foundation of programming

Foundation of programming

Week 3

Last week

• ‘How to think like a programmer’• The HTTLAP 6 step approach:• Understand the problem– Devise a plan to solve it– Carry out the plan– Assess the result– Reflect on what you have learned– Document the solution

• Descriptive languages • Pseudo Code

Lecture Outlines• Program design methods

– Top down– Bottom up– Data-structure approaches– Data-flow approaches

• Logic structures– Sequential– Conditional

• IF• Switch• Loops (iterations)

• More on pseudo-code

Reading

• Chapter 5 and 6 (HTTP)• EXERCISES • Chapter 5 exercises 1 TO 10, pages 127 to 129• Chapter 6 exercises 1 to 14 , pages 162 to 166

Top down design

Bottom up design

Data flow approaches

• Data movement and transformation• Top down flow of data• Activity, in pairs:– Think about the oyster card– What is the data?– Where does it flow from+to?– How is it transformed?– Try to draw a diagram of this

The four logic structures

• Sequential – flows straight down• Decision – the flow splits into two• Loop – the flow repeats a section• Case – the flow splits into many streams

Example data frlow

x = 10;y =4;sum = x+y;subtract = x-y;product = x*y;

X=10

y=4

sum=x+y

subtract=x-y

product=x*y

The sequential logic structure

1

2

Decision logic structure

Yes No

1 2

IF(cond=TRUE) THEN instruction1 ELSE instruction2 ENDIF

Loop logic structure

cond

body

program

yes

No

1

2

WHILE(cond=TRUE) DO {instruction1 ; instruction2} ENDWHILE

The case logic structure

switch x{

x== condition1 instruction1x== condition 2 instruction 2x== condition 3 instruction 3x== condition 4 instruction 4

}

Discussionwhich logic will you use?

• Which logic did you use in your solutions to the following problems?1. Use a filter coffee machine to make a cup of

coffee2. Hang a picture on the wall3. Drive a train

Making a cup of coffee

1. Put water in coffee machine;2. Open coffee holder;3. Put filter paper in machine;4. Measure coffee for one cup;5. Put coffee into filter paper;6. Shut the coffee holder;7. Turn machine on;8. Wait for coffee to filter through;9. Pour coffee into mug;10. Turn off the machine;

Analyse our solution

• Is sugar needed?• If (yes) how much?• White coffee? If yes add milk?

Make a cup of coffeemodified

1. Put water in coffee machine;2. Open coffee holder;3. Put filter paper in machine;4. Measure coffee for one cup;5. Put coffee into filter paper;6. Shut the coffee holder;7. Turn the machine on;8. Wait for coffee to filter through;9. Find out how many sugars required;

10. WHILE(sugar added not equal to sugar required)

11. DO11.1 add one spoon of sugar11.2 add 1 spoon

12. ENDWHILE13. IF (white coffee required)

13.1 add milk/cream

14. ENDIF15. Pour coffee into mug16. Stir coffee17. Turn machine off

Making 6 cups of coffee1. Put water in coffee machine; change to water for 6 cups2. Open coffee holder;3. Put filter paper in machine;4. Measure coffee for one cup; coffee for 6 cups5. Put coffee into filter paper;6. Shut the coffee holder;7. Turn the machine on;8. Wait for coffee to filter through;9. Find out how many sugars required;10. Find out weather milk required11. WHILE(sugar added not equal to sugar required)12. DO

12.1 add one spoon of sugar12.2 add 1 spoon


14.1 add milk/cream

15. ENDIF16. Pour coffee into mug17. Stir coffee

18. Turn machine off

Repeated actions

Making a 6 cups of coffee1. Put waterF for 6 cups in coffee

machine2. Open coffee holder;3. Put filter paper in machine;4. Measure coffee for 6 cup; 5. Put coffee into filter paper;6. Shut the coffee holder;7. Turn the machine on;8. Wait for coffee to filter through;

10. While(cups poured not equal to 6)11. Do

1. Find out how many sugars required;2. Find out weather milk required3. WHILE(sugar added not equal to sugar required)4. DO



14.1 add milk/cream


10.Add 1 to the number of cups poured

12. ENDWHILE


Making a pot of coffee

1. Find out how many cups required2. Put waterF for number cups required

n coffee machine3. Open coffee holder;4. Put filter paper in machine;5. Measure coffee for cups required

