foundation level 1 handout in word scribd 22 june 2011

8/6/2019 Foundation Level 1 Handout in Word SCRIBD 22 JUNE 2011

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Table of Contents

Lesson 1.............................................................................................................................. 5

Introduction to Computers .............................................................................................. 5Definition ........................................................................................................................ 7

Characteristics of Computers .......................................................................................... 7

Classification of Computers............................................................................................ 8Application of Computers ............................................................................................. 11

Lesson 2............................................................................................................................ 13

Computer Hardware ...................................................................................................... 13Hardware Definition ..................................................................................................... 15

Processing Devices ....................................................................................................... 15

Input and Output Devices ............................................................................................. 16Storage Devices ............................................................................................................ 22

Lesson 3............................................................................................................................ 27

Computer Software......................................................................................................... 27Software Definition....................................................................................................... 29

System Software ........................................................................................................... 29Program Software ......................................................................................................... 30

Application Software .................................................................................................... 31

Lesson 4............................................................................................................................ 33

Internet............................................................................................................................. 33World Wide Web & Internet Explorer.......................................................................... 34

Basic Internet Terms ..................................................................................................... 35Browser Basics.............................................................................................................. 36

Internet - Email ............................................................................................................. 39

International Maritime College Oman 3


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Lesson 1

Introduction to Computers

Obje c ti v es

Definition of Computers

Characteristics of Computers

Classification of Computers

Application of Computers

5


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Definition:A computer is an electronic device that

1) Takes in data and instructions (input)2) Works with the data (processing)

3) Gives out result (output)

INPUT(Data)

PROCESSING OUTPUT

(Information)

It also performs mathematical and non mathematical operations and storesinformation.

Characteristics of Computers:

Some of the characteristics of a computer are:-

1) Speed:Computers work at very high speeds. The speed of the computer ismeasured in MIPS (Million Instructions per Seconds).

2) Accuracy:Computers rarely make mistakes.

3) Reliability:

Computers give the same result for the same information always. Thereis very less user intervention required to get the result.

4) Storage Capability:Computers can store large amounts of data and it can recall the requiredinformation almost instantaneously.

5) Versatility:Computers can perform multiple tasks simultaneously with equal ease.For Example, at one moment it can be used to prepare a letter, the othermoment it can be used to play music and in between you can print a

document as well.

6) Diligence:Computers can perform repetitive operations without getting bored,tired and lack of concentration.


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Classification of Computers:

Computers can be classified according to purpose, data handling, andfunctionality.

Classification

of Computers

Purpose Data handling Functionality

General Specific Analog Hybrid Micro

Super

Digital Mini Mainframe

Desktop Portable

Classification According to Purpose

They can be used either for general purposes or for specific purposes .

Genera l purpo se computers

It is designed to perform a range of tasks. Computers have the ability to storenumerous programs. These machines can be used for various applications,ranging from scientific as well as business purpose applications. Computers that

you use in your schools and homes are general purpose computers.


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Specific purpose co mput ers

These computers are designed to handle a specific problem or to perform asingle task. They can provide the result very quickly and efficiently. Thesecomputers are used for airline reservations, satellite tracking, and air traffic

control.

Classification According to Type of Data Handled Techniques

According to the basic data handling principle, computers can be classified intothree categories: analog, digital and hybrid.

Analog Co mput ers

A computing machine that works on the principle of measuring, in which themeasurements obtained are translated into desired data is known as analog

computer. Such computers do not deal directly with the numbers. Theymeasure continuous physical magnitudes (such as temperature, pressure andvoltage).Analog computers are used for scientific and engineering purposes. They arevery fast in operation but give approximate results.For Example, the petrol pump may have an analog computer that converts theflow of pumped petrol into two measurements the quantity of petrol and theprice for that quantity.

Digit al Co mput ers

A computer that operates with information, numerical or otherwise,represented in a digital form is known as digital computer. Such computersprocess data (including text, sound, graphics and video) into a digital value (in0 and 1).Digital computers can give the results with more accuracy and at a faster rate.Example: Desktop PC at our home

Hybrid Co mput ers

Hybrid computer incorporated the measuring feature of an analog computerand counting feature of a digital computer. For computational purposes, these

computers use the analog components and for the storage of intermediateresults, digital memories are used.Used for scientific applications, various fields of engineering and in industrialcontrol processes.



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Classification According to Functionality

Based on physical size, performance and application areas, we can dividecomputers generally into four major categories: micro, mini, mainframe, andsuper computers.

