foundations of curriculum

SGDC 5013 CURRICULUM AND PEDAGOGY

PROF. MADYA DR. ABDULL SUKOR SHAARI

Foundations of Curriculum

PREPARED BY

HASLINA BINTI CHE ISMAIL 816352RUSNIZA BINTI ABDUL RAZAK 816356

FOUNDATIONS OF CURRICULUM

Foundations are the forces that influence the minds of curriculum

developers.

In this way these effect the content and structure of the curriculum.

Foundations of Curriculum

-philosophical-historical

-psychological-social

The Philosophical Foundation

of Curriculum

THE PHILOSOPHICAL FOUNDATION OF CURRICULUM Philosophy provides educators, teachers and

curriculum makers with framework for planning for implementing and evaluating curriculum in schools.

It helps in answering: What schools are for?

What subjects are important? How students should learn and what materials and methods

should be used.

In decision making :

Philosophy provides the starting point and will be used for the succeeding decision making.

The philosophy of a curriculum planner, implementor or evaluator reflects his or her life experiences, common beliefs, social and economic background and education

School purposes

Suggestions from subject specialists

Studies of contemporary life

Use of psychology of learningUse of philosophy

Studies of learners

Tyler’s view of philosophy in relation To school purposes

The Philosophical Foundation of

Curriculum

Major Philosophy

-idealism-realism

-pragmatism-existentialism

IDEALISMAim of Education – The curriculum is

based upon the idea or assumption of the spiritual nature of man

Role of Education – A subject –matter or curriculum must emphasize the great and enduring ideas of the culture.

Focus in the Curriculum – Subjects must be essential for the realization of mental and moral Development

Major Philosophies

Aim of Education – • A pupil shall be taught with strong

states of personal discipline• Pupil must be provided with

essential knowledge required for survival in natural world

Role of Education – Subjects are taught by a teacher who is impersonal and objective and knows the subject fully

Major PhilosophiesREALISM

Focus in the Curriculum – • Curriculum is best organized

according to subject – matter• Curriculum should also

emphasized the effects of the social environment on the individual’s life

Curriculum Trends – The teaching method recommended are authoritative

Major PhilosophiesREALISM

Aim of Education – developing those experiences that will enable one to lead a good life.Role of Education – Education must help its students become excellent citizens in a democratic societyFocus in the Curriculum – School Curriculum must be part of social contextCurriculum Trends – Instruction organized around problem solving according to the scientific method

PRAGMATISMMajor Philosophies

Aim of Education – Teaching strategies must stimulate an awareness that each person creates a self-concept through significant choices

Role of Education – Teacher should help the student to become for himself what it is he wants to become

Focus in the Curriculum – School assists student in knowing themselves and leaning their place in society

EXISTENTIALISMMajor Philosophies

The Philosophical Foundation of

Curriculum

Educational Philosophy

-perennialism-essentialism

-proggressivism-reconstructionism

PHILOSOPHICAL FOUNDATIONS OF CURRICULUM

Educational philosophy – Perennialism

Aim of Education

to educate the rational person; to cultivate the

intellect. Role of Education

teachers help students think with reason. Focus in curriculum

classical subject s, literary analysis and curriculum is constant

Curriculum trends

use of great books and return to liberal arts


Educational philosophy – Essentialism

Aim of Education to promote the intellectual growth of the

individual and educate a competent person

Role of Education the teachers is the sole authority in his

/her subject area/ field of specialization

Educational philosophy – Essentialism

Focus in curriculum essential skills of the 3 R’s and essential

subjects of English, Science, History, Math and other foreign language

Curriculum trends excellence in education, back to basics and

cultural literacy



Educational philosophy - Progressivism

Aim of Education

to promote democratic and social living

Role of Education

knowledge lead s to growth and development of life long learners who actively learn by doing.

Educational philosophy – Progressivism

Focus in curriculum

essential skills of the 3 R’s and essential subjects of English, Science, History, Math and other foreign language

Curriculum trends

excellence in education, back to basics and cultural literacy


Educational philosophy – Reconstructivism

Aim of Education

to improve and reconstruct society Education for change

Role of Education

teachers act as agents of change and reform in various educational projects including reseach


Educational philosophy – Reconstructivism

Focus in curriculum

focus on present and future trends and issues of national and international interests

Curriculum trends

equality of educational opportunities in education, access to global education


The Historical Foundation of

Curriculum

HISTORICAL FOUNDATIONS OF CURRICULUM

It includes Role of curriculum in achievements of

nations. Guides future plans Factors that influence development of

nation e.g. unity Eliminates the useless traditions.

Curriculum TheoristsFranklin Bobbit Werret Charters William Kilpatrick Harold Rugg Hollis Caswell Ralph Tyler



Franklin Bobbit (1876-1956) Presented curriculum as a science that emphasizes on students' need. Curriculum prepares for adult life

Werret Charters (1875-1952) Cconsidered curriculum also as a science which is based on students' need and the teachers plan the activities.


William Kilpatrick (1871-1965) viewed curriculum as purposeful activities which are child-centered. The purpose of curriculum is child development and growth.

Harold Rugg (1886-1960) Curriculum should develop the whole child. He emphasized social studies in the curriculum and the teacher plans the lesson in advance.


Hollis Caswell (1901-1989) Sees curriculum as organized around social functions of themes, organized knowledge and earner's interests.

Ralph Tyler (1902-1994) Believes that curriculum is a science and an extension of school's philosophy.