6. Put coffee into filter paper;7. Shut the coffee holder;8. Turn the machine on;9. Wait for coffee to filter through;

10. While( cups poured not equal to cups required )11. Do

1. Find out how many sugars required;2. Find out weather milk required3. WHILE(sugar added not equal to sugar required)4. DO



14.1 add milk/cream


10.Add 1 to the number of cups12. ENDWHILE


Limit the cups required to six

1. Find out how many cups required2. IF(more than zero cups required)

1. IF (more than six cup wanted)1. Limit cupsrequired to six;

2. ENDIF

3. Put waterF for number cups required n coffee machine

4. Open coffee holder;5. Put filter paper in machine;6. Measure coffee for cups required 7. Put coffee into filter paper;8. Shut the coffee holder;9. Turn the machine on;10. Wait for coffee to filter through;11. While( cups poured not equal to cups

required )

11. While( cups poured not equal to cups required )

12. Do 1. Find out how many sugars required;2. Find out weather milk required3. WHILE(sugar added not equal to sugar required)4. DO



14.1 add milk/cream


10.Add 1 to the number of cups

13. ENDWHILE

14.Turn machine off

15.ENDIF

EXERCISE

• Write a pseudo code for a program to work out the final grade.

• (Mark >= 80) grade = ‘A’• (70<=Mark<80) grade = ‘B’• (60<=Mark <70) grade= ‘C’• (50<=Mark<60) grade ‘D’• (40<=Mark<50) grade ‘E’• (Mark<40) grade =‘F’

SolutionNested IFs

• IF (Mark>=80) – grade < -- ‘A’;

• ELSE IF (Mark>=70) – grade < -- ‘B’;

• ELSE IF (Mark>=60) – grade < -- ‘C’;

• ELSE IF (Mark>=50) – grade < -- ‘D’;

• ELSE IF (Mark>=40) – grade < -- ‘E’;

• ELSE – grade < -- ‘F’;

ENDIF

Exercise2

1) Write a pseudo code program which allow the user to enter the monthly rain full and add it the total rainfall for the year.

2) Change your program to work out the average rainfall for the previous year

3) Add the average rainfall sofar (the year has not finished yet)

Solution:

• totalRainfall < --- 0;• onth < --- 1;• WHILE(month <= 12)– Display ‘please enter the month’s rain fall’;– Get monthRainfall;– totalRainfall < --- totalRainfall + monthRainfall;– month < -- month +1;

• ENDWHILE;

Solution:

• totalRainfall < --- 0;• month < --- 1;• WHILE(month <= 12)– Display ‘please enter the month’s rain fall’;– Get monthRainfall– totalRainfall < --- totalRainfall + monthRainfall;– month < -- month +1;

• ENDWHILE• AverageRainfall = totalRainfall /12

Solution (3)• totalRainfall < --- 0;• Get currentMonth• month < --- 1;• WHILE(month <= currentmonth)

– Display ‘please enter the month’s rain fall’;– Get monthRainfall– totalRainfall < --- totalRainfall + monthRainfall;– month < -- month +1;

• ENDWHILE• AverageRainfallsofar = totalRainfallsofar /currenthmonth;

(assuming last minute of the month)

Exercise

• Write a pseudo-code program that allows the user the to enter the ages all students on the class and work out the average age. The user enters 0 when all ages are entered.

Solutionis this correct?

1. Display ‘please enter an age ( 0 to finish);2. Get value of age;3. WHILE(age notequal 0)

1. totalAge < -- totalAge + age;2. numberOfAges < -- numberOfAges + 1;3. Get value of age;

4. ENDWHILE5. If(numberOfAges >0)

1. averageAge < -- totalAge / numberOfAges;2. Display averageAge;

6. ENDIF

Solutionadd initialisation

1. totalAge < -- 0; // intialise totalAge to zero2. numberOfAges < -- 0; // initialise numberOfAges to zero

3. Display ‘please enter an age ( 0 to finish);4. Get value of age;5. WHILE(age notequal 0)

1. totalAge < -- totalAge + age;2. numberOfAges < -- numberOfAges + 1;3. Get value of age;

6. ENDWHILE7. If(numberOfAges >0)

1. averageAge < -- totalAge / numberOfAges;2. Display averageAge;

8. ENDIF

foundation of programming

Documents

cup coffee

machinemeasure coffee

filter coffee machine

cupput coffee

throughpour coffee

cupsput coffee

coffee machine change

milkcream endifpour