M icro co mput ers

These computers are usually divided into desktop models and laptop models.They can only be used by one person at a time, they are much slower than thelarger computers, and they can not store as much information, but they areexcellent when used in small businesses, homes, and school classrooms. Thesecomputers are inexpensive and easy to use. They have become anindispensable part of modern life.

M ini co mput ers

A mini computer is a small digital computer, which normally is able to processand store less data than a mainframe but more than a micro computer. Minicomputer is designed to meet the computing needs for several peoplesimultaneously in a small to medium size business environment.

They are usually multi-user systems so these are used in interactiveapplications in industries, research organizations, colleges and universities.

M ainframe co mput ers

Mainframe computers are very large, often filling an entire room. They can

store enormous information, can perform many tasks at the same time, cancommunicate with many users at the same time, and are very expensive.

Mainframe computers allow its user to maintain large information storage at acentralized location and be able to access and process this data from differentcomputers located at different locations (rooms, buildings, or cities).

Large businesses, government agencies, big hospitals, air line reservationscompanies and universities usually use this type of computer because of itscapability of retrieving data on a huge basis.



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Super co mput ers

The biggest in size, the most expensive in price than any other is classified andknown as super computer. It can process trillions of instructions in seconds.This computer is not used as a PC in a home neither by a student in a college.

Governments specially use this type of computer for their different calculationsand heavy jobs. Different industries also use this huge computer for designingtheir products.

In most of the Hollywoods movies it is used for animation purposes. This kindof computer is also helpful for forecasting weather reports worldwide.

Application of Computers

Computers have entered in every sphere of human life and found applicationsin various fields such as:

ScienceEducation

Medicine ands Health care

Engineering/Architecture/Manufacturing

Entertainment

Communication

Business Application

Publishing

Banking



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Hardware Definition

Physical devices that make up the computer are called hardware. Hardwareconsists of interconnected electronic devices that are used to control thecomputers operation, input and output.

Computers hardware devices fall into the following categories:

Processing Devices

Input and Output Devices

Storage Devices

Processing Devices

Pro cessor

Processor is like the brain of the computer; it organizes and carries outinstructions that come from either the user or the software.Currently the Pentium chip or processor, made by Intel, is the most commonCPU though there are many other companies that produce processors forpersonal computers. Examples are the CPU made by Motorola and AMD.

mo



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Input and Output Devices

A computer would be useless without some way to interact with it because themachine must be able to receive instructions and deliver the results of theseinstructions to.

Input: Information or data that is entered into a computer or computer deviceusing an input device.

Output: Information that comes from a computer or computer device after ithas been processed by using output device.

Input Devices

Device for entering information into a computer.Below are some Examples of different types of input devices commonly foundon a computer.

KeyboardJoystickMicrophoneMouseScannerLight pensWeb Cam

Keyboard

The keyboard is used to type information into the computer or inputinformation.

Computer keyboards are similar to electric-typewriter keyboards but containadditional keys. The keys on computer keyboards are often classified asfollows:

Alphanumeric keys -- letters and numbers

Punctuation keys -- comma, period, semicolon, and so on.

Special keys -- function keys, control keys, arrow keys, Caps Lock key, andso on.



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Joyst ick

Thejoystick signals to a computer the direction and extent of displacement ofa hand-held lever.

M icrophon e

A microphone is a hardware device that allows computer users to input audiointo their computers.

Mo use

Most modern computers today are run using a mouse controlled pointer.

Generally if the mouse has two buttons the left one is used to select objectsand text and the right one is used to access menus. If the mouse has one



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button (Mac for instance) it controls all the activity and a mouse with a thirdbuttons can be used by specific software programs.One type of mouse has a round ball under the bottom of the mouse that rollsand turns two wheels which control the direction of the pointer on the screen.Another type of mouse uses an optical system to track the movement.

Scanner

A scanner allows a user to take an image and/or text and convert it into adigital file, allowing the computer to read and/or display the scanned object.

Light pens

Light pens resemble ordinary pens and are used to indicate locations on acomputer screen.

Web C am

A web camera connected to a computer or server that allows anyoneconnected to the Internet to view still pictures or motion video of a user.



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Output Devices

Any peripheral that receives and/or displays output from a computer.Below are some Examples of different types of output devices commonly foundon a computer.

MonitorPrinterCards(Sound card, Video card, Color card, Network card)Speakers

Mo nitor

Also called a video display terminal (VDT), a monitor is a video display screenand the hard shell that holds it.



