founding the new nation
DESCRIPTION
period 1,2 APUSHTRANSCRIPT
FOUNDING THE NEW NATION
c. 33,000 B.C.- A.D.1783
I. PEOPLING THE AMERICAS
I. The Land Bridge theory. 1. End of Ice Age diminished glaciers over North
America. 2. Land Bridge emerged linking Asia & NA across
Bering Sea. 3. People walked across the "bridge" before the sea
level rose 4. The Land Bridge occurred around 35,000 years
ago.
II. Many peoples A. Groups spread across North, Central, and South
America. B. Tribes emerged with an estimated 2,000
languages. Notably: 1. Incas: Peru, with elaborate network of roads
and bridges linking their empire. 2. Mayas: Yucatan Peninsula, with their step
pyramids. 3. Aztecs: Mexico, with step pyramids and
huge sacrifices of conquered peoples.
II. EARLIEST AMERICANS
Development of corn or maize around 5,000 B.C. in Mexico was revolutionary in that:
Didn't have to be hunter-gatherers, could settle down and be farmers.
Began to establish permanent settlements
1. No large concentration of pop. Like in SA or Mesoamerica
2. Scattered pop. allowed Europeans to defeat Native Americans easier
Corn arrived in the present day U.S.around 1,200 B.C. from
Mesoamerica
II. Earliest Americans
Native Americans had different view of things as compared to Europeans. A.Native Americans-no man owned the land, the tribe did. (Europeans- private property) B.Indians- nature was mixed with many spirits. (Europeans-Christian and monotheistic) C.Indians- nature was sacred. (Europeans- nature and land to be subdued and put to use). D.Indians- little or no concept or interest in money. (Europeans- loved money or gold)
V. Columbus Comes upon a New World
I. The 1st Europeans to come to America were the Norse (Vikings from Norway).
1. 1000 AD, the Vikings landed in Newfoundland (L’Anse aux Meadows)
2. No strong nation- state to support other voyages, settlements abandoned
ColumbusI. Convinced King and Queen of
Spain to finance expedition to bypass Africa route to Asia
II. 1492 “discovers” AmericaVoyage eventually leads to the
beginnings of a global system Europe would provide the market,
capital, technology. Africa would provide the labor. The New World would provide the raw
materials (gold, soil, lumber).
V. Columbus Comes upon a New World I. Causes biological flip-flop of Old and New Worlds. traded plants, foods, animals, germs
II. Columbian Exchange: From the New World (America) to the Old corn, potatoes, tobacco, beans, peppers, manioc, pumpkin,
squash, tomato, wild rice, etc. also, syphilis From the Old World to the New cows, pigs, horses, wheat, sugar cane, apples, cabbage,
citrus, carrots, Kentucky bluegrass, etc. devastating diseases (smallpox, yellow fever, malaria), as
Indians had no immunities. The Indians had no immunities in their systems built up
over generations. An estimated 90% of all pre-Columbus Indians died, mostly
due to disease.
VII. The Spanish Conquistadores
I. Spain secured claim to Americas from Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)
II. 1500’s dominant explorers/ colonizers of Americas
III. Conquistadores explored and conquered much of N and S America
I. Led to a flood of silver from SA, Mexico caused inflation in Europe
A. Led to rise of capitalism and commercial banking, paid for international trade
II. Encomienda system established
A. Indians "commended“ or given to Spanish landlords
B. The idea was that Indians would work and beconverted to Christianity, but it was basically just slavery on a sugar plantation guised as missionary work.
IX. The Spread of Spanish America
I. Spain’s empire grew quicklyII. Threats from other European
powers- English, FrenchIII. Spanish set up forts (presidios) to
protect borders- from Florida to California
IV. Rebellions in New Mexico against Spanish (Pope’s Rebellion 1680)
V. Black Legend: The Black Legend was the notion that Spaniards only brought bad things (murder, disease, slavery); though true, they also brought good things such as law systems, architecture, Christianity, language, civilization, so that the Black Legend is partly, but not entirely, accurate.
