved as anhistoric specimen.

Iron Curtain, Part 3,428Q: More on the origins of the term"Iron Curtain. " Is it true that it datesto the 19th Century7

A: According to a letter from oneE.D. Lowry in The Washington Post of20 May 1989, the term's source is late19th century popular theatre, "whichChurchill is more likely to have fre-quented than the writings of obscure[authors]. In Chapter 6 of Frank Norris'1 'McTeague'' (1899) the main characterattends a vaudeville show and notesan 'iron advertisement curtain,' whichhides the stage before the perfor-mance."

Q-.Ireadin "FinestHour" #61 thatlCShelped pass a "Winston ChurchillWeek" in the USA in 1988. Were thereany other Winston Churchill Days orWeeks proclaimed in the past ?A: We know of one — 9 April 1966,designated by Congress as "SirWinston Churchill Day" to mark thethird anniversary of Churchill 'shonorary American citizenship. (PublicLaw 89-385; 80 STAT. 106, 1966.) Itwas not repeated.


CHURCHILL TRIVIAEDITED BY BARBARA LANGWORTH

TEST your skill and knowledge! Vir-tually all questions can be answeredin back issues of FINEST HOUR orother ICS publications [but it's notreally cricket to check). Twenty-four questions appear in each issue,the answers in the following issue.Questions fall into six categories:Contemporaries (C), Literary (I),Miscellaneous [M], Personal [P],Statesmanship (S), and War [W).

409. Who said to Churchill in1942, "It is fun to be in the samedecade with you"? (C)

410. The first edition of The RiverWar contains passages, later de-leted as being irrelevant, criticizingwhom? (L)

411. In 1965 London records pub-lished a set of Churchill war mem-oirs including unique recordingsmade at Chartwell in 1949. Wheredid they find these tapes? (M)

412. What did Clementine do to asuffragette who was trying to pushWinston in front of a train? (P)

413. Though officially he pro-claimed himself neutral, whatparty did Churchill hope wouldwin the last five American elec-tions of his life? (S)

414. "We are waiting for the longpromised invasion. So are thefishes." was said by WSC in whatyear? (W)

415. Which world leader said,"Churchill is a great man . . . Hethinks in terms not only of thoselittle islands . . . but of Westerncivilization"? (C)

416. In which book does WSC re-count the meeting with his Ameri-can colleague, Winston Churchill,the writer from New Hampshire? (L)

417. On a visit to Canada in 1929,Churchill planted a hawthorn treein which city? (M)

418. What was Churchill's most-used pseudonym when he wrote

letters which appeared in the Har-rovian7. (P)

419. What American Universityvisited by Churchill inspired himto promote a British school en-couraging science? (S)

420. Churchill despatched twoships to the Far East where theywere sunk by Japanese aircraft on10 Dec. 1941. Name them. (W)

421. In 1916 WSC compared aBritish commander to a competentand confident, but distanced sur-geon who would not reproach him-self if the patient died. Who washe? (C)

422. When did Churchill declarethat his son, Randolph, would behis official biographer? (L)

423. What are the two British Na-tional Memorials to Sir Winston(not counting Chartwell, which ismanaged by the private NationalTrust)? (M)

424. How much did the Churchillspay for Chartwell in 1922? (P)

425. In 1914 Churchill referred towhat country as "Germany's idiotally"? (S)

426. One memorial to Sir Winstonis located on the only occupiedBritish Territory during WW2.Where is it? (W)

427. Who was Churchill's ForeignMinister in the early '50s? (C)

428. In Churchill's novel Savrola,the hero leads a revolution in whatfictitious country? (L)

429.When did Churchill accept theOrder of the Garter? (M)

430. In his first year in which sub-ject at Harrow was Winston recog-nized as being the best in his divi-sion? (P)

431. Complete this Churchill

quote: is incontrovertible.Panic may resent it; ignorance mayderide it; malice may distort it; butthere it is." (S)