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Pr int er

An external hardware device responsible for taking computer data andgenerating a hard copy of that data.

Printers are one of the most used peripherals on computers and are commonlyused to print text, images, and/or photos.

Types of printers

Dot Matrix printer

Inkjet printer

Laser printer

Thermal printer

LED printer

Cards

Cards are components added to computers to increase their capability. When

adding a peripheral device makes sure that your computer has a slot of thetype needed by the device.

Below are some Examples of different types of cards which are commonly used:

Sound Card

Video Card

Color Card

Network Card

http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/p/print.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/p/print.htm


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S ou nd card

Also known as a sound board or an audio card, a sound card is an expansioncard or integrated circuit that provides a computer with the ability to producesound like music and voice that can be heard by the user.

Vid eo Card

Also known as a graphics card, video adapter, video board, or a videocontroller, a video adapter is an internal circuit board that allows a displaydevice, such as a monitor,to display images, video and animation from thecomputer.

Color card

Allow computers to produce color (with a color monitor)

Netw ork card s

Allow computers to connect together to communicate with each other.Network cards have connections for cable, thin wire or wireless networks.

http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/e/expacard.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/e/expacard.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/c/controll.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/c/controll.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/i/internal.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/d/display.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/d/device.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/m/monitor.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/i/image.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/c/computer.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/e/expacard.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/e/expacard.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/e/expacard.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/c/controll.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/c/controll.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/i/internal.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/d/display.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/d/device.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/d/device.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/m/monitor.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/i/image.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/c/computer.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/c/computer.htm


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Speaker

A term used to describe the user who is giving software program vocalcommands. It is a hardware device connected to a computer's sound card thatoutputs sounds generated by the card.

Storage Devices

Storage: A location where information can be held permanently or temporarilyfor later use.

A storage device is a hardware device designed to store information. Thereare two types of storage devices used in computers; a 'primary storage' anda'secondary storage'.

Primary storage:

Below are some Examples of different types of primary storage devicescommonly found on a computer.

Rando m Access M emo ry (RAM):

Memory that the computer uses to temporarily store the information as it isbeing processed. The more information being processed the more RAM thecomputer needs.

RAM memory chips come in many different sizes and speeds and can usually beexpanded.

http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/h/hardware.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/p/primstor.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/s/secostor.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/h/hardware.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/p/primstor.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/s/secostor.htm


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Compact Disk (CD):

Compact disks or CDs can store large amounts of information. One disk willstore 650 Mb or about 70 or 80 minutes of music. One type is a CD-ROM whichstands for Compact Disk Read Only Memory. Another type is a CD-RW whichstands for Compact Disk - Read/Write. CD drives can copy information or burninformation on to a blank CD. Common Read Only CD blanks can only be writtento once though more expensive Read/Write CD's can be used over and overagain.

Digit al Versatil e Dis c (DVD Disk s):

DVD disks can store over 4 gigabytes. DVD recorders allow you to store largefiles, such as movies, on a single disk.



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Uni versal Seri a l B us (U SB):

Also known as a USB flash drive or ajump drive is a portable memory disk, ajump drive is a small device (about the size of your index finger) thatconnects to a computer's USB port and often is capable of storing 256MB,512MB, 1GB or more. Jump drives are used by users who need an easy andsmall way to transfer or store information from their computer.

Hard disk drive:

Rigid circular disk located inside a computer hard disk drive. The term harddisk is often used as an abbreviation to hard disk drive.Computer's main storage media device, also called a hard disk drive or harddrive abbreviated as HD or HDD.It is an internal storage device and can be stored and deleted as necessary.The capacity, or amount of information that hard drive can store, is measuredin bytes. The average new computer today comes with a 20- 120 GB hard driveor even more.Below is an illustration of the inside of a hard disk drive .

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Lesson 3

Computer SoftwareObjec tives

System Software

Program Software

Application Software


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Software Definition:

A set of instructions is called a program. A program can carry out a specifictask. A collection of programs is called software.Software is a set of instructions that makes the computer perform tasks. Inother words, software tells the computer what to do.

Software can be categorized into:

System Software

Program Software


System Software:

System software refers to the software that enables the computer to function.

System software consists of programs that interact directly with the computer.The types of System Software are:

Operat ing Syst em Soft ware:

Software program that enables the computer hardware to communicate and

operate with the computer software

Ex: DOS, Windows. Unix


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Functions of OS

User Interface CLI (Command Line Interface), GUI (Graphic User

Interface)

Processor management allocation of tasks

Memory Management allocation of memory

Input / Output Management typing, printing, reading from input

devices like scanner

File Management read, write, create, delete, list files and directories

Protection and security controlled use and access of information

Operating system software is used to run other programs.