French, Spanish and English Settlers Each country had different motives and settlement
patterns French- friendly relations with Indians (comparatively),
tried to convert Natives to Christianity, came in small numbers, extractive economic activity (fur trade), explored deep into continent, Catholic, had economic motives
Spanish- came to conquer (conquistador), looked for and found precious minerals, tried to convert Indians, blended their culture with Native culture, explored deep into continent to look for wealth, Catholic
English- came in larger groups (especially NE), settled and “improved” land, more religiously tolerant, wiped out Indian culture, established their own “footprint”, did not explore deep into continent, mostly Protestant
France Finds a Foothold in Canada
Latecomer to colonizing New World
Louis XIV took interest in colonial expansion
First successful colony Quebec 1609
Samuel de Champlain explore, solider, leader early French colonial efforts
Colony known as New France Problems with Iroquois hampered
French conquest of Ohio River Valley
French colonies autocratic, no representative assemblies, no right to fair trail
Favored Caribbean colonies because of sugar trade
New France Fans Out
Most valuable resource in New France- beaver fur
Fur trappers (voyageurs) trapped beaver, recruited Indians into fur business
Traveled deep into wilderness, created ecological disaster by eliminating most of beaver population
French Missionaries attempted to “Christianize” Indians
Voyageurs, missionaries vital role as explorers, geographers
II. New France Fans Out
French try to block British and Spanish expansion
Detroit (1701), keep out British LaSalle claims Mississippi River Valley for
France (Louisiana) French fortify posts along river to keep out
Spanish, protect beaver trade Establish New Orleans (1718) to keep fur
and grain flowing to mother country, keep MS River from Spanish
PLANTING OF THE ENGLISH IN AMERICA
1500-1733
I. ELIZABETH ENERGIZES ENGLAND
Within 100 years of Columbus landing Americas radically transformed
1600 most of North America unclaimed, unexplored
In the 1500s, Britain failed to effectively colonize due to internal conflicts.
Elizabeth I became queen, Britain became basically Protestant, rivalry with Catholic Spain intensified.
Late 1500’s English attack Spanish ships for gold (Sir Francis Drake)
First English attempts at colonization (Newfoundland 1583, Roanoke 1585) failed
1588 English defeat Spanish Armada Allows English to cross North Atlantic Victory gives English reason for
exploration/settlement
II. England on the Eve of the Empire
Reasons for English colonization of the AmericasA. 1500’s growing populationB. New enclosure laws – less land for poorC. Wool industry collapsedD. Population became mobile (looking for jobs)E. Tradition of primogeniture = 1st born son inherits
ALL father’s land. Younger sons tried their luck with fortunes elsewhere, like America.
F. Unity under a popular monarch Early1600s, joint-stock company perfected (investors put money
into the company with hopes for a good return), provided financing for colonization
Joint-stock companies usually did not exist long, stockholders invested to make a profit, then quickly sell for profit a few years later
Charter gave settlers same rights as Englishmen Joint Stock Company (Virginia Company) given charter by King
James I to settle in New World
III. England Plants the Jamestown Seedling
On May 24, 1607, about 100 English settlers disembarked from their ship and founded Jamestown.
Problems included: (a) the swampy site of Jamestown, poor
drinking water, mosquitoes caused malaria and yellow fever.
(b) men wasted time looking for gold rather than doing useful tasks (digging wells, building shelter, planting crops),
(c) zero women on the initial ship.
1608 Captain John Smith took over control and whipped the colonists into shape, gave order and discipline, highlighted by his “no work, no food” policy.
Colonists had to eat cats, dogs, rats, even other people. One fellow wrote of eating “powdered wife.”
1610 a relief party headed by Lord De La Warr arrived to alleviate the suffering.
1625 out of an original overall total of 8,000 would-be settlers, only 1,200 had survived.
IV. Culture Clash in the New World
At first English seen potential allies, relations grew worse when English began to raid Indian food supplies
De La Warr began “total war” against Indians Early 1600’s clashes decimated Indians pushed them
westward, removed them from ancestral lands European colonization disrupted way of life
Disease took out population Trade intensified competition among tribes Tribes along Atlantic seaboard felt effects the most
When colonists could grow their own food they had little use for Indians, Europeans wanted their land
V. Virginia Child of Tobacco
Tobacco savior of Virginia Colony
cash crop- Jamestown had found its gold.
Tobacco created a greed for land- heavily depleted the soil and ruined the land.
Representative self-government in Virginia
1619 settlers created the House of Burgesses, a committee to work out local issues. This set America on a pathway to self-rule
1619 first Africans sold as slaves
VI. Maryland: Catholic Haven
I. 1634 founded by Lord Baltimore as Catholic refuge (from Protestant English)
II. Second plantation colonyIII. Huge estates given to Catholic families,
poorer, Protestants settled there also, created friction between two groups
IV. Tobacco main crop, labor source was indentured servants (slaves came in late 1600’s)
V. Religious toleration A. Permitted freedom of worship to all
ChristiansB. 1649- Act of Toleration, guaranteed
religious toleration to all Christians, but decreed the death penalty to Jews, atheists, others who didn’t believe in the divinity of Jesus
C. More Catholics in Maryland than any English speaking colony in the New World
VII. The West Indies Way Station to Mainland America
I. Decline of Spanish power led British to secure Caribbean Islands
II. Sugar main crop• Labor intensive, capital intensive• Needed to be wealthy to start plantation• Caused large numbers of slaves to be imported
III. Slave Codes established in West Indies• 1700 slaves outnumber settlers 4:1• defined the legal status of slaves and the rights of the
masters. They were typically strict and exacted severe punishments for offenders.
IV. Sugar plantation system caused islands to depend on American colonies for food, basic supplies
• Smaller farmers left islands and settled in southern coloniesV. 1670 group arrives in Carolina, brings slaves from Barbados
• Slave codes adopted in Carolina 1696• Slave codes became model for statutes governing slavery
across colonies
IX. Colonizing the Carolinas
Developed close economic ties with “sugar islands”
Many immigrated from region , brought slave trade with them
Rice major export crop African slaves had knowledge
to grow rice Slaves had natural immunity to
malaria Ideal laborers for rice
plantations By 1710 majority of people in
Carolinas were African slaves Charles Town major seaport
Diverse tolerant community Attracted French Protestant
refugees Caused friction with Spain
IX. Emergence of North Carolina Wild northern expanse of Carolina Settled more slowly because lack of
good harbors Attracted outcasts and religious
dissenters Raised tobacco and other crops on
small farms, little need for slaves (few large plantations)
Distinctive traits: irreligious, hospitable to pirates, spirit of resistance to authority, , democratic, independent minded, least aristocratic of 13 colonies
1712 separated from S.C.
X. Late Coming Georgia: The Buffer Colony 1733-Last colony to be
“planted” Savannah major port Founded by prison reform
group, major leader James Oglethorpe
Debtors from England sent there
Established as buffer between English, Spanish
Only colony to receive money from English government
Diverse communities Religious toleration for all
except Catholics Least populous colony Restrictive slavery laws
Plantation Colonies
Agriculture export based economies
Slavery in all colonies Small group owned
most of the land Rural population made
it hard to establish towns, schools and churches
Religiously tolerant
SETTLING THE NORTHERN COLONIES
1619-1700
Overview
Established different patterns of settlement than plantation/southern colonies
Different economies than plantation/southern colonies
Different set of values than plantation/southern colonies
Distinctive regional characteristics began to develop during this time
II. Puritans End their Pilgrimage at Plymouth
Social unrest and rise of Calvinism led to attraction to Puritanism
King James I harassed Puritan separatists, went to Holland
Looked for haven where they could be free to worship and live
1620- Negotiated with Virginia Company, missed destination landed in New England
Leader Myles Standish Signed Mayflower Compact- set up
crude government, submit to the will of the majority, first step toward self government
Male settlers met in open discussion town meetings
II. Puritans End their Pilgrimage at Plymouth First winter took heavy toll (44
of 102 survived), nobody left colony
Next year bountiful harvests, Pilgrims saw some sign of success
Found economic success in fish, fur, lumber
William Bradford early leader Colony never important
politically or economically Significant for moral and
spiritual qualities, established pattern in New England
1691- Merged with Massachusetts Bay Colony
III. Bay Colony Bible Commonwealth
Separatist Puritans wanted “purified” form of Christianity, not welcome in England, still members of Church of England (Pilgrims)
1629 more moderate group secured royal charter, formed Mass. Bay Company
Used charter as a form of constitution, had advantage of being out of the reach of royal authority
Well equipped group settles 1630, larger scale than previous settlements
John Winthrop gov. of Bay colony for 19 years (came because “called by God”)
Important industries fishing, shipbuilding Became biggest, most influential colony in New
England
III. Bay Colony Bible Commonwealth Benefitted from shared sense of purpose, idea of
“covenant” with God “We shall be a city upon a hill” Believed they had a covenant with God, society a model to
humanity
IV. Building the Bay Colony
Common convictions shaped life All free adult males, that were members of Puritan
Congregations (Congregational Church) had right to vote, participate in political life
Town governments were more inclusive, all male property holders could participate, all business decided by majority vote
Was not a democracy All people paid taxes Limited endorsement of separation of church and state Clergy could not hold political office Congregations had right to hire, fire ministers Protestant ethic emerges- serious commitment to work, worldly
pursuits Religious leaders had enormous influence, govt. duty to enforce
religious rules For Puritans hellfire was very real, community pressure to act
in accordance with community
V. Trouble in the Bible Commonwealth Roger Williams radical separatist,
wanted clean break from English church Challenged legality of Bay Colony charter,
taking land from Indians Did not want civil government to regulate
religion 1635- Banished from colony Williams established religious tolerance in
Rhode Island Most liberal of all colonies Opposed special privilege, provided
freedom of opportunity Settlements consisted of exiles and
malcontents from Bay Colony Strongly Independent colony Challenge to Puritan orthodoxy from Anne
Hutchinson, holy life no sure way to salvation, why bother with following God’s laws (antinomianism)
1638- Banished from Mass. colony
VI. New England Spreads Out
1635 Connecticut River Valley settled, largest area of fertile land in New England
1639 Fundamental Orders of Connecticut- like a modern constitution, democratic regime controlled by “substantial” citizens
Established unified government in CT
First written constitution in America 1662- More religious colony, New
Haven merged with Connecticut colony
1677 Maine- absorbed by Mass. 1679 New Hampshire became a
royal colony New England colonies began
westward expansion during this period
VII. Puritans vs. Indians
Spread of English led to conflict with Indians
Epidemics left them with no position to resist English
1637 Pequot War – English destroy Pequot (in CT) led to forty years of uneasy peace
English tried to convert natives, put them in praying towns (early reservations?)
Only hope for resistance was in unity
1675 King Phillip (Metacom) led series of attacks on English
1676 King Phillips War ended, slowed westward advance of English settlement, ended Indian resistance in New England
VIII. Seeds of Colonial Unity and Independence
COLONIES UNDER ROYAL CONTROL1660 Royalists restored (Stuart Restoration) in England, Charles II takes more active role, colonies seen as economic asset1662-Gives Connecticut a sea to sea grant, legitimized squatter settlements1663 Rhode Island receives new charter1684 Bay colony charter revoked, provides more royal control1651-1696 British pass series of Navigation Acts that spell out goods to be sold, and put the British government in charge of tradePolicy known as mercantilism, basically political control of the economy by the stateUnintended consequence smuggling became popularRestrictions on courts, press, mail, town meetings, schools; revoked land titlesTax colonies without consent, enforced Navigation Laws
VIII. Seeds of Colonial Unity and Independence
1690s Monarchs relax control of colonial trade, begin period of salutary neglect
Residue: more English officials in America, prevented rise of local leaders, beginnings of resentment by colonists
X. Old Netherlanders at New Netherland
1609 Henry Hudson filed Dutch claim to New York area
1623-1624 New Netherland planted (Dutch West India Company)
New Amsterdam established for fur trade, quick profit for stockholders, not democratic
cosmopolitan population, landed aristocracy
Land granted for people who would settle 50 people on them (patroons)
XII. Dutch Residues in New York
Regarded by English as intruders, attacked by English navy and surrendered
Became New York English had strategic
harbor in middle of colonies
Autocratic (self- governance) spirit remained, also influences of architecture and place names
XIII. Penn’s Holy Experiment in Pennsylvania Quakers, began in England 1600’s
“quaked” with religious conviction Refused to support Church of
England with taxes, serve in military William Penn establishes an asylum
in New World 1681 receives land grant from
crown Welcomed all types of settlers Tolerant of Indians Wanted forward looking
settlers, liberal land policy Attracted many immigrants
XV. The Middle Way in the Middle Colonies
Middle colonies had fertile soil, known as “bread colonies”
Rivers- ease of travel, brought people to backcountry
Landholdings were intermediate in size
Ethnically diverse, religious toleration Economic, social democracy found in
middle colonies
America 1720
Population growing Permanent
settlements established
Transportation, communication improving
British kept hands off policy
Colonists developed own churches, governments, networks of trade
AMERICAN LIFE IN THE 17TH CENTURY
1607-1692
II. Tobacco Economy Chesapeake good for growing
tobacco exhausted soil, constant
movement looking for more fertile land
production depressed worldwide prices
Needed labor- Indians died too quickly, African slaves too expensive
England had surplus of laborers, turned to indentured servitude
By 1700 more than 100,000 indentured servants came to the region
Eventually prime land became scarce, land owners did not want to give up land
Freed workers had to hire out for low wages
III. Frustrated Freeman and Bacon’s Rebellion
Early Colonial Virginia Landless, penniless freemen Single, young No women, money Only land in backcountryBacon’s Rebellion VA Gov. Berkeley- friendly policies
toward Indians, monopoly on fur trade
Did not retaliate after Indian attack
1676 Nathaniel Bacon and followers, attacked Indians , chased gov. from Jamestown and burned town
Bacon dies from disease, Berkeley captures and hangs 20 rebels
Results of Bacon’s Rebellion
Exposed resentments between inland frontiersmen/landless former servants against gentry on coastal plantations. Socio-economic class
differences/clashes between rural/urban communities would continue throughout American history.