Curriculum Development in Malaysia EDUCATION HISTORY IN MALAYSIA

PERKEMBANGAN EMPAT PERINGKAT SISTEM

PENDIDIKAN DI MALAYSIA

PENDIDIKAN ZAMAN

KOLONIALISME BRITISH

1700-1786

PENDIDIKAN ZAMAN

SELEPAS KOLONIALISME

BRITISH1786-1956

PENDIDIKAN SELEPAS MERDEKA

PENDIDIKAN ALAF BARU

Curriculum Development in Malaysia THE EDUCATION SYSTEM BEFORE

BRITISH KOLONOLISME (1400-1786)

PENDIDIKAN ZAMAN SEBELUM KOLONIALISME

MASJID ATAU SURAU

SISTEM SEKOLAH PONDOK

SISTEM MADRASAH

ATAU SEKOLAH AGAMA MODEN

Curriculum Development in Malaysia EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM DURING THE AGE OF BRITISH

COLONIALISM (1786-1956).

ZAMAN KOLONONIAL

BRITISH1786 -1956

SEKOLAH VERNAKULAR

MELAYU

SEKOLAH VERNAKULAR CINA

SEKOLAH

VERNAKULAR TAMIL

SEKOLAH VERNAKULAR

INGGERIS

Curriculum Development in MalaysiaEDUCATION SYSTEM AFTER SECOND WORLD WAR

(1946-1956)

PERKEMBANGAN PENDIDIKA N SELEPAS PERANG DUNIA KE 2

RANCANGAN CHEESEMEN

PENYATA BARNES

PENYATA FERN WUORDINAN

PELAJARAN

PENYATA RAZAK

Curriculum Development in Malaysia

EDUCATION SYSTEM AFTER INDEPENDENCE (1957-1996)

PERKEMBANGAN PENDIDIKAN SELEPAS KEMERDEKAAN

LAPORAN RAHMAN TALIB

AKTA PELAJARAN

LAPORAN HUSSAIN ONN

KBSR DAN KBSM

Curriculum Development in MalaysiaMILLENNIUM EDUCATION

PENDIDIKAN ALAF BARU

PELAN INDUK PEMBANGUNAN

PENDIDIKAN (PIPP)

SEKOLAH WAWASAN

SEKOLAH BESTARI

SEKOLAH KLUSTER

The Psychological

of Curriculum

Psychology is the scientific study of human behavior. It gives insight into:

Child development Learning Inquiry techniques Educational objectives Student characteristics Learning process Teaching method Evaluation procedures

PSYCHOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF CURRICULUM


Three major groups

of learning theories:1. Behaviorists

Psychology

Cognitive Psychology

Humanistic Psychology

BEHAVIORISTS PSYCHOLOGY

Consider that learning should be organized in order that students can experience success in the process of mastering the subject matter


BEHAVIORISTS PSYCHOLOGY

BEHAVIORISM FLOW (1878 - 1958)

Psychologists behaviorism assert

PURPOSE KNOWLEDGE OF PSYCHOLOGY

Controlling behavior

elaborates

explain

forecast

Focus their attention on how individuals process information and how the monitor and manage thinking.


COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY

COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY

THE MEMBERS OF COGNITIVISM

Max Wertheimer 1880 - 1943

Wolfgang Kohler 1887 - 1967

Kurt Koffka 1886-1941

Jean Piaget( 1896 - 1980)

Lev Semenovich Vygotsky

( 1896 – 1934)

Jerome S. Bruner (1915- )

David Ausubel(1918 -)

Robert Mills Gagné

(1916 – 2002)

http://images.google.com.my/imgres?imgurl=http://jpkc.ecnu.edu.cn/jyxlx/images/Ausubel.jpg&imgrefurl=http://jpkc.ecnu.edu.cn/jyxlx/jxtj/renwu/Ausubel.htm&h=150&w=120&sz=3&hl=en&start=20&tbnid=Xjw5kZnGkAdtTM:&tbnh=96&tbnw=77&prev=/images?q=david+ausubel&start=18&ndsp=18&svnum=10&hl=en&sa=N

Concerned with how learners can develop their human potential


HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGY

HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGY

HUMANISTIC FLOW(1908 - 1987 )

FOUNDER

CARL ROGERS(1902-1987)

ABRAHAM MASLOW 1908-1970

HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGYAPPROACH OF HUMANISTIC

CARL ROGERS(1902-1987)

ABRAHAM MASLOW 1908-1970

GORDON ALLPORT(1897-1967)

ROLLO MAY(1909-1994)

This approach argues that human beings are free and decent individual with the potential to grow and have goals to achieve.

The theory states that people are motivated to act to do something wishes or needs.

According to this approach, people are always active and not wait to be planned by others.

http://images.google.com.my/imgres?imgurl=http://www.saybrook.edu/images/rollo_may_bw.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.saybrook.edu/alumni_friends/friends/rollo_may_award.asp&h=250&w=198&sz=9&hl=en&start=1&tbnid=DGbF2BrUnnJOGM:&tbnh=111&tbnw=88&prev=/images?q=rollo+may&svnum=10&hl=en&sa=X

http://images.google.com.my/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/nl/9/93/Gordon_Allport.jpg&imgrefurl=http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Allport&h=257&w=169&sz=18&hl=en&start=1&tbnid=JnwC56-wwR1JNM:&tbnh=112&tbnw=74&prev=/images?q=gordon+allport&svnum=10&hl=en







The Social Foundation of

Curriculum

Sociology is the study of social relationships, institutions and society.

It includes Value of society Media explosion New forms of cooperation Culture etc.

SOCIAL FOUNDATIONS OF CURRICULUM

Schools exist within the social context.

Schools are not only institutions that can educate people in the society.

Schools are made to help to understand the changes globalization brings.

The relationship of curriculum and society is mutual and encompassing.

SOCIAL FOUNDATIONS OF CURRICULUM

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