It recognizes the input from the keyboard

Sends output to the Visual Display Unit (Monitor).

Keeps track of the files and directories on the disk

Controls the input - output devices.

System software will come provided with each computer and is necessary forthe computers operation. This software acts as an interpreter between thecomputer and user. It interprets your instructions into binary code andlikewise interprets binary code into language the user can understand.

The operating system controls the input and output or directs the flow ofinformation to and from the CPU. Much of this is done automatically by thesystem but it is possible to modify and control your system if you need to.

When you turn your computer on it first needs to load the operating systemsometimes referred to a booting up. Basically the computer starts from scratchevery time you turn the power on.

It checks all its components and will usually display a message if there is aproblem. Loading the system is usually automatic.
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Once the system is loaded the user can start the application or program thatthey are going to use.

Most computer users will run Microsoft Windows, Mac OS or Linux as theiroperating system. These OS are Graphic User Interface (GUI) which allows theuser to control or run the computer using a Mouse and Icons. Without a GUI theuser controls the computer using the keys on the keyboard. This is referred toas a Command Line Interface (CLI).

Net wo rk ing Soft ware:

Networking software has special features for connecting computers together sothat they can share data, software and devices such as printers. A group ofconnected computers is called a network.

Program Software

Program software is software used to write computer programs in specificcomputer languages. Program software allows a programmer to write programs

in a language which is simple for the programmer to understand. Every programsoftware has its own method of writing programs.Example: Visual Basic, C, C++, Java, Pascal, FORTRAN

The types of Program Software are:

Compiler So ft ware:

Programs written by a programmer cannot be understood by the system as thesystem understands only binary language. Compiler software converts, theprogram written using program software into binary language. The software

that carries out this translation is called complier software.

All program software therefore has their own built in compiler software.

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Application software is any software used for specified applications or helpsthe users to perform specific tasks such as:

Word Processing

SpreadsheetDatabasePresentation GraphicsCommunicationTutorialsEntertainment, Games

Example: A spreadsheet package enables a user to enter numeric data, specifyformulas and perform calculations.



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Lesson 4

Internet

Objec tives

World Wide Web & Internet Explorer

Basic Internet Terms

Browser Basics

Internet - Email



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World Wide Web & Internet Explorer

A Brief History of the Internet

In 1969, the US Department of Defense started a project to allow researchersand military personnel to communicate with each other in an emergency. Theproject was called ARPAnet and it is the foundation of the Internet.

What is the Internet?

The Internet is the largest computer network in the world, connecting millionsof computers. A network is a group of two or more computer systems linkedtogether.

It is a "network of networks" that consists of millions of smaller domestic,academic, business, and government networks, which together carry variousinformation and services, such as electronic mail, online chat, file transfer,and the interlinked Web pages and other documents of the World Wide Web.

World Wide Web

The World Wide Web is the name given to the entire part of the Internet youcan access with your web browser software. (Netscape Navigator and MicrosoftInternet Explorer are the two most popular web browsers.) The World WideWeb, or WWW or web for short, consists of millions of web sites (likeyahoo.com, microsoft.com, and davesite.com and millions of web pages.

The World Wide Web is a system of interlinked, hypertext documents accessedvia the Internet. With a Web browser,a user views Web pages that may containtext, images, and other multimedia and navigates between them usinghyperlinks

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-mailhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_chathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_filehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Webhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertexthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_browserhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_pagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multimediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperlinkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-mailhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_chathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_filehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Webhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertexthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_browserhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_pagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multimediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperlinkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperlink


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Basic Internet Terms

Web Browsers are programs you use to view the Internet. There are twomain Web Browsers, Microsoft Internet Explorer, and Netscape Navigator.The program we will be using to view the Internet is Microsoft Internet

Explorer.

Web Page The World Wide Web consists of files, called pages or webpages, which contain information and links to resources throughout theInternet. A web page is an electronic document written in a computerlanguage called HTML.

A Website is a place within the Internet that contains multiple "WebPages".

URL is the address of a website or webpage. The URL for the main IMCOwebsite is http://www.imcoman.net/. This is the address that you wouldtype in the address bar at the top of Internet Explorer to go to IMCOs mainpage.

HTML is an Internet programming language that is used to create WebPages.Most pages you see on the Internet are HTML pages.