Upper class planters searched for laborers less likely to rebel- black slaves
Gave right to political participation to more small landowners
VI. Southern Society
Social hierarchy develops by late 1600’s
Plantation owners (“first families of Virginia)
Small farmers largest group Landless whites, many former
indentured servants Oppressed black slaves Few cities, urban professional
class slow to emerge Life revolved around plantation Transportation by rivers, poor
roads
VII. The New England Family
Climate healthier than south
Migrated to region as families, population grew by natural increase
Family stability, intergenerational continuity (concept of grandparents)
VIII. Life in New England Towns Tight knit society based on communities Surrounded by other colonial powers,
Puritan unity of purpose Society grew in orderly fashion,
distribution of land by town fathers Towns of more than 50 had to provide
elementary education in Mass. Democracy in church govt, political
govt.
XI. The Salem Witch Trails
1692 – Salem, MA women accused of bewitching others, 20 put to death
Resulted from social prejudices- Puritan ideas vs. Rising Yankee commercialism (many accused from prosperous part of town), mistrust of outsiders (Quakers, Baptists accused by Puritan settlers)), cultural mistrust of women (most accused were old women)
XII. New England Way of Life Lack of good farmland led to
frugality of settlers Region less ethnically mixed Diversified industry, experts in ship
building and commerce Slavery not profitable Saw duty to “improve” land,
clearing, planting, building Religion, soil, climate led to
purposefulness, self- reliance, resourcefulness
COLONIAL SOCIETY ON THE EVE OF REVOLUTIONCHAPTER 5
1700-1775
I. Conquest by the Cradle
1775- British had 32 colonies in NA
13 original colonies not the wealthiest
Average age 16 Most population east of
Alleghenies, Appalachian Mts.
By 1775 some had moved west
90% lived in rural areas Shifted balance of power
between colonies and British
II. Mingling of the Races
Mostly English Germans Scots- Irish 1764- Paxton Boys protest
Quaker treatment of Indians Other groups- French
Huguenots,, Welsh, Dutch, Swedes, Jews, Irish, Swiss, Scots-Highlanders
African slave trade contributed to population diversity
Laid foundations for multi-cultural American national identity
III. Structure of Colonial Society America land of opportunity No titled nobility Social structure very fluid By mid 1700’s- class differences emerge
small group of aristocrats had most power Wars in 1700’s enriched a few merchants,
made orphans and widows (mostly in NE)
VIII. Great Awakening
Religion lost steam in 1700’s , New ideas challenged old ways (predestination), new ideas of free will
1730’s and 1740’s -Great Awakening Started in Mass.- Deeply emotional sermons, well reasoned, Message
of human helplessness, divine omnipotence Split congregations, increased number and
competitiveness of religions Direct spirituality undermined older clergy First mass movement of American people Contributed to sense that Americans were common
people united by shared experience
Effects of the Great Awakening and Enlightenment
Ideas of Enlightenment brought over from Europe, affected American thought challenged government and religious authority
Emphasized power of rational thought to explain world, appealed to urban, merchant class
Led to expansion of education (colleges and universities)
Ideas represented by Ben Franklin In the South Great Awakening appealed to
landless whites and African Americans, questioned authority of Anglican Church and powerful economic interests
XI. American Colonies in 1775 By 1775 America more democratic
than Europe Basically English in language and
custom Protestant religion Democratic ideas of tolerance,
educational advantages, equality of economic opportunity, freedom of speech, assembly and representative government emerged in this period