432. In 1919 Churchill was ap-pointed to two Cabinet posts.What were they? (W)

ANSWERS TO LAST TRIVIA(385) Churchill named a racehorse afterMme Odette Pol-Roger. (386) The Un-known War was about the EasternFront i.e. the war between Russia andthe Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, 1914-18). (387) Churchillcalled Polo the "Emperor of Games."(388) Winston was put in the top divi-sion for Maths when he started at Har-row. (389) Oldham (1900), North-WestManchester (1906), Dundee (1908) andEpping (1924) were the pre-WW2 con-stituencies WSC represented. (390) SirArthur Conan Doyle praised Winston'sideas for tanks. (391) The pacifist Lyt-ton Strachey made the comment con-cerning God putting the British on anisland and Winston giving them a navy,(392) London to Ladysmith via Pretoriaand Ian Hamilton's March were recentlypublished under the title The Boer Wai.(393) WSC helped build the swimmingpool at Chartwell. (394) WSC was bornin The Dean Jones Room at Blenheim.(395) The Atlantic Charter (1941) be-came the basis for the United Nations.(396) The German invasion of Polandin 1939 prompted Chamberlain to in-vite WSC to enter the Government.(397) Churchill and Pamela Lytton cor-responded from 1898 to 1955. (398) St.John Brodrick was Secretary of War.(399) WSC received the King George VCoronation Medal because he was amember of the King's government. (400)The Royal Academy bestowed the titleof Honorary Academician Extraordi-nary upon WSC. (401) In 1916 WSChad wanted to be appointed Minister ofMunitions. (402) Hon. Air Commodoreof #615 Squadron, Hon. Col. of RoyalArtillery, Hon. Col. of Royal ScotsFusilliers, Hon. Col. of 4th Hussarswere some of WSC's WW2 honorarytitles. (403) Prof. Lindemann's officialtitle during WW2 was Paymaster-Gen-eral. (404) Foi Free Trade discussedtrade in the Commonwealth. (405) "Anation that forgets its past has nofuture." (406) Men, Mines andAnimals in South Africa was the title ofa book by Lord Randolph Churchill.(407) Except for 1922-24 Churchillserved in Parliment for a span of 40years. (408) Churchill and Kitchenerhad a "run-in" in Omdurman.


IMMORTAL WORDS

'THE SOUL OF POLAND"

Tonight I am speaking to the Polish people all over the world.This is the hundred and fiftieth anniversary

of the adoption by your Parliament of the Constitution.You are right to keep this day as a national holiday,

because your Constitution of 1791 was a pattern, when it was framed,of enlightened political thought.

Your neighbours in those bygone dayssaw in the adoption of this system the beginning of the regeneration of Poland.

They hastened to perpetuate the partition of your countrybefore the Polish nation could consolidate its position.

The same tragedy, the same crime, was repeated in 1939 . . .Our thoughts go out tonight

not only to those valiant exiled Poleswhom we have learned to like and respect in the British Islands

and who stand armed in the ranks of the armies of liberation,but even more to those who are gripped at home

in the merciless oppression of the Hun.All over Europe, races and States

whose culture and history made them a partof the general life of Christendom

in centuries when the Prussians were no better than a barbarous tribe . . .are now prostrate under the dark, cruel yoke

of Hitler and his Nazi gang.Every week his firing parties are busy in a dozen lands.

Monday he shoots Dutchmen,- Tuesday Norwegians,-Wednesday, French or Belgians stand against the wall;

Thursday it is the Czechs who must suffer.And now there are the Serbs and the Greeks

to fill his repulsive bill of executions.But always, all the days, there are the Poles . . .

It is to you Poles, in Poland, who bear the full brunt of the Nazi oppression— at once pitiless and venal —

that the hearts of the British and American Democracies go outin a full and generous tide.

We send you our message of hope and encouragement tonight,knowing that the Poles will never despair

and that the soul of Poland will remain unconquerable.BROADCAST, LONDON, 3 MAY 1941

THE INTERNATIONAL CHURCHILL SOCIETIES • AUSTRALIA • CANADA • UK • USA

THE RT. HON. SIR WINSTON S. CHURCHILL SOCIETY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA

fourth quait&t 1992€¦ · please note: "churchill in stamps" will resume next...

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