A Hyperlink is a string of text or a picture that takes you to another part ofa webpage or another website/webpage.

Internet Service Provider (ISP) is an organization that provides therequired software, which is used to connect to the internet. ExampleOmantel is an ISP in Oman

Web Server is a computer equipped with a server software, which providesa specific kind of service to client software running on other computers

Download refers to the activity of moving or copying a document, programor other data from the Internet or other interconnected computer to onesown computer.

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Upload refers to the activity of moving or copying a document or other datafrom his / her computer to the internet.

Search the Web

A search engine is a tool that enables users to locate information on the WorldWide Web. Search engines use keywords entered by users to find Web siteswhich contain the information sought. The search engine athttp://www.google.com is widely regarded as one of the best ways to findinformation on almost any topic, provided you are able to describe what youare looking for.

To perform a basic search

Simply type what you want to find into the box and press the Google Searchbutton.

Browser Basics

Title Bar

Let's take it from the top. The name of the Web site or title of the page you

are viewing is found on the top left hand corner of your screen.

http://www.google.com/http://www.google.com/http://www.google.com/http://www.google.com/


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Menu Bar

Underneath the Title Bar is the menu bar.

The Menu Bar is the horizontal band that contains commands and options thatcan be chosen with the mouse. In Internet Explorer, these selections are File,Edit, View, Favorites, Tools, and Help, just as pictured above.

Address Bar

The address bar has unique functionality, it both shows you where you are, andallows you to find things you might already know the web address for. As anExample, in this screenshot:

Tool Bar

The Tool Bar is much like the Menu Bar stretching from left to right across thetop of your screen just under the Address Bar. Each of these icons has a textdescription of its function under the icon itself.

Back/Forward buttons

This button is used to go back one page.

Grayed out Forward button

The Forward button can return you to square one by undoing the action of theback button. You cannot go forward if you haven't gone back.



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Stop and Refresh buttons

Clicking the Stop button will stop the page you have selected fromdownloading.

One of the unique characteristics of the Internet is that it is constantly beingupdated and changed. It might be important to you that you are viewing thevery latest information. For that reason, you have a Refresh button.

Home Page button

Clicking the home page icon found on the Tool Bar will take you to the specificpage you have set as your browser's home page.

Menu and Tool Bars

Making a Page a Favorite

Sometimes when you're on the web, you'll find a web page that really strikes

your fancy. We can add pages to a list of Favorites that is built into ourbrowser, called "Favorites" in Internet Explorer.

To add a page to your favorites, click on the Favorites menu on the menu bar:

The following message will appear:



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Click OK. The page is now in the list of Favorites on your computer!

Another way to add a site to your favorites is to press the ctrl (control key) andthe letter D together (ctrl-d). You will see a window just like the one above,click OK. Your page is now saved!

To go back to a page you've saved in your Favorites, click on the Favoritesmenu on the menu bar, and scroll down the list until you see the name of thesite you saved, then click on it.

Internet - Email

Email is the electronic equivalent of sending a letter through the mail. Thereare many different mail reading programs or applications that control email butthe basic functions are all the same. An email address directs a message to therecipient.

Email addresses are made up of...

The account name (often the users first initial and then the last name(sometimes only 8 characters) then the @ symbol then the name of the user'sISP the last 2 or 3 characters describe the type of service called the top leveldomain name.

For Example

.com stands for commercial site

.ca - noncommercial site in Canada

.mil - U.S. military

.gov government

.au - noncommercial site in Australia

.net - network

Example

[email protected]

abc: User name

@ symbol: The @ symbol in the address is used to separate the user name fromthe rest of the address.

mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]


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yahoo: The host name, also called the domain name. This refers to the mailserver, the computer where the recipient has an electronic mailbox. It isusually the name of a company or organization.

.com: This part of the domain name indicates the type of organization or thecountry where the host server is located.

As well as sending and receiving mail the recipient can;

save the address for future reference in an address bookreply to the original messageforward the message to a third partyedit a messagecheck the spelling and a wide range of other options.

Email software programs control the transfer of this stored email by

downloading the messages from your mailbox on your ISP's computer to yourown computer. You must be connected to the Internet to do this.

Email Attachments

An attachment is a computer file or files place inside an email message.

To attach a document to an email message drag the file attachment to thebody of the message and drop it. An attachment can also be added by choosingFile Attachment from the menu.

A dialog box will open that allows you to browse and select the file that youwant to attach. You can attach more than one file to a single